‘Caleulus Chest Sheet Integrals Definitions Definite Integral: Suppose f (.) is continuous on [a,b]. Divide [4.6] into a subintervals of width A.x and choose x} from each interval. Then [2 f(0)ar=tin Sse) 0 Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f (x) is afunetion, F(x), such that F'(x)= f(x). Indefinite Integral : | f (x)dr= F (x)+e where F(.r) is an anti-derivative of f(x) Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1: If f(x) is continuous on [a,b] then (2) = J! £(0)ar is also continuous on [a,b] and 2°(2)=- 29 f()a= F(a). Part Il: f(-x)is continuous on[a,b]. F(x) is an anti-derivative of f(x)(ie. F (x)= J f(x)dx) thea? (x)ar= FH) F(a). Jy ()+ (oars J p(apaet Je a)ae [raps e(s)aee [yr (a)aee [?ea)ae JT4@)dr=0 [Er jee= f(a ‘Variants of Part I: ZI ryar=w(9s[()] Elif 4= Tt] LI p(ohdr=ul (2) Facs]» (2) Foun] Jof(x)arsef f(x)dx, eis a constant flo (sjac= ef? F(a)ae. isa constant fredv=e(b-a) [FP r(syas [r(e)ler [Er @)ae= fi r(a)ae+ f(x) de for any value of e. If f(x)2 (1) ona x]" g(x)de Ie f(x)20 on a Cde=tdu wel > w=Psls x=? u=P=8 J252 cos( Jae = [eos (u)au = sin(«){ =4(sin(8)~sin(1)) Integration by Parts : udy=uv—{vdu and fludr=uv|t-['vdu. Choose w and dv from integral and compute du by differentiating « and compute v using v= [dv Ex. [xe dr wsx dvset = du Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions For sin" xeas" 2dr we have the following : 1. modd. Strip | sine out and convert rest to cosines using sin? x= 1—cos? x , then use the substitution «= cos.x. ‘moda. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest tosines using cos? x=1=sin? x, then use the substitution «= sin x ‘and m both odd. Use either I. or 2. ‘# and m both even. Use double angle and/or half angle formulas to reduce the integral inte a form that can be integrated. Trig Formulas : sin(2x)=2sin(x)cos(x), cos’ (x) a 4 Ex. [?inxdx wsinx dvsdx > [fined cin af} ~ fF dex (xtn(1)-a)ff =n (5)—31a(3)-2 dushde vex For [ tan" xsee" xdr we have the following : 1. odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and convert the: Fest to secants using, tan’ x= sec” x—1, then use the substitution. u=secx. 2. meven. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest to tangents using sec* c= 1+ tan? x, then use the substitution u =tan x 3. odd and m even, Use either I. or 2. 4. even and m odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently. Ex. ftan’ xsec' xdr fran? xsec® xe = fran* vsec xtan xsee.xde | (sec? x=1)sec* x tan xsee nee (w=seex) 4(1+c0s(2x)), sin*(x) = 4(1-cos(2x)) Ex. [Sax “: spay (u=cosx) peta {see 2afosaf- |—foos* xtc Visit to tutndal math lamar eu fora complese sat of Calculus notes. (© 2005 Paul Dawhing‘Calcul Chest Sheet ‘Trig Substitutions = If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions. V@-B > x Wee-a = tan? @ = sec? @=1 ® [aioe . Sp (iem)do= [Bae sagsind = des scosbde = fi2ese? do=-12eH 0 +e ioe = f4—4sin 0 = {4008 0 = 2 {e050 ‘Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to x's. From integral we'll assume positive and drop absolute value bars. If we had a definite integral we'd need to compute °s and remove absolute value bars based on that and, a-oe pie 2° From this we see that cot = 222". So, =x ifx<0 Se 6 pe ee In this case we have 4-917 = 2cosé eee te Partial Fractions : If integrating {7""ile where the degree of P(x) is smaller than the degree of Q(x). Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (PFD.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table. Factor in Q(x) Term in PED | Factor in @(x) Tem in PFD A Ay A arb aed (aceby Seb Cae Canty : Ax+B > 2 Atte Ae atebere — TErmene [ler thrtl attire” Cae consey ese Tes Jessie | dette ‘Set numerators equal and collect like terms. as) ee 7 Tx? +130 = (A+ B)x? +(C-B)x44A-C s[atsotdhe Set coefficients equal to get a system and solve =4lnfx=l]+ n(x +4)+8tant(z) | t© get constants, A+B=7 C-B=13 44-C=0 Here is partial fraction form and recombined. Acs Be3 Cal6 ‘An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in previous example : 7x7 +13x= A(x? +4)+ (Bx C) (x=1). Chose nice values of and plug in. For example if x=1 we get 20=5A which gives A=4. This won't always work easily. Visit to tutndal math lamar eu fora complese sat of Calculus notes. (© 2005 Paul Dawhing‘Caleulus Chest Sheet Applications of Integrals » ‘Net Area: fireyae represents the net area between f(x) and the xeacis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative. Peg Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are, y= f(s) = A= J bape econ) —[emertnsiodly & v= f(y) = A= [Coe san) fomtne]ly If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases. yx ye s(x) ae-s y yn slay yre(s) Azfrideatdde — A=[LFOV- 80 anf’ ple)-g (arr fel) salar Volumes of Revolution : The two main formulas are V =f A(x)efc and V= J A(y)dy. Here is some general information about each method of computing and some examples. Rings Az ( (ate at)? fom tal") Az Pat fate) esumrnecga) Limits: 1 of right/bot ring to x/y of lefutop ring | Limits :x/y of inner cyl. to-x/y of outer cyl Horz. Axis use f(x), Vert. Axis use f(y), | Horz. Axis use f(y), Vert. Axis use f(x), g(x), ACe) and de g(y)A(y) and dy | e(y) Aly) anddyg().A(a) and de Ex.Axis: yea>0 Ex. Axis: yas ‘outer radius :a— f(x) outer radius:[a|+ g(x) radius :|a|+ y inner radius: a~ g(x) inner radius:fal+ f(x) Sidi: F(y)-8(v) wig: F(y)-8(y) ‘These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the y=as0 case with a=0. For vertical axis of rotation (x= a >0 and x= a0) interchange x and _y to get appropriate formulas. ‘sit thus math amar su fora complete set of Caless notes. (© 2005 Paul Dawhing‘Calcul Chest Sheet Work : If a force of F(x) moves.an object Average Function Value : The average value . . ina ssp, the work done is W = [" F(x)dx of f(x) on aSxSb i fay = of F(e)de Are Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Cale Itopic. The three basic formulas are, L=f'ds SA= "2x yds (rotate about x-axis) SA=["2e0ds (eotate about y-axis) where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows. ty ae ifyss(x)asese dex (ay +(2) a if x=f(t)y=e(t). asesb ds=fl+() dy if x= f(y), as ysb d=yr+(Z) dd it r= (0), asosd With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your ehoice of ds to mateh the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute. An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous i Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit doesn’ texist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc Il topic. Infinite Limit LS F(a)dr ati ff (x)ee 2 f° F (x)de= tim J” f (x)de 3. J F(x)ar= J f(x)de+ |" f(x)de provided BOTH integrals are convergent. Discontinuous Integrand 1. Discont. ata: f° f (x)= im [” f(x) de 2. Discoat. ath: ff (x)de= 3. Discontinuity at a0 then [pdx converges if’ p>1 and diverges for p <1. Approximating Definite Integrals For given integral J” f(x)de and a m (must be even for Simpson's Rule) define x= 22% and divide [a,b] into n subintervals [xy.]. [.%],--- + [Syes%n) With x, =a and x, =b then, Midpoint Rules [° f(x)de~Ax[ f(x})+ f(x) +e-# F(x). a is midpoint [...25] Trapezoid Rule: f° f(x) de AEP (4) +2/ (4) +42 (4) #427 (55) FO] Simpson's Rule: fF (x)= 9*[ F(x) +4 (4) #2F()4--#2F (a) +4F (a) FC) ‘sit thus math amar su fora complete set of Caless notes. (© 2005 Paul Dawhing