Chapter 16

16.1 φ′ = 25º; Nc = 25.13; Nq = 12.72; Nγ = 8.34 (Table 16.1)

qu 1 ⎛
= ⎜ c′N c + qN q + γBN γ ⎞⎟
1
qall =
Fs 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠

1⎡
( 28.75)( 25.13) + (1.07)(18.08)(12.72) + (18.08)(1.22)(8.34)⎤
1
=
⎢
3⎣ 2 ⎥⎦

= 353.5 kN/m2

16.2 φ′ = 20º; Nc = 17.69; Nq = 7.44; Nγ = 3.64 (Table 16.1)

qu 1 ⎛
= ⎜ c′N c + qN q + γBN γ ⎞⎟
1
qall =
Fs 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠

1⎡
(14)(17.69) + (17.5)(1)(7.44) + (17.5)(1.2)(3.64)⎤
1
=
3 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦

= 138.7 kN/m2

16.3 φ′ = 0º; Nc = 5.7; Nq = 1; Nγ = 0 (Table 16.1)

= (cu Nc + q Nq ) = [( 48)(5.7) + (17.7)(0.6)(1)] = 71 kN/m2

qu 1 1
qall =
Fs 3 3

16.4 For a continuous foundation with vertical loading, all inclination factors and
shape factors are equal to one. So,

qall =
qu
=
1 ⎛ c′N λ + qN λ + 1 γBN λ ⎞
⎜ γ γd ⎟
⎝ ⎠
c cd q qd
Fs Fs 2

φ′ = 25º; Nc = 20.72; Nq = 10.66; Nγ = 6.765 (Table 16.3)

⎛D ⎞ ⎛ φ′
⎟⎟ tan⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.2⎛⎜
3.5 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
λ cd = 1 + 0.2⎜⎜ f ⎟ tan⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 1.275
⎝ B ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

109
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 ⎛D ⎞ ⎛ φ′
⎟⎟ tan⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜
3.5 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
λ qd = λ γd = 1 + 0.1⎜⎜ f ⎟ tan ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 1.137
⎝ B ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

⎡( 28.75)( 20.72)(1.275) + (18.08)(1.07)(10.66)(1.137)⎤

1⎢ ⎥ = 359.6 kN/m2
qall =
3 ⎢ 1
+ (18.08)(1.22)(6.765)(1.137) ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦

16.5 φ′ = 20º; Nc = 14.83; Nq = 6.4; Nγ = 2.871

λ cd = 1 + 0.2⎛⎜
1 ⎞ ⎛ 20 ⎞
⎟ tan⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 1.238
⎝ 1.2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

λ qd = λ γd = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ tan⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1.119

1 20
⎝ 1.2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

⎡(14)(14.83)(1.238) + (1)(17.5)(6.4)(1.119)⎤
1⎢ ⎥ = 138.7 kN/m2
qall =
3 ⎢ 1
+ (17.5)(1.2)( 2.781)(1.119) ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦

1 ⎛ ′ 1 ⎞
16.6 qall = ⎜ c N c λ cd + qN q λ qd + γBN γ λ γd ⎟
Fs ⎝ 2 ⎠

φ′ = 0º; Nc = 5.14; Nq = 1.0; Nγ = 0

⎛D ⎞
⎟⎟ = 1 + 0.2⎛⎜
0.6 ⎞
λ qd = λ γd = 1; λ cd = 1 + 0.2⎜⎜ f ⎟ = 1.15
⎝ B ⎠ ⎝ 0.8 ⎠

1
qall = [( 48)(5.14)(1.15) + (0.6)(17.7) + 0] = 73.6 kN/m2
4

16.7 Eq. (16.12): qu = qN q + 0.4 γ′BN γ .

φ′ = 35º; Nq = 41.44; Nγ = 45.41

q = γh + γ′(Df – h) = (16.5 × 0.61) + (18.55 – 9.81)(1.22 – 0.61) = 15.4 kN/m2

qu B 2 B 2
Qall = = ( qN q + 0.4 γ′BN γ )
Fs Fs

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 1.52 1
Qall = [(15.4)(41.44) + (0.4)(18.55 − 9.81)(1.5)( 45.41) = 657.2 kN
3 1000

16.8 φ′ = 25º. From Table 16.1, Nc = 25.13; Nq = 12.72; Nγ = 8.34

(1800)(9.81)
γ= = 17.66 kN/m3
1000

qu = 1.3c′N c + qN q + 0.4 γ av BN γ

q = γDf = (1.2)(17.66) = 21.19 kKN/m2

1
γ av = [ γD + γ′( B − D )] — [Eq. (16.25a)]
B

D = h – Df = 2 – 1.2 = 0.8 m

(1980)(9.81)
γ sat = = 19.42 kN/m3
1000

1
γ av = [(17.66)(0.8) + (19.42 − 9.81)(1.8 − 0.8)] = 13.19 kN/m3
1.8

qu = (1.3)( 23.94)( 25.13) + ( 21.19)(12.72) + (0.4)(13.19)(1.8)(8.34)

= 1130.8 kN/m2

(11308) B 2 (1130.8)(1.8)2
Qall = = = 1221 kN
Fs 3

16.9 From Eq. (16.12): qall = 1 (1.3c′N c + qN q + 0.4 γBN γ )

Fs

φ′ = 20º; Nc = 17.69; Nq = 7.44; Nγ = 3.64 (Table 16.1)

qall = 1 [(1.3)(9.6)(17.69) + (0.91)(17.29)(7.44) + (0.4)(17.29)( B )(3.64)]

3 (a)
= 112.61 + 8.39 B

188
qall = (b)
B2

111
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 From Eqs. (a) and (b), 188 = 112.61 + 8.39 . By trial and error, B ≈ 1.25 m
B2

16.10 φ′ = 35º. From Table 16.1, Nq = 41.44; Nγ = 45.41.

1
qall = [(0.61 × 18.08)( 41.44) + (0.4)(18.08)( B )( 45.41)] = 152.34 + 109.47 B
3

411
qall = = 152.34 + 109.47 B ; B ≈ 1.5 m
B2

16.11 φ′ = 35º. From Table 16.3, Nq = 33.3; Nγ = 37.152.

1
qu = qN qλ qd λ qs + γBN γ λ γd λ γs
2

q = 15.4 kN/m2 (see Problem 16.7). Table 16.4:

⎛D ⎞ ⎛ φ′
⎟⎟ tan⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜
1.22 ⎞ ⎛ 35 ⎞
λ qd = λ γd = 1 + 0.1⎜⎜ f ⎟ tan⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 1.156
⎝ B ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1.5 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

φ′
λ qs = λ γs = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1.369
B 1.5 35
⎝L⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1.5 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

1
qu = (15.4)(33.3)(1.156)(1.369) + (8.74)(1.5)(37.152)(1.156)(1.369)
2
= 1196.97 kN/m2

(1196.97)(1.5)2
Qall = = 897.7 kN
3

1
16.12 a. For vertical load, Eq. (16.41): qu = q Nqλ qd λ qs + γ B′Nγ λ γd λ γs
2

c′ = 0, φ′ = 35º. Table 16.3: Nq = 33.3; Nγ = 37.152.

B′ = B – 2x = 1.52 – (2)(0.18) = 1.16 m; L′ = 1.5 m

Table 16.4:

112
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 B′ φ′
λ qs = λ γs = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜
1.16 ⎞ 2
⎟ tan (45 + 17.5) = 1.28
′
⎝L ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1.52 ⎠

⎛D ⎞ ⎛ φ′
⎟⎟ tan⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜
1.07 ⎞
λ qd = λ γd = 1 + 0.1⎜⎜ f ⎟ tan (45 + 17.5) = 1.177
⎝ B ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1.16 ⎠

1
qu = (17.29)(1.07)(1.28)(1.177)(33.3) + (1.28)(1.177)(17.29)(1.16)(37.152)
2
= 1489.4 kN/m2

qu B′L′ (1489.4)(1.16)(1.52)
Qall = = = 656.6 kN
Fs 4

b. B′ = 1.83 – (2)(0.15) = 1.53 m; L′ = 1.83 m.

φ′ = 25º. Table 16.3: Nq = 10.66; Nγ = 6.765

1 ′
qu = c′N c λ cs λcd + qN q λ qs λ qd + γB N γ λ γs λ γd
2

B′ φ′
λ cs = 1 + 0.2⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.2⎛⎜
1.53 ⎞ 2
⎟ tan (45 + 12.5) = 1.411
′
⎝L ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1.83 ⎠

B′ φ′
λ qs = λ γs = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜
1.53 ⎞ 2
⎟ tan (57.5) = 1.205
⎝ L′ ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1.83 ⎠

⎛D ⎞ ⎛ φ′
⎟⎟ tan⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.2⎛⎜
1.37 ⎞
λ cd = 1 + 0.2⎜⎜ f ⎟ tan (57.5) = 1.281
⎝ B ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1.53 ⎠

⎛D ⎞ ⎛ φ′
⎟⎟ tan⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜
1.37 ⎞
λ qd = λ γd = 1 + 0.1⎜⎜ f ⎟ tan (57.5) = 1.141
⎝ B ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1.53 ⎠

So,

qu = (19.17)( 20.72)(1.411)(1.281) + (18.87)(1.37)(10.66)(1.205)(1.141)

+(0.5)(18.87)(1.53)(6.765)(1.205)(1.141) = 1231 kN/m2

(1231)(1.53 × 1.83)
Qall = = 861.7 kN
4

113
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 c. φ′ = 40º; c′ = 0. Table 16.3: Nq = 64.2; Nγ = 93.69.

B′ = 3 – (2)(0.3) = 2.4 m; L′ = 3 m

(1950)(9.81)
γ= = 19.13 kN/m3
1000

B′ φ′
λ qs = λ γs = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ tan 2 ⎛⎜ 45 + ⎞⎟ = 1 + 0.1⎛⎜
2.4 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 40 ⎞
⎟ tan ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 1.368
⎝ L′ ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛D ⎞ ⎛ φ′ ⎞ ⎛ 1.4 ⎞
λ qd = λ γd = 1 + 0.1⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟ tan⎜⎝ 45 + 2 ⎟⎠ = 1 + 0.1⎜⎝ 2.4 ⎟⎠ tan (45 + 20) = 1.125
⎝ B ⎠

1
qu = qN qλ qs λ qd + γBN γ λ γs λ γd
2
1
= (19.13)(1.4)(64.2)(1.368)(1.125) + (19.13)( 2.4)(93.69)(1.368)(1.125)
2
= 5956 kN/m2

(5956)( 2.4)(3)
Qall = ≈ 14,294 kN
3

⎛B ⎞
16.13 Eq. (16.54): qu ( F ) = qu ( P ) ⎜⎜ F ⎟⎟ = (184.5)⎛⎜
1.8 ⎞
⎟ = 1107 kN/m
2

⎝ BP ⎠ ⎝ 0.3 ⎠

= ⎛⎜
Aqu ( F ) 1107 ⎞
Qall = ⎟(1.8) = 896.67 kN
2
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠

16.14 qu(P) = 248.9 kN/m2. Eq. (16.53): qu ( F ) = qu ( P ) ; qu ( F ) = 248.9 kN/m2

⎛π⎞ 2
Aqu ( F ) ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠( 2) ( 248.9)
Qall = = = 260.65 kN
Fs 3

114
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