energies

Article
A Power and Data Decoupled Transmission Method
for Wireless Power Transfer Systems via a Shared
Inductive Link
Xiaofei Li 1 ID
, Haichao Wang 2, * and Xin Dai 1,3 ID

1 School of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; xiaofea_lee@163.com (X.L.);

daixin@cqu.edu.cn (X.D.)
2 Chongqing Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China
3 State key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shenyang 110016, China
* Correspondence: whc@cast.gov.cn; Tel.: +86-23-6305-0245




Received: 17 July 2018; Accepted: 11 August 2018; Published: 18 August 2018


Abstract: Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is gaining global popularity. However, in some
applications, data transmission is also required to monitor the load states. This paper presents an
alternative wireless power and data transmission method via the shared inductive link. With the
method, the system presents three characteristics: (1) controllability and stability of the output
voltage; (2) miniaturization in volume of the system; (3) decoupled transmission of power and data.
The output voltage control is realized by a non-inductive hysteresis control method. In particular,
data is transferred when the power transmission is blocked (i.e., the hysteresis switch is off).
The interference between power and data transmission is very small. The signal to noise ratio
(SNR) performance which is relevant to the interference from power transfer to data transfer and data
transfer capacity, is studied and optimized. Both simulation and experimental results have verified
the proposed method.

Keywords: wireless power transfer; data transmission; hysteresis control; signal to noise ratio (SNR)

1. Introduction
With the demand of transferring power without physical contact, wireless power transfer (WPT)
technology is gaining global popularity [1–5] especially for applications in harsh environments [1,2,6–8].
In most cases, a WPT system is designed to provide a load with constant voltage. This can be realized
by an open loop design to make the output voltage insensitive to load and coupling coefficient [9]
or by a closed loop method to regulate the output voltage [10–12]. The closed loop regulation can
be implemented at the primary or secondary side, and the primary side regulation is implemented
by changing the input power while the secondary side regulation is implemented by varying the
equivalent impedance. Due to the time-varying load characteristics of a practical WPT system, closed
loop regulation is more suitable since it can maintain an accurate constant output voltage for variable
load resistances.
In WPT applications such as electrical vehicles (EVs) and implant device charging, load status
monitoring (e.g., battery status, load voltage, load current, etc.) on the primary side is usually
required [13]. Thus data transmission from the secondary side to the primary side is needed.
Although there exist some wireless data transmission technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth and
ZigBee, the shortcomings such as complicated paring [13,14] between the transmitter and receiver
sides push people keep trying to realize the data transmission by utilizing the inherent wireless power
transfer circuit [15,16]. Generally, the major requirement for such a WPT system with data transmission

Energies 2018, 11, 2161; doi:10.3390/en11082161 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

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output voltage controllability is the decoupling so the transmission of power and data are not affected
andeach
by output
other.voltage controllability is the decoupling so the transmission of power and data are not
affected by each
As for wireless other.
transmission of power and data in WPT systems, references [13,15,16] describe
data As for wireless
transmission transmission
through of power
the existing power and datawhile
coils, in WPT [17]systems,
proposesreferences [13,15,16]bydescribe
data transmission the use
data
of transmission
extra data transferthroughcoils.theInexisting
referencespower coils, while
[13,15,16], the [17] proposes
volume of the data transmission
coupling structureby the use of
(coils) is
extra data transfer coils. In references [13,15,16], the volume of the coupling
relatively small, since power and data are transferred through the same coupling coils. Nevertheless, structure (coils) is relatively
small,
its datasince power circuit
processing and data are transferred
is difficult to design through the same
to increase coupling
the signal coils.
to noise Nevertheless,
ratio its data
(SNR). In reference
processing
[17], the data circuit is difficult
processing to design
circuit to increase
is relatively easy to the signaltotoincrease
design noise ratioSNR(SNR).
since theIn reference
data transfer[17],
the data is
channel processing
separatedcircuit
from is therelatively easy to design
power transfer channel,to however,
increase SNR the since
addedthe data
data transfer channel
inductive
is separated
makes from the
the volume power
of the transfer
coupling channel,
structure however,
large. Referencethe added
[18] showsdata aninductive
alternativechannel
method makesfor
the volume of the coupling structure large. Reference [18] shows
parallel transmission of power and data, whereby power is transferred through the fundamental an alternative method for parallel
transmissionwhile
component of powerdata and data, whereby
is transferred throughpower the is transferredharmonic
third-order through the fundamental
component. Power component
and data
while data is transferred
are transferred through the through
same the third-order
coupling harmonic
structure, but the component.
frequency Power
modulationand data(FM) arewould
transferred
affect
through the same coupling structure, but the frequency modulation
the resonance of the power transfer resonant circuits. Reference [14] studied an inductive and (FM) would affect the resonance
of the power
capacitive transfer resonant
combined circuits. Reference
parallel transmission of power[14] studied
and data, an inductive
where data andiscapacitive
transferred combined
via the
parallel
parasitictransmission
capacitances,of butpower
not alland data, where have
the applications data the
is transferred via the parasitic
required aluminum capacitances,
plates. Reference [13]
but notthat
shows all the applications
transferring have the required
information aluminum
of load voltage andplates.
currentReference
only needs [13] showsdata
a slow thattransfer
transferring
rate.
information[19,20]
References of loadillustrated
voltage and thatcurrent
poweronly andneedsdata acan slowbe data transferthrough
transferred rate. References [19,20]
a time division
illustrated that(TDM)
multiplexing powermethod,
and dataand canthe
be transferred
transmission through
of powera time
anddivision
data wouldmultiplexing (TDM) method,
not be affected by each
and the transmission of power and data would not be affected by each other.
other.
In this
thispaper,
paper, ananalternative
alternative wireless power
wireless powerand data
anddecoupled transmission
data decoupled method ismethod
transmission proposed. is
Compared with
proposed. traditional
Compared withpower and data
traditional parallel
power andtransfer methods,transfer
data parallel the proposed
methods,method the can utilize
proposed
a short power
method blocking
can utilize interval
a short powerto transfer
blocking data and keep
interval the power
to transfer dataoutput
and continuous
keep the power and stable
output at
the same time.
continuous andThis method
stable at the is beneficial
same for SNR
time. This improvement
method is beneficial and forhigh
SNRspeed transmission
improvement and rates.
high
To implement
speed this method,
transmission rates. To animplement
AC bi-directional
this method,switchanisACadded to control the
bi-directional switchdataistransmission
added to control flow
anddata
the a hysteresis
transmissioncontroller
flow is andutilized to realize
a hysteresis the output
controller voltage
is utilized tocontrol.
realize theThese features
output are verified
voltage control.
by both
These the Bode
features areplot analysis
verified and experimental
by both the Bode plot results.analysis and experimental results.

2. System
2. System Overview
Overview

2.1. Hysteresis
2.1. Hysteresis Voltage
Voltage Control
Control
To simplify
To simplify the
the output
output voltage
voltage control circuit, aa hysteresis
control circuit, hysteresis voltage
voltage control
control method
method is is utilized.
utilized.
The corresponding circuit is shown in Figure 1, where S is a decoupling switch,
The corresponding circuit is shown in Figure 1, where S is a decoupling switch, power transmission power transmission
is blocked
is blocked (from
(from primary
primary sideside to
to secondary
secondary side) when S
side) when S is
is turned
turned off.
off. A
A push-pull
push-pull inverter
inverter isis used
used
generate the high frequency AC source. L p , C p and L s , C
to generate the high frequency AC source. Lp, Cp and Ls, Cs constitute the primary parallel and
to s constitute the primary parallel and
secondary series resonant circuits, respectively. D 1 ~D 4 constitute the rectifier. R
secondary series resonant circuits, respectively. D1 ~ D4 constitute the rectifier. Req is the equivalent eq is the equivalent
input resistance 2 . C is the output filter capacitor and R is
input resistance of
of the
the rectifier
rectifiercircuit
circuitand
andequals
equalstoto8R 8RL /π
L/π2. CLL is the output filter capacitor and RL L is
the load
the load resistance.
resistance. EE and
and U ULL are
are the
the input
input and
and load
load DC DC voltages,
voltages, respectively.
respectively.

Figure 1. Power transfer circuit with hysteresis voltage control.

Figure 1. Power transfer circuit with hysteresis voltage control.
Energies 2018, 11, x 3 of 14
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The
Energies hysteresis
2018, 11, x voltage control can be illustrated with the aid of Figure 2. Assuming the required
3 of 14
The hysteresis voltage control can be illustrated with the aid of Figure 2. Assuming the required
constant output voltage is UL-req with a hysteresis tolerance band of ±ut. S will be switched to the on
constant output
Thehysteresis
hysteresisvoltage
voltageis U L-req with
control cana be
hysteresis tolerance
illustrated withthe band
the aidof ±ut. S will
of Figure be switched
2.Assuming
Assuming to the on
therequired
required
stateThe voltage
when UL is smaller thancontrol
UL-req can
− ut be
andillustrated
switchedwith
to the offaidstate Figure
when U 2.
L is larger thanthe UL-req + ut.
state when
constant U L is voltage
output smaller than
is
constant output voltage is UL-reqU U with
L-req − uat and switched
hysteresis to the
tolerance off
bandstate
of ±
when
u . SU is
will
L larger
be than
switched
L-reqwith a hysteresis tolerance band of ±ut.t S will be switched to the U
to the+on
L-req ut.
on
state when
state when UULL is
is smaller than U
smaller than UL-req − ut andswitched
L-req − ut and
switchedtotothe
theoff
offstate
statewhen
when U ULLisislarger
larger than
than UUL-req
L-req++uut.t
.

Figure 2. Waveforms to illustrate the hysteresis control.

Figure 2. Waveforms to illustrate the hysteresis control.
Figure 2. Waveforms to illustrate the hysteresis control.
2.2. Power and Data Transfer Principle
Figure 2. Waveforms to illustrate the hysteresis control.
2.2. Power and Data Transfer Principle
2.2. Power and Data Transfer Principle
In some WPT applications such as implanted biomedical devices or robot charging, the
2.2. Power
In some and Data WPTTransfer Principlesuch as implanted biomedical devices or robot charging, the
applications
In some
information such WPT applications
as battery such voltage
status, output as implantedand output biomedical
current should devices or robot charging,
be transmitted from the
information such as battery status,suchoutput voltage and output current shouldor be robot
transmitted from the
secondary side to the primary side. The proposed data transfer circuit is shown in Figure 3, wherethe
the In some
information WPT such applications
as battery status, as implanted
output voltage biomedical
and output devices
current should charging,
be transmitted Sd
secondary
information side to
suchcomposedthe primary
as battery side. The proposed data transfer circuit is shown in Figure 3, where Sd
from
is the secondary
an AC switch side to status,
the
of two output
primary voltage
side.
semiconductor The and proposedoutputdata
switches current
(e.g., should
transfer
IGBTs or be transmitted
circuit is shown
MOSFETs). Csdinisfrom
usedthe
Figure 3,
to
is an AC switch
secondary tocomposed of side.
two semiconductor switches (e.g., IGBTs or MOSFETs). Csd
3, is used Sto
where Sd isside
compensate an AC
Ls at the
the primary
switch
data composed
carrier The
frequency. proposed
of two V d is thedata
semiconductor transfer
injected datacircuit
switches is shown
(e.g.,
carrier IGBTs
while Vin isFigure
oor MOSFETs).
the receivedwhere Cdata
sd is
d
compensate
is an AC switch Ls atcomposed
the data carrierof two frequency.
semiconductor Vd is the injected(e.g.,
switches dataIGBTs
carrieror while Vo is the C
MOSFETs). received
is used data
to
used to Lcompensate
carrier. d and Cd comprise Ls at the an data LCcarrier
tuning circuit toVmaximize
frequency. d is the injectedthe outputdata carrier
carrierwhile Vo is the
Vo, satisfying
sd
carrier. Ld and
compensate Lwhere
s at
Cthed comprise an LC tuning circuit to maximize the output carrier Vo, satisfying
data carrier frequency. Van
d isLCthe injected data carrier while Vthe
o is output
the received
ωd =1 Ld Cdata
received d , carrier. ω
√ d Lis
d and
the C
angular
d comprisefrequency of tuning
the data circuit
carrier.to maximize
R d is the input resistance ofdata
carrier Vo ,
the
ω d =1
carrier.
satisfyingL C
Ld d dωand, where
= C d1/ ω d
L is
comprise C the
, angular
an
where LC ω frequency
tuning
is the circuit
angularof the
to data
maximize
frequency carrier.
of theR
the d is the
output
data input
carrier
carrier. resistance
RV of
o,issatisfying
the the
input
data processing d circuit.dThe d data transfer d topology is shown in Figure 4, where the data d transmitter
ωdata=1 processing
L C , where ω
circuit. isThe
the data
angular transfer topology
frequency of is shown
the
side consists of a modulation module, while the data receiver side consists of a bandpasswhere
resistance
d d d of the data dprocessing circuit. The data transfer data in Figure
carrier.
topology Ris 4, the
is
d shownwhereinput
in the data4,transmitter
resistance
Figure of the
filter, the
an
side consists of circuit.
a side
modulation module, while themodule,
data receiver side consists of athe bandpass filter,ofan
operational amplifier and a demodulation module. An amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulationa
data
data transmitter
processing consists
The data of a modulation
transfer topology is shown while
in the
Figure data4, receiver
where side
data consists
transmitter
operational
bandpass amplifier and a demodulation module. dataAn amplitude shiftAn keying (ASK) shiftmodulation
side
method is filter,
consists used an
of ato operational
modulation
generate amplifier
themodule,
data carrier.and
while Thea demodulation
the generation receiver module.
side
function consists
of the data amplitude
of a carrier
bandpass bekeying
can filter, an
given
method
(ASK)
operational is used
modulation to
amplifier generate
method
and a the
is data
used to
demodulation carrier.
generate The generation
the
module. data
An function
carrier.
amplitude The of the
generation
shift data
keying carrier
function
(ASK) can of be
the
modulationgiven
data
as:
as:
carrier can
method is used be given as:
to generate the data carrier. (The generation function of the data carrier can be given
 Ac Acos ( 22π(π2πffd ttf d)t,,), "1" 00 00
as: d cd(ct()t)= =
 Ac cos
d c ( t ) = 
(
c cos
d ) "1" 1 (1)(1)
0 0, , "0"00 000 (1)
Ac cos (02π f d t ), "0"
"1"
where ffdd and Acc are
and A are the d c (and
the frequency
frequency t ) =the
 amplitude of the data carrier, respectively. (1)
where and the 0
 amplitude of,the "0"
data carrier, respectively.
where fd and Ac are the frequency and the amplitude of the data carrier, respectively.
where fd and Ac are the frequency and the amplitude of the data carrier, respectively.

Figure 3. The proposed diagram of power and data transmission.

Figure 3. The proposed diagram of power and data transmission.

Figure 3. The proposed diagram of power and data transmission.

Figure 4. Data transfer topology.

Figure 4. Data transfer topology.
Figure 4. Data transfer topology.
Figure 4. Data transfer topology.
Energies 2018, 11, 2161 4 of 14

Energies 2018, 11, x 4 of 14

Figure 3 shows that data is transferred during the off state of the decoupling switch S (Sd is turned
on when SFigure 3 shows that data is transferred during the off state of the decoupling switch S (Sd is
is off). The proposed system has two working modes: (1) when S is on and Sd is off, power
turned on when S is off). The proposed system has two working modes: (1) when S is on and Sd is
is transferred to the load while data transmission is blocked; (2) when S is off and Sd is on, data is
off, power is transferred to the load while data transmission is blocked; (2) when S is off and Sd is on,
transferred from the secondary side to the primary side while the output capacitor CL isCfree
data is transferred from the secondary side to the primary side while the output capacitor
running.
L is free
The circuits of these two working modes are shown in Figure 5.
running. The circuits of these two working modes are shown in Figure 5.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5. Circuit of the two working modes: (a) S is on and Sd is off; (b) Sd is on and S is off.
Figure 5. Circuit of the two working modes: (a) S is on and Sd is off; (b) Sd is on and S is off.

To simplify the analysis, the following assumptions are made: (1) the data carrier frequency fd is
To simplify
selected thethan
higher analysis, the following
the power assumptions
carrier frequency fp. Thisare made: (1)
is because the the data
extra datacarrier channel fd is
frequency
transfer
selected
wouldhigher than the power
not significantly affectcarrier
the power transferfpand
frequency . This
theisinterference
because the of extra
powerdata transfer
transfer channel
on data
wouldtransfer is easy to suppress;
not significantly affect the(2) the resonant
power transfer frequencies of the primary
and the interference of powerand transfer
secondaryonresonant
data transfer
circuits
is easy are identical:
to suppress; (2) the resonant frequencies of the primary and secondary resonant circuits are
identical: 1 1
ω p=2π f p = 1= . 1 (2)
ω p = 2π f p =LppCL p C L= sCs
√ . (2)
p p Ls Cs

3. Interference
3. Interference of Extra
of Extra Data
Data TransferChannel
Transfer Channel on
on Power
Power Transfer
Transfer

3.1. Interference
3.1. Interference of Extra
of Extra DataData Transfer
Transfer Channelon
Channel onPower
Power Transfer
Transfer
When considering the influence on power transfer due to the extra data transfer channel, two
When considering the influence on power transfer due to the extra data transfer channel, two
issues should be of concern. The first is the interference of data carrier transfer with power transfer;
issues should be of concern. The first is the interference of data carrier transfer with power transfer;
the second is the power transfer loss due to the data transfer circuit. However, since data is
the second is the power transfer loss due to the data transfer circuit. However, since data is transferred
transferred when the switch S is off, so the interference of data carrier transfer on power transfer can
whenbethe switch S for
ignored. As is off,
the so the interference
power of data
transfer loss due to thecarrier transfer
data transfer on power
circuit, transfer
it can be can be
monitored by ignored.
the
As for the poweroftransfer
attenuation loss due
output voltage ULtowhether
the datathetransfer circuit,
data transfer it canisbe
circuit monitored
added or not. by
Thethe attenuation
simplified
of output voltage UL whether the data transfer circuit is added or not. The simplified power transfer
circuit without and with the data receiver circuit are shown in Figure 6a,b respectively, where ii is the
equivalent input current source.
 Energies 2018, 11, x 5 of 14

power
Energies transfer
2018, 11, 2161 circuit without and with the data receiver circuit are shown in Figure 6a, b5 of 14
respectively, where ii is the equivalent input current source.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6. The simplified power transfer circuit: (a) without data receiver circuit; (b) with data receiver
Figure 6. The simplified power transfer circuit: (a) without data receiver circuit; (b) with data
circuit.
receiver circuit.
For the original system shown in Figure 6a, the reflected resistance to the primary side is given
by:
For the original system shown in Figure 6a, the reflected resistance to the primary side is given by:
ω 2 M 22
Zr = ω M2 (3)
Zr =Zs (3)
Zs
where Zs is the secondary side loop impedance, given by Zs = jωLs + 1/jωCs + Req. M is the mutual
Zs is the secondary side loop impedance, given by Zs = jωLs + 1/jωCs + Req . M is the
whereinductance.
mutual inductance.
The primary inductance current ip1 can be derived as:
The primary inductance current ip1 can be derived as:
i p1 = ii
(1 jω C p ) (4)

Z p1
1/jωC p
i p1 = ii (4)
where Zp1 is the impedance given by Zp1 = jωLp + 1/jωZ
Cp1
p + Zr.

The output voltage can be given by:

where Zp1 is the impedance given by Zp1 = jωLp + 1/jωC Req p
+ Zr .
The output voltage can be given by: ueq1 = jω Mi p1 Z s (5)

The transfer function from the input current ii to theRoutput

eq voltage ueq1 is:
ueq1 = jωMi p1 (5)
ueq1 MReqZs
G pp1(ω ) = =
p( r ) svoltage u
i C jω L + 1 jωC + Z Z
(6)
The transfer function from the inputi current iipto the output
p
eq1 is:
As mentioned before, the data carrier is injected to the secondary side only when switch S is off
ueq1 MReq
(i.e., power transmission is blocked),
G pp1 (ω ) = the data
= transmitter circuit does not
affect the power transfer. (6)
i
As for the data receiver circuit added iin the C + 1/jωC
p jωL pside
primary + Figure
shownp in Zr Zs 6b, the influence can be
monitored. The primary inductance current ip2 can be rewritten as:
As mentioned before, the data carrier is injected to the secondary side only when switch S is off
(i.e., power transmission is blocked), the data transmitter circuit does not affect the power transfer.
As for the data receiver circuit added in the primary side shown in Figure 6b, the influence can be
monitored. The primary inductance current ip2 can be rewritten as:


1/jωC p
i p2 = ii (7)
Z p2
Energies 2018, 11, 2161 6 of 14

where Zp2 is the impedance given by:

1
Z p2 = jωL p + + Zr + Zd (8)
jωC p

and Zd is the impedance of the data receiver circuit, given by:

1
Zd = (9)
jωCd + 1/jωLd + 1/Rd

Zp2 = jωLp + 1/jωCp + Zr + Zd , Zd = 1/(jωCd + 1/jωLd + 1/Rd ).

So the output voltage can be given by:

Req
ueq2 = jωMi p2 (10)
Zs

The transfer function from the current input ii to the output voltage ueq2 can be calculated as:

ueq2 MReq
G pp2 (ω ) = =
. (11)
ii C p jωL p + 1/jωC p + Zr + Zd Zs

By comparing the Bode plots of Equations (6) and (11), the interference on power transfer due
to the addition of the data transfer channel can be monitored, and this will be presented in the
following section.

3.2. Interference of Power Transfer on Data Transfer

As for the data transfer channel, the SNR should be designed to be pretty high [12]. There are two
factors affecting the SNR performance: (1) the interference of the power transfer with the data transfer;
(2) the output capacity of the data transfer. These two effects could significantly influence the SNR
performance. For a well-designed data transfer channel, these two factors should be optimized. The
interference of power transfer on data transfer should be minimized while the output capacity of data
transfer should be maximized.
As for the interference of power transfer on data transfer, the circuit is shown in Figure 6b.
According to Equation (7), the interference voltage Vop can be expressed as:

Vop = i p2 Zd (12)

The transfer function from the input current ii to the data output Vop is:

Vop − jZd
G pd (ω ) = =
(13)
ii ωC p jωL p + 1/jωC p + Zr + Zd

If the parameters Lp , Cp , Ls and Cs satisfy the assumption shown in Equation (2), then Equation (13)
can be simplified as:

Vop −j
G pd ω p = =
. (14)
ii ω p C p ω p 2 M2 /Req Zd + 1
Equation (14) shows that the interference transfer function relates to the parameters ω p , Cp , Req
(RL ), M and Zd . In order to reduce the interference, we can increase RL , Zd or reasonably decrease ω p ,
M and Cp .

3.3. Data Transfer Channel Analysis

In the above section, we have learnt that the reduction of power transfer interference on data
transfer can be achieved by reasonably setting some parameters. In this section, the output capacity
Energies 2018, 11, x 7 of 14

3.3. Data Transfer Channel Analysis

Energies 2018, 11, 2161 7 of 14
In the above section, we have learnt that the reduction of power transfer interference on data
transfer can be achieved by reasonably setting some parameters. In this section, the output capacity
of data transfer will be studied. When there is only data transfer in the system, the circuit is shown
in Figure 7a, where the mutual inductance couplings on primary side coil and secondary side coil are
represented by two controlled
controlled voltage
voltage sources jωMis and −j
sources jωMi −ω jωMi , respectively.
Mip,prespectively.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7.
Figure 7. The
The simplified
simplified data
data transfer
transfer circuit:
circuit: (a) proposed data
(a) proposed data transfer
transfer circuit;
circuit; (b)
(b) traditional
traditional data
data
transfer circuit.
transfer circuit.

According to Figure 7a, the following equations can be derived:

According to Figure 7a, the following equations can be derived:
Vd = is ( jω Ls + 1 jωCs + 1 jωCsd ) − jω Mi p
 V = i ( jωL + 1/jωC + 1/jωC ) − jωMi

s
( s s
)
 jω Mis = i p jω L p + 1 jωC p +V
od 1
d sd p

(15)

 jωMi s = i p jωL p + 1/jωC p + V od1 (15)
VV 1=i=
odod1 p Zidp Zd



The transfer
The transfer function
function from
from thethe input
input data
data carrier
carrier VVdd to
to the
the output
output data
data carrier
carrierVVod1
od1 can be
can be
expressed as:
expressed as:
V jωMZd
jω MZ d
Gdd1 ) )== Vodod1
Gdd(1ω(ω 1 ==
2 2

(16)
VVd ω 2ω
d (
M + Z Z + jωL + 1/jωC p Zsd
M 2 + Z Z d+ sdjω L + 1 jωpC Z
d sd p p ) sd
(16)
where Zsd = jωLs + 1/jωCs + 1/jωCsd .
where sd = jωLs + 1/jωCs + 1/jωCsd.
AsZis mentioned before, Ls , Csd and Ld , Cd resonate at data transfer frequency, so Equation (16)
As is mentioned
can be simplified as: before, Ls, Csd and Ld, Cd resonate at data transfer frequency, so Equation (16)
can be simplified as:
jωd 3 Cs C p MRd
Gdd1 (ωd ) = (17)
ωd 4 M2 Cs C p + ωd 2 L p C p − jωd Rd C p − 1
Energies 2018, 11, 2161 8 of 14

Figure 7b is presented to compare the SNR of the proposed method (transferring data when
power transfer is blocked) with the traditional method which transfers data when power is transferred.
The following equations can be derived from Figure 7b:


 Vd = is ( jωLs + 1/jωCs ) + id /jωCsd − jωMi p



 Vd = ieq Req + id /jωCsd
id = is + ieq (18)





 jωMi s = i p jωL p + 1/jωC p +V od2
Vod2 = i p Zd


The transfer function from the input data carrier Vd to the output data carrier Vod2 can be
expressed as:

Vod2 jω 2 MCsd Req Zd

Gdd2 (ω ) = =


(19)
Vd Csd Req ω 3 M2 + Zd Zrs ω + Zrp Zrs ω − j Zd + Zrp Req + Zrs

where Zrp = jωLp + 1/jωCp , Zrs = jωLs + 1/jωCs .

By comparing the Bode plots of Equations (17) and (19), the data transfer capacity of the proposed
method and the traditional method can be compared, and this will be presented in the following section.

3.4. Consideration for the Data Transfer Rate

Since the proposed method transferring data when switch S is off, the data transmission rate can
be determined by:
to f f
dr = dcr (20)
ton + to f f
where dcr represents the conventional data transfer rate, toff is the off-state time while ton is the on-state
time in one operation period of the switch S.
So in order to increase the data transfer rate, we can either increase dcr or toff . Increasing dcr can be
achieved by increasing the data carrier frequency. As for toff , it can be calculated by:
!
Ul −req − ut
to f f = − R L CL ln . (21)
Ul −req + ut

Equation (21) shows that the time interval of the off state can be increased when we reasonably
increase the product of RL and CL .

4. Simulation Studies
In this section, Bode plot simulation studies are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed
method. The parameters of the system are shown in Table 1, where the frequencies of power and
signal are empirically determined as 91 kHz and 10 MHz, respectively, and then Lp , Cp , Ls , Cs can be
determined accordingly. The load RL is 10 Ω, and the required voltage is 16 V, with a hysteresis band
of ±0.5 V.

Table 1. System parameters.

Parameter Value Parameter Value

Lp 50 µH Ls 50 µH
Cp 60 nF Cs 61 nF
M 12.9 µH E 20 V
L1 ,L2 150 µH RL 10 Ω
fp 91 kHz fd 10 MHz
UL-req 16 V ut 0.5 V
 Parameter Value Parameter Value
Parameter
Lp Value
50 μH Parameter
Ls Value
50 μH
CLpp 50
60 μH
nF CLss 50
61 μH
nF
MCp 60 nF
12.9 μH C
Es 61
20 nF
V
L1M,L2 12.9
150 μHμH REL 20 Ω
10 V
Energies 2018, 11, 2161 L1f,L
p 2 150kHz
91 μH RfdL 1010
MHzΩ 9 of 14
fp
UL-req 91
16kHz
V ufdt 100.5
MHz
V
UL-req 16 V ut 0.5 V
4.1. Bode
4.1. Bode Plot
Plot Analysis
Analysis ofof Power
Power Transfer
Transfer with
with and
and without
without Data
Data Transfer
Transfer
4.1. Bode Plot Analysis of Power Transfer with and without Data Transfer
The Bode
The Bode plots
plots of
of the
the power
power transfer
transfer without
without data datatransfer
transfer(G(Gpp1 shown in Equation (6)) from i
pp1 shown in Equation (6)) from iii
to u Theand Bode plots
power of the
transfer power
with transfer
data without
transfer
eq1and power transfer with data transfer (Gpp2
to ueq1 (G pp2 data
shown transfer
in (G
Equation
pp1
shown in Equation (11)) shown
(11)) in iEquation
from
from ii to
i to ueq2 are(6))
ueq2 are frominii
shown
shown
to u
in eq1 and8,
Figure
Figure power
where
8, where transfer
wewecan with
cansee data
seethat
that transfer
the
the (Gpp2 shown
difference
difference between
between in “with
Equation
“withdata
data(11)) from ii and
transfer”
transfer” to
and ueq2“without
are shown
“without in
data
data
Figure
transfer” 8, where
can be we can
ignored. see
Thisthat the
verifies difference
that the between
addition of“with
the data
data transfer”
transfer and
channel
transfer” can be ignored. This verifies that the addition of the data transfer channel has almost no “without
has almostdata
no
transfer”
impact
impact oncan
on the be
the ignored.
power
power This verifies that the addition of the data transfer channel has almost no
transfer.
transfer.
impact on the power transfer.

Figure 8. Bode plots of Gpp1 and Gpp2.

Figure8.8.Bode
Figure plotsofofGGpp1
Bodeplots and G
pp1 and pp2. .
Gpp2
4.2. Bode Plot of the Interference from Power Transfer to Data Transfer
4.2. Bode Plot of the Interference from Power TransferTransfertotoData
DataTransfer
Transfer
The Bode plot of the power transfer interference on the data transfer (Gpd shown in Equation (13))
fromThe
ii toBode
The Vop isplot
Bode plot of
of the
shown in power
Figure transfer
power 9. From interference
transfer Figure 9, weon
interference on the
can data
thesee
data transfer
transfer
that (G
(Gpd shown
pd shown
the magnitude in
ofin Equation
Equation
the (13))
interference
from i ii to Vop is
is shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 9.
9. From
From Figure
Figure 9, we can see that the magnitude of
at the poweroptransfer frequency is around −15 dB, which is pretty low for data transfer, therefore, the the interference
at thecan
SNR power
power transfer
transfer
remain frequency
frequency
pretty high. isisaround
around−15−15
dB,dB, which
which is pretty
is pretty lowlow
for for
datadata transfer,
transfer, therefore,
therefore, the
the
SNRSNRcan can remain
remain pretty
pretty high.high.

Figure 9. Bode plot of the interference from power transfer to data transfer.
Figure
Figure 9.
9. Bode
Bode plot
plot of
of the
the interference from power
interference from power transfer
transfer to
to data
data transfer.
transfer.

4.3. Bode Plot Analysis of the Proposed and Traditional Data Transfer Channel
The Bode plots of the proposed data transfer channel (Gdd1 shown in Equation (16)) from Vd to
Vod1 and traditional data transfer channel (Gdd2 shown in Equation (19)) from Vd to Vod2 are shown
in Figure 10, which shows that the data transfer capacity of the proposed channel is larger than the
Energies 2018, 11, x 10 of 14

4.3. Bode Plot Analysis of the Proposed and Traditional Data Transfer Channel
The Bode plots of the proposed data transfer channel (Gdd1 shown in Equation (16)) from10Vof
Energies 2018, 11, 2161
d to
14
Vod1 and traditional
Energies 2018, 11, x data transfer channel (Gdd2 shown in Equation (19)) from Vd to Vod2 are10shown of 14 in
Figure 10, which shows that the data transfer capacity of the proposed channel is larger than the
4.3. Bode
traditional
traditional Plot Analysis
channel
channel at theofdata
at the the Proposed
data and Traditional
carrier frequency,
carrier frequency, so Data Transfer Channel
the proposed transferring data
method for transferring data when
when
power transfer
The Bode is blocked
plots of is
themore suitable
proposed datafor data transfer.
transfer channel (Gdd1 shown in Equation (16)) from Vd to
Vod1 and traditional data transfer channel (Gdd2 shown in Equation (19)) from Vd to Vod2 are shown in
Figure 10, which shows that the data transfer capacity of the proposed channel is larger than the
traditional channel at the data carrier frequency, so the proposed method for transferring data when
power transfer is blocked is more suitable for data transfer.

Figure
Figure 10.
10. Bode
Bode plots
plots comparison
comparison between
between the
the proposed
proposed and
and traditional
traditional data
data transfer channel.

5.
5. Experimental
FigureVerification
Experimental 10. Bode plots comparison between the proposed and traditional data transfer channel.
Verification
To
To verify the
verify the proposed
5. Experimental proposed
Verification method,an
method, anexperimental
experimentalprototypeprototype is is built
built according
according to Figure
to Figure 3 with
3 with the
the parameters
parameters shown in Table 1. For the primary side push-pull inverter,
shown in Table 1. For the primary side push-pull inverter, an IRF3610 MOSFET is used an IRF3610 MOSFET is
To verify the proposed method, an experimental prototype is built according to Figure 3 with
used as
as thethe the
switch switch
device. device.
For the For the
secondarysecondary side rectifier, a SS36 Schottky diode is selected. The
parameters shown in Table 1. For side rectifier,
the primary a SS36
side Schottky
push-pull diode
inverter, anisIRF3610
selected. The detailed
MOSFET is
detailed
power power
andasdata and data
transfer transfer
circuit circuit
is the
shown is shown
in Figure in Figure 11. For the secondary side power transfer
used the switch device. For secondary side 11. For the
rectifier, secondary
a SS36 Schottky side power
diode transfer
is selected. Thecircuit,
circuit,
LM311 LM311
chip
detailed chipand
ispower
used asisthe
used
data as the
voltage
transfer voltage
comparator,
circuit comparator,
is shown the in Figure the
comparison comparison
11. Forsignal is fed to
the secondary signal
the is
sidefield
powerfed to the field
programmable
transfer
programmable
circuit,(FPGA)
gate array gate
LM311 chip array (FPGA)
chip (Altera
is used Cyclonechip (Altera
as the voltage Cyclone
comparator, the
II EP2C5T144C8). II EP2C5T144C8).
comparison
Afterward, Afterward,
thesignal
FPGA is chip
fed to the FPGA
the field chip
determines the
determines the
programmable on-off
gate state
array of the
(FPGA) switches
chip S
(Altera and S
on-off state of the switches S and Sd . For the data transfer circuit, the modulation is produced byisa
d. For
Cyclone II the data
EP2C5T144C8). transfer circuit,
Afterward, the
the modulation
FPGA chip
produced
CD4051 by aaCD4051
determines
chip; the on-offchip;
ceramic stateaof
filter ceramic filter
theisswitches
chip used asSchip is
Sd.used
and bandpass
the For theas filter
the bandpass
data transfer filterthe
while acircuit,
LT1816 while aisLT1816
modulation
chip usedisaschip
the
is produced
used as the by a CD4051
operational chip; a ceramic filter chip is used as the bandpass filter while a LT1816 chipto get
operational amplifier. Theamplifier.
demodulation The demodulation
circuit consistscircuit consists ofdetector
of an envelope an envelope
to get detector
the envelop of
the is used as
envelop of the
theoperational
carrier andamplifier.
a The demodulation
comparator (LM311 circuit
chip) to consists of an the
discriminate envelope
data. detector to get
the carrier and a comparator (LM311 chip) to discriminate the data.
the envelop of the carrier and a comparator (LM311 chip) to discriminate the data.

(a)
(a)

Figure 11. Cont.

Energies 2018, 11, 2161 11 of 14
Energies 2018, 11, x 11 of 14

Modulation Bandpass Operational Envelop Comparator

Energies 2018, 11, x filter amplifier detector 11 of 14
Data in A
+ + Data out
Carrier CH1 OUT IN
Vo Bandpass
OUT
Modulation -
Operational -
Envelop Comparator
CH0
filter amplifier detector
Ceramic LM311
Data in ACD4051 LT1816
filter + +
Carrier CH1 OUT IN OUT Data out
Secondary side Vo - Primary side -
CH0

CD4051 Ceramic(b) LM311

filter
LT1816
Figure 11. Detailed power and
Secondary sidedata transfer circuit of thePrimary
experimental
side prototype: (a) detailed power
Figure 11. Detailed
transfer power
circuit; (b) anddata
detailed datatransfer
transfer (b) of the experimental prototype: (a) detailed power
circuit
circuit.
transfer circuit;
Figure (b) detailed
11. Detailed powerdata transfer
and data circuit.
transfer circuit of the experimental prototype: (a) detailed power
5.1. Interference Analysis of the Data Transfer Channel to Power Transfer
transfer circuit; (b) detailed data transfer circuit.
5.1. Interference Analysis of
As is indicated the Data
before, the Transfer Channel
interference fromtodata
Power Transfer
transfer channel to power transfer can be
5.1. Interference
monitored Analysis
by the outputof voltage
the Data U
Transfer Channel
L. Figure to Power
12 shows Transfer results with and without data
the experiment
As is indicated before, the interference from data transfer channel to power transfer can be
transfer,iswhere
As by channel
indicated 1 indicates
before, the output voltage,
the interference channel channel
4 indicates the voltage of Cp, and
monitored the output voltage UL . Figurefrom data transfer
12 shows the experiment to results
power transfer
with andcan be
without
channel 2 indicates
monitored the output
by the output data.
voltage UL. Figure 12 shows the experiment results with and without data
data transfer, where channel 1 indicates the output voltage, channel 4 indicates the voltage of Cp ,
transfer, where channel 1 indicates the output voltage, channel 4 indicates the voltage of Cp, and
and channel 2 indicates the output data.
channel 2 indicates the output data.

(a)

(a)

(b)

Figure 12. The monitored interference of data transfer to power transfer: (a) with data transfer; (b)
without data transfer. (b)

Figure 12. The monitored interference of data transfer to power transfer: (a) with data transfer; (b)
Figure 12. The
Figure monitored
12a shows interference
that the mean value of of
data transfer
UL with datatotransfer
poweristransfer: (a) with
16.4 V, while data
Figure transfer;
12b shows
without data transfer.
thatwithout
(b) the mean
datavalue of UL without data transfer is 16.2 V. Such a small difference indicates the
transfer.
interference of data
Figure 12a showstransfer
that thetomean
power transfer
value of Ucan be ignored. This verifies the Bode plots shown in
L with data transfer is 16.4 V, while Figure 12b shows
Figure 8.mean
Furthermore, the system efficiency of Figure 12aV.isSuch
71%, aand the difference
data transfer rate is the
that the value of U
Figure 12a shows that the mean value of UL with16.2
L without data transfer is data transfer small
is 16.4 12b560
indicates
V, while Figure shows
kbps.
interference of data transfer to power transfer can be ignored. This verifies the Bode plots shown in
that the mean value of UL without data transfer is 16.2 V. Such a small difference indicates the
Figure 8.of
interference Furthermore,
databetween theto
transfer system
power efficiency
transfer ofcan
Figure 12a is 71%,
be ignored. and
This the data
verifies transfer
the rate isshown
Bode plots 560 in
5.2. Comparison
kbps. the Proposed and Traditional Data Transfer Method
Figure 8. Furthermore, the system efficiency of Figure 12a is 71%, and the data transfer rate is 560 kbps.
Figure 13 shows the comparison results between the proposed and traditional data transfer as
5.2. Comparison between 7. the Proposed and Traditional Datadata
Transfer Method
5.2. Comparison in
mentioned Figure
between the Figure 7a shows
Proposed the proposed
and Traditional transfer
Data Transfer circuit while Figure 7b shows the
Method
traditional data transfer circuit. Channel 1 indicates the output voltage
Figure 13 shows the comparison results between the proposed and traditional UL, channeldata
4 indicates
transfer the
as
Figure
output 13 shows
voltage of the
the comparison
amplifier, and results
channel between
2 indicates the
the proposed
output and
data. traditional
mentioned in Figure 7. Figure 7a shows the proposed data transfer circuit while Figure 7b shows data transfer
the as
mentioned in
Figure Figure
13a 7.
shows Figure
that 7a
datashows
transferthe
withproposed
the data
proposed transfer
method iscircuit
stable, while
while Figure
Figure
traditional data transfer circuit. Channel 1 indicates the output voltage UL, channel 4 indicates the 7b
13b shows
shows the
that data
traditional
output transfer
data
voltage withamplifier,
transfer
of the a traditional
circuit. andcircuit
Channel 1failed.
channel The amplitude
indicates
2 indicatesthe
theoutputof voltage
output channel
data. 4Ushows that the
L , channel 4 amplifier
indicates the
output
output voltage of the
Figure of proposed
13athe method
amplifier,
shows that dataand is larger
channel
transfer than
with2 the that of
indicates
proposedthe traditional
themethod stable, while Figure 13btransfer
circuit,
outputisdata. thus the data shows
that data13a
Figure transfer
shows with a traditional
that circuit
data transfer failed.
with theThe amplitude
proposed of channel
method 4 shows
is stable, thatFigure
while the amplifier
13b shows
output
that data of the with
transfer proposed method iscircuit
a traditional largerfailed.
than that
Theofamplitude
the traditional circuit, 4thus
of channel the data
shows transfer
that the amplifier
output of the proposed method is larger than that of the traditional circuit, thus the data transfer
Energies 2018, 11, 2161 12 of 14

Energies 2018, 11, x 12 of 14

capacity of the proposed method is larger than that of the traditional circuit. These results verify the
capacity
Energies of 11,
2018, thex proposed method is larger than that of the traditional circuit. These results verify the
modeling of the transfer function in Section 3 and the Bode plot analysis shown in Figure 12 10.of 14
modeling of the transfer function in Section 3 and the Bode plot analysis shown in Figure 10.
capacity of the proposed method is larger than that of the traditional circuit. These results verify the
modeling of the transfer function in Section 3 and the Bode plot analysis shown in Figure 10.

(a)

(a)

(b)

Figure 13. Comparison between the proposed and traditional data transfer: (a) proposed method; (b)
Figure 13. Comparison between the proposed and
(b) traditional data transfer: (a) proposed method;
traditional circuit.
(b) traditional circuit.
Figure 13. Comparison between the proposed and traditional data transfer: (a) proposed method; (b)
5.3. Analysis of circuit.
traditional the Data Transfer Rate
5.3. Analysis of the Data Transfer Rate
Equation (20) shows that in order to increase the data transfer rate, we can either increase the
5.3. Analysis of the Data Transfer Rate
conventional
Equation (20) data transfer
shows thatrate or the to
in order conduction dutydata
increase the cycletransfer
of Sd. Figure 14a can
rate, we shows the case
either by the
increase
increasing the
Equation
conventional conventional
data(20) shows rate
transfer data
that in transfer
ororder rate, while
to increase the
the conduction Figure 14b
datacycle
duty indicates
transfer
of Srate, the case by increasing
we can either increase the
d . Figure 14a shows the case by
conduction
conventional duty
data cycle of S
transfer d.rate or the conduction duty cycle of Sd. Figure 14a shows the case by
increasing the conventional data transfer rate, while Figure 14b indicates the case by increasing the
increasing the conventional data transfer rate, while Figure 14b indicates the case by increasing the
conduction duty cycle of Sd .
conduction duty cycle of Sd.

(a)

(a)

(b)

Figure 14. Increasing of the data transfer rate by: (a) increasing the conventional data transfer rate; (b)
(b)
increasing conduction duty cycle of Sd.
Figure 14. Increasing of the data transfer rate by: (a) increasing the conventional data transfer rate; (b)
Figure 14. Increasing of the data transfer rate by: (a) increasing the conventional data transfer rate;
increasing conduction duty cycle of Sd.
(b) increasing conduction duty cycle of Sd .
Energies 2018, 11, 2161 13 of 14

Both Figure 14a,b show the output voltage is controlled to be around 16 V. In addition, the data
transfer rate can be increased through these two methods, i.e. by increasing the conventional data
transfer rate or increasing the conduction duty cycle of Sd .

5.4. Comparasion Results with the Published Literatures

Table 2 shows the comparison results between the proposed method and the traditional ways
studied in [13–18]. Since the power transfer and data transfer functions of the proposed method are
decoupled, the SNR is very high, so as the data transfer rate can reach 560 kbps. It should be noted that
a 25 W prototype was set up for demonstration. This method could be used in high power systems due
to its high SNR characteristics. Moreover, the data transfer method is especially suitable to monitor the
load status in WPT applications such as biomedical implants and robot charging.

Table 2. System parameters.

Reference Bit Rate (kbps) Transferred Power(W) Potential Applications

[13] 2.16 700 EVs (Electrical Vehicles)
Peer to peer wireless power transfer (WPT)) with
[14] 230 40
metal shielding such as in EVs
[15] 20 500 High power WPT with low frequency such as in EVs
[16] 19.2 250 Drilling systems
[17] N/A N/A Biomedical implants
[18] 6 N/A N/A
This paper 560 25 Robots, biomedical implants, etc.

6. Conclusions
This paper proposes a decoupled wireless power and data transmission method via the same
inductive link. The method system presents two particular features. The first is that a hysteresis
controller controls the power flow. This makes it easy to realize miniaturization for non-inductive
design at the secondary side. The second is that data is transferred when the output capacitor is free
running to achieve uninterrupted power output. Therefore, the interference between power and data
flow is very small. Our Bode plots analysis verifies the effectiveness of the proposed data transfer
method. Furthermore, an experimental prototype is built according to the proposed method, where the
power and data transfer frequencies are 91 kHz and 10 MHz, respectively. The output power is 25 W
with an efficiency of 71%, and the data transfer bit rate reaches 560 kbps.

Author Contributions: X.L. and H.W. conceived and designed the experiments; X.L. and H.W. performed the
experiments; X.L. and H.W. wrote the paper. X.L., H.W. and X.D. analyzed the experiment results; All authors
have contributed to the editing and proofreading of this paper.
Funding: This work was supported in part by the research funds for the National Natural Science Foundation of
China under Grant 51777022, in part by the State Key Laboratory of Robotics under Grant 2018-O18.
Acknowledgments: In this section you can acknowledge any support given which is not covered by the author
contribution or funding sections. This may include administrative and technical support, or donations in kind
(e.g., materials used for experiments).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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