BROADACRE CITY:

A NEW COMMUNITY PLAN

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT (1867-1959)

➤ “The Greatest American

Architect;” an artistic genius
➤ Created organic architecture
➤ Tokyo Imperial Hotel
➤ Guggenheim Museum in
NY
➤ Fallingwater house in
Pennsylvania
➤ Presented the Broadacre City
at Rockefeller NY, 1935, a
revolutionary project
 BROADACRE CITY
➤ Every citizen to be given a
minimum of one acre of land
➤ Prophesized the urban sprawl
of America
➤ Uses the quadruple block plan

(c) City Reader

 SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
World Commission on Environment and Development

(C) eapn.eu
BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION
➤ 1968 - The Population Bomb by
P. Ehlich predicted global
overcrowding
➤ 1972 - The Limits to Growth by
The Club of Rome argued that
government should cut
overproduction and
overconsumption
➤ 1987 - UN Report “Our
Common Future” called for
sustainable development
 The relationship between the human world

“
and the planet that sustains it has undergone a
profound change… the rate of change is
outstripping the ability… of our current
capabilities. Sustainable development is
development that meeds the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.

-Our Common Future

BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION
➤ Led to the following:
➤ 1992 Rio Declaration on
Environment and
Development
➤ 2002 Johannesburg World
Summit on Sustainable
Development
➤ 2016 Paris Agreement or
Paris Climate Accord to
keep the global temperature
rise below 2 degrees celsius
 GREEN MANHATTAN:
EVERYWHERE
SHOULD BE LIKE
NEW YORK
(C) ASLA
 DAVID OWEN
➤ Journalist
➤ Published Green Manhattan in
The New Yorker
➤ Argued that Manhattan was
not an ecological nightmare,
or a wasteland of concrete and
garbage but the greenest
community in the United
States

(C) ASLA
One and a half million people on a 23-

“
square mile island forces the majority to
live in some of the more inherently energy-
efficient structures in the world: Apartment
buildings.
Dense urban centres offer one of the few
plausible remedies for some of the world’s
most discouraging environmental ills.
-David Owen
 DAVID OWEN
➤ Density allows urban
residents to walk, bike, and
take transit
➤ Manhattanites use private cars
at a 1/10 rate of suburbanites
and consumes a small fraction
of energy per capita to the
average American

(C) ASLA
 URBAN PLANNING HISTORY
URBAN AND PRACTICE

PLANNING ➤ The City of Theory by Peter

Hall
➤ Planning in the face of conflict

HISTORY AND ➤
by John Forester

Advocacy and pluralism in

planning by Paul Davidoff
PRACTICE ➤ Urbanism and climate change
by Peter Calthorpe
THE CITY OF THEORY
 PETER HALL (1932-2014)
➤ British geographer, planner,
polymath, UCL
➤ Paradigms and paradigm
shifts (major changes in
planning theory)
➤ Studied from planning in
terms of views (elitist, craft,
should be a science, a messy
process) and its history
➤ Called for an improved,
reciprocal relationship
between theory and practice

(C) alchetron.com
Theory that is informed by Planning practice that is
and relevant to planning informed and improved by
practice more relevant theory
 PLANNING
AND CONFLICT
People who want to be effective at translating city plans into
action need to expect opposition and should not be surprised
or worn down by what often seems an endless and
frustrating process.
 JOHN FORESTER
➤ Cornell University professor
➤ Practiced and mediated planning
conflicts in New York
➤ Listened to practicing city
planners and learned from them;
Synthesized concepts that are
relevant to practice
➤ Said that planners need to be
aware of their own power and
also its limitations
➤ Identified planners’ roles
➤ Studied the micro-politics of
planning (planners shape
participatory processes)

(C) Cornell
 NEGOTIATORS AND
MEDIATORS
RULE ENFORCERS Listen carefully to conflicting
Tell others what the law does
demands, try to make each side
and does not allow
see others’ goals, and set a
compromise

A planner’s role and strategies

RESOURCE PEOPLE SHUTTLE DIPLOMATS

Provide information and Bounces ideas off two parties
interpretations for decision- diplomatically and
making professionally
 ADVOCACY AND
PLURALISM

(C) healthylouisiana.org
 PAUL DAVIDOFF
➤ Activist, planner, and lawyer
➤ Planning should be pluralistic
(inclusive) in democracies
➤ The way lawyers represent
clients is the way planners
should represent minorities
and low-income groups
➤ Different interests will result
to different plans
➤ Influenced activist planners in
the 1960s and 1970s, giving
rise to advocacy, equity

(C) Wikipedia
 URBANISM AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
(C) blogs.worldwatch.org
 PETER CALTHORPE
➤ Architect, urban designer,
authoer, and New Urbanism
movement leader
➤ Climate change is an
imminent threat and a
potential catastrophe
➤ Urbanism has a role to play
in reducing global climate
change: Better linkage
between land use and
transportation, a system at a
regional scale

(C) Climate One

 PETER CALTHORPE
➤ Advocated for livable
cities that are human-
scale, compact, walkable,
pedestrian-friendly,
transit-oriented, and that
harmonise the built and
natural environment

(C) Climate One

 URBAN DESIGN AND PLACEMAKING

➤ What is placemaking? By

URBAN ➤
Project for Public Spaces

The Neighbourhood Unit by

Clarence Perry
DESIGN AND ➤ The City Image and its
Elements by Kevin Lynch
PLACEMAKING ➤ Three Types of Outdoor
Activities; Life Between
Buildings; Quality of Outdoor
Space by Jan Gehl
➤ Resilient Cities by Lawrence
Vale
 PLACEMAKING
“What if we built our cities around places?
https://dn60005mpuo2f.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Oct-2016-placemaking-booklet.pdf
 PLACEMAKING
➤ Refers to a collaborative process by which we can shape our
public realm in order to maximize shared value.
➤ More than just promoting better urban design, Placemaking
facilitates creative patterns of use, paying particular attention
to the physical, cultural, and social identities that define a
place and support its ongoing evolution.

https://dn60005mpuo2f.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Oct-2016-placemaking-booklet.pdf
 THE
NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT

(c) housingwire.com
 CLARENCE PERRY (1872-1944)
➤ Introduced the concept of the
pedestrian-oriented
neighbourhood unit
➤ Reflected on the growth of
cities and the rise of the
automobiles affecting
characteristics of good
neighborhoods

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/52/ClarencePerry1935.jpg
https://i1.wp.com/thecityecosystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/
neighborhodd-unit-c2.jpg?fit=764%2C1035
“
Every great city is a conglomerate of
smaller communities… It is the
quality of life within these smaller
communities that will most shape
individuals’ experience.
-Clarence Perry (City Reader eds.)
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT
➤ Looked into housing and
spatial preferences of young,
single people as against
married couples
➤ Noted that the primary school
is a central institution for
nuclear families with young
children
➤ Allows children to walk to
school without having to cross
busy streets
A SUBDIVISION AN INDUSTRIAL NEIGHBORHOOD
HOW A SLUM DISTRICT MIGHT BE REHABILITATED
CITY IMAGE AND
ITS ELEMENTS
 KEVIN LYNCH (1918-1984)
➤ Urban planner and author; a
“towering figure of twentieth-
century urban design”
➤ People perceive cities as
consisting of underlying city
form elements
➤ Gathered empirical
information, constructed
theory, and explained broad
patterns
➤ Made people draw mental
maps

http://martijnsdepot.com/mobilecity/wp-content/uploads/lynch-
imageofthecity.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch
5 city elements in the book The Image of the City
 LIFE BETWEEN
(C) Harvard
BUILDINGS
 JAN GEHL
➤ Danish architect
➤ Designs that encourage people
to spend time outdoors and
that facilitate interacting with
other people can make a big
difference in the city dwellers’
quality of life
➤ If the physical environment is
pleasant, people will engage in
optional outdoor activities

(C) The Guardian; City Reader

 JAN GEHL
➤ Four theoretical dualities of
design:

1. Assemble rather than

disperse

2. Integrate rather than

segregate

3. Invite rather than repel

4. Open up rather than close

(C) The Guardian; City Reader

 VARYING DEGREES OF CONTACT INTENSITY

High intensity Close friendships

Friends
Acquaintances
Chance contacts
Low intensity Passive contacts (“see and hear” contacts)
RESILIENT CITIES
 LAWRENCE VALE
➤ MIT professor
➤ Sloppy use of the term “resilient
city” poses a risk that it will
degenerate into an empty catch-
all cliche
➤ Resilience should refer to both
the physical landscape and
different social spaces of cities
➤ Planning resilient cities entails
intangible planning decision
support systems and good
government relations, which
requires years of collaboration
and trust

(C) Places Journal

 LAWRENCE VALE
➤ Distinguished proactive /
preventive planning against
reactive / restorative
planning
➤ Reactive planning and policies
command the most attention
and financial resources
because citizens are likely to
support a return to the status
quo and politicians spend
resources and political capital
to relieve tangible suffering

(C) Places Journal

“
To what extent should planners and
designer collaborate on programs that
may keep corrupt and incompetent
government officials in power when
their efforts deviate from effective
resilient city planning?

- Lawrence Vale
 CITIES IN A GLOBAL SOCIETY
New Technologies and

CITIES IN
➤
Globalization on Cities by
Saskia Sassen
➤ Globalized Urbanization by

A GLOBAL ➤
Neil Brenner and Roger Keil

Our Urban Species by Edward

Glaeser

SOCIETY
GLOBAL CITIES
 SASKIA SASSEN
➤ Sociologist; professor at the
University of Chicago, Columbia
University, and visiting at London
School of Economics
➤ Coined the term global city
➤ Places where international
financial functions are
concentrated and whose
economies are most closely
integrated with the world economy
➤ Tokyo, London, New York have
economic power
➤ Mexico, Taipei, Bangkok, Buenos
Aires, Sao Paulo, Frankfurt,
Zurich, and Sydney are global focal
points

(C) Conversations.e-box
 SASKIA SASSEN
➤A system of cities is emerging as
economic activity globalises and
specialised service spur
➤ Dispersal has become a practice
around the world
➤ Economic inequality is sharply
increasing
➤ There is no longer a single, clearly
demarcated CBD, because there
are “pseudo-CBDs,” “cyber
routes,” and “digital highways”
➤ There is agglomeration and
centralisation across physical
space and cyber-space

(C) Conversations.e-box
 GLOBALIZED
URBANIZATION
 NEIL BRENNER AND ROGER KEIL
➤ Brenner - expert on urban
political economy, urban
geography, and urban theory;
Yale; University of Chicago;
Harvard
➤ Keil - expert and editor;
University of Frankfurt; York
University - Toronto

(C) Creative Time, MIT

“
All major indicators suggest that
urbanization rates across the world
economy are now higher and more
rapid than ever before in human
history.
- Brenner, Keil
 NEIL BRENNER AND ROGER KEIL
➤ In 1970, Henri Lefebvre
prophesied a planetary fabric
or web of urbanised spaces in
his book The Urban Revolution
➤ Today the prediction is no
longer futurist speculation but
actual reality
➤ Global cities are moving to
globalised urbanization

(C) Creative Time, MIT

 OUR URBAN SPECIES

9C0 pnoyphotography.org
 Two hundred forty-three million

“ Americans crowd together in the 3

percent of the country that is urban…
On a planet with vast amounts of
space (all humanity could fit in Texas
—each of us with a personal
townhouse), we choose cities.”
- Edward Glaeser
EDWARD GLAESER
➤ Economist (Harvard) and
author of the book Triumph of
the City: How Our Greatest
Invention Makes Us Richer,
Smarter, Healthier, and Happier
➤ The city has triumphed because
we are fundamentally an urban
species
➤ “Cities don’t make people poor;
cities attract poor people.”
➤ “Urban density provides the
clearest path from poverty to
prosperity.”
 THANK YOU.
Follow my blog at littlemissurbanite.com