Chapter 18

Do2 − Di2 (88.9) 2 − (85.7)2

18.1 Eq. (18.6): AR (%) = (100 ) = × 100 = 7.54%
Di2 (85.7)2

Do2 − Di2 (114)2 − (111)2

18.2 AR (%) = (100) = × 100 = 5.48%
Di2 (111)2

18.3 Depth σ′o 1

C N = 9.78 N60 (N1)60 = CN N60
(m) (kN/m2) σ′o
1.5 23.25 2.03 8 ≈16
3.0 46.4 1.43 7 ≈10
4.5 69.75 1.17 12 ≈14
6.0 93.0 1.01 14 ≈14
7.5 116.25 9.907 13 ≈12

⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
−1 ⎢ N 60 ⎥ ; pa ≈ 100 kN/m2
18.4 φ′ = tan
⎢ ⎛ σ′o ⎞ ⎥
⎢12.2 + 20.3⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ pa ⎠ ⎦

Depth σ′o po N60 φ′ (deg)

(m) (kN/m2) 2
(kN/m ) [Eq. (18.16)]
1.5 23.25 100 8 37.8
3.0 46.4 100 7 34.3
4.5 69.75 100 12 37.4
6.0 93.0 100 14 37.3
7.5 116.25 100 13 35.3
Average φ′ ≈ 36.5º

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 0.5
⎡ ⎛ 0.06 ⎞
1.7
⎤
⎢ N 60 ⎜⎜ 0.23 + ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ D50 ⎠ ⎛ 98 ⎞⎥
18.5 Eq. (18.14): Dr (%) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (100)
⎢ ⎥
⎢
9 ⎝ σ′o ⎠⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

Given γ = 15.5 kN/m3. The following table can now be prepared.

Depth z σ′o = γz D50 N60 Dr

(m) (kN/m2) (mm) (%)
1.5 23.25 0.26 6 86.8 ≈ 87
3.0 46.5 0.26 12 86.8 ≈ 87
4.5 69.75 0.26 17 84.3 ≈ 84
6.0 93.0 0.26 21 81.2 ≈ 81
7.5 116.25 0.26 23 76

⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
( N1 )60 = C N N 60 = ⎢
2 ⎥ N . If pa ≈ 100 kN/m2, ( N ) = ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞
18.6
⎢ ⎛ σ′o ⎞ ⎥ 60 1 60 ⎜ 1 + 0.01σ′ ⎟⎟ N 60
⎝ o ⎠
⎢1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ a ⎠⎦p

Depth z (m) σ′o (kN/m2) N60 CN (N1)60

1.5 (1.5)(17.29) = 25.94 6 1.59 ≈ 11
3.0 (3.0)(17.29) = 51.87 7 1.32 ≈8
4.5 (4.5)(17.29) = 77.81 9 1.12 ≈ 10
(5.25)(17.29)
6.0 10 1.01 ≈ 10
+ (6 – 5.25)(18.87 – 9.81) = 97.57
7.5 97.57 + (1.5)(18.87 – 9.81) = 111.16 12 0.95 ≈ 11
9.0 111.15 + 13.59 = 124.75 14 0.89 ≈ 12

18.7 a. The average value of N60 is about 11.

⎛D ⎞
⎟⎟ = 1 + (0.33)⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 1.165
1
b. Fd = 1 + 0.33⎜⎜ f
⎝ B ⎠ ⎝2⎠

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 2 2
N 60 ⎛ B + 0.3 ⎞ ⎛ Se ⎞ 11 ⎛ 2 + 0.3 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
qnet = ⎜ ⎟ Fd ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ (1.165)⎜ ⎟ = 211.8 kN/m
2
0.08 ⎝ B ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠ 0.08 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠

⎛ qc ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
Eq. (18.30): ⎝ a ⎠ = 7.54 D500.26 . Use pa ≈ 100 kN/m2.
p
18.8
N 60

Depth z (m) N60 D50 (mm) qc (kN/m2)

1.5 6 0.26 3,230
3 12 0.26 6,460
4.5 17 0.26 9,151
6 21 0.26 11,304
7.5 23 0.26 12,381

qc − σ c
18.9 Eq. (18.26): cu = ; Nk ≈ 18.3
Nk

1400 − (10)(18)
cu = = 66.7 kN/m2
18.3

18.10 From Eqs. (18.23) and (18.24):

Es = 2 to 3qc = 2 to 3(205) = 410 to 615 kN/m2

18.11 From Eq. (18.34):

Recovery ratio, R = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟(100) = 75%

3
⎝4⎠

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 118
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 119
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 120
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 121
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 122
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