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Shear Modulus and Damping of a Stiff Clay from in Situ and Laboratory Tests

Conference Paper · April 1998

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SITE
CHARACTERIZATION _ ISC'98/ATLANTA/GEORCIA/USA/ I9-22 APRIL 1998

Geotechnical Site Chara ctenzation

Edited by
Peter K.Robertson
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of AIberta, Edmonton, Canada

Paul WlMayne
School of Civil and Environmenîal Engineering, Georgia Institute ofTechnology, Atlanta, U SA

VOLUME 2

A. A. B ALKEMA/ ROTTERDAM/ BROOKFIELD I 1998

 GeotechnicalSite Characte zalion, Robedson & Mayne (eds) O 1998 Balkema, Rotîerdan,|SSN 90 5410 939 4

Shear modulus and damping of a stiff marine clay from in situ and laboratory
tEStS

Diego C. E Lo hesti & Oronzo Pallara

Politecnico cli Torino, Italy
Michele Maugeri & Antonio Cavallaro
Universiry of Catania, Italy

ABSTRACT: This paper describes and compares the results of in situ and laboratory investigations which
were carried out il order to determire the soil profile of the Saline di Augusta site (also Saline site), with
special attention being paid to the variation ofshear modulus and damping ratio rvith depth. The soil deposits
at this site mainly consist of a medium stiff, overconsolidated (OCR : 2.0 to 6.0), Pleistocene marine clay
with low to medium PI, overlaid by a l5 m thick Holocene silty clay stratum. The Saline site is located near
the city ofAugusta on the east coast of Sicily which is one ofthe most seismically active areas of ltaly.

I. TNTRODUCTION 1996, Lo Presti et al. 1996, 19974 1997b, Cavallaro

The site under consideration is located on the east
coast of Sicily, which is one of the most seismically
active areas of Italy. Since 1169, the city of Augusta
has been stnrck by three disastrous earthquakes with
an MKS intensify from IX to XI (Postpischl 1985).
The 13th December 1990 earthquake, with
moderate magnitudo Ol=5.4) and where the
epicentre was located l0 km offshore from the city
of Augusta (Amato et al. 199 t), caused 19 victims
and severe damages to buildìngs and infrasfuctures
with an MKS intensity equal to VII (De Rubeis et
al. 1991). In paficular, reinforced concrete
buildings with 228 flats located in the Saline site,
were damaged by this earthquake of moderate
magnitudo. In order to study the possible
amplification phenomena of the Saline site, a
comprehensive laboratory and ilsitu investigation
has been carried out to obtain a soil profile with
special attention being paid to the variation of the
shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D) with
depth. The results of such an investigation have
partially been published {N{augeri et al. 1994,
Frenna and Maugeri 1995, Maugeri and Frenna
1995, Castelli et al. 1995, Cavallaro and Maugeri
1997). This paper tries to summarise this
information in a comprehensive way in order to
provide a case record of site characterization for
seismic response analysis.
2. GEOLOGY
The deposits under consideration lie over the Iblean
Plareau which consists olcretacic-miocenic
limestone with intercalations of lulcanite (Carbone
1985). To the East, the Iblean Plateau borders the
Ibleo-Maltese escaq)ment, to the West the Scicli-
Ragusa faults to the North-West the Scordia-Lentini
fault and to the South the graben of the Channel of
Sicily (Ghisetti and Vezzani 1980).
The seismic activity of the region is mainly
linked to the tectonic stresses which develop at the
border between the Eurasian and Aftican plates. The
Iblean Plateau represents a contact area between
these two plates.
The thickness of the deposits varies from
between 50 to 300 m (Carbone 1985). The upper
part of these deposits (less than 15 m) consists of
recent and actual alluvial soils which overhang a

1293
 {}r +
il '[J,
l-------l BuildiDg

€
!o

fofi'
to
a
o tl
ll" o
LI oLJ * Eór-+
ruo
l}ol
T*--f--c--f-i-'l+ oo
Borabolat
a Ost rbdg
l} Sbclby s4lcs
E Pieoctct
s..qlcs

Stttic in tio i..6

T---e--_l I t r
o o +o +o o .+SPT
CPT

O DMT
Dyrlmic i[ iitu a€sts
. CH-DH
-.-SASW aliaoncnr
loM

Figure l. Lay-out of investigation program.

cF (%) wp-wtr-wl(%) IC

30 40 50 ó0 70 20 40 60 80 0,65 0,? 5 0,85 0,95 0,8 0,9

0' I
--
--f
sf
ro J+.
f!
f,:, 1{*
ìi
i+-I
I
.tr a
I
I
'oLl.ii -
,' ,Íll f"-l +,!l '.l lr
,^rt_
-" {r! Ibî ,
rfi'r- -' _rr
,n
l.
rl_

tt l.r- {a,
l0'
J -li r rt
25*I

Figure 2. Index properties ofAugusta clay.

Pleistocene marine clay which is locally called
Augusta blue clay.
The Holocene deposits mainly consist of
alternating layers of grey silty clay and silty sands.
Stifi CaCO3 cemented, layers of sand were found
at depths olbetween 10 and l5 m.
The Pleistocene deposits mainly consist of a
: 2.0 to 6.0),
medium stiff, overconsolidated (OCR
marine clay with low to medium PI.
3, INVESTIGATION PROGRAM AND BASIC
SOIL PROPERTIES
The investigated area has plane dimensions of4100
mq and a maximum depth of 80 m. The area
pertaining to the investígation program and the
locations of the boreholes and field tests are shown
in Fig. l.
Undisturbed samples were retrieved by means of
an Osterberg (1973) piston sampler and by means of
an 8ó mm Shelby tube sampler.
The general characteristics and index properties
of the Augusta clay are shown, as a function of
depth, in Fig. 2. The clay fiaction (CF) is prevalently
in the range of between 60 - '10 %. This percentage
decreases to 30 - 40 To at certzrn depths where a sand
fraction of 15 - 30 yo and a gravel fraction of2 - l0
o/o
are observed. The silt fraction is in the range of
about 25 - 40 o/o. The values of the natural moisture
content wo prevalently range fiom between 30 and
35 %. Characteristics values for the Atterberg limits
are: wr=60 - 65 lo and w r=22 - 26 c'/o, wirh a
plasticity index of PI:30 - 40 Yo. The data shown in
Fig. 2 clearly indicate a very high degree of
homogeneity of the deposit. This indication is also
confirmed by comparing tlre penetration resistance
q" from mechanical cone penetration tests (CPT)
perlormed at different locations over the investigated
area (Fig. 3). The variation of q" with depth clearly
shows the existence of layers with very different
mechanical characteristics. The upper Holocene silty
clay has very poor mechanical characteristics with
q" of about 0.3 to 0.ó MPa. The lower Pleistocene
clay has q" values of about 2 to 4 MPa. A transition
zone with interbedded stiff sand layers (q"=t516 35
MPa) exists between these two strata at depths of
about l0 and 15 m. The soil deposits can be
classified as inorganic clay ofhigh plasticity.

1294
 a [MPrl Pleistocene clay, the OCR values obtained from
0 510 152025 30 35 DMT range fiom 5 to 7 (K" = 1.0+ 1.5) with an
average vaÌue equal to 6 up to about 30 m depth.
The OCR values inferred from oedometer tests
are lower than those obtained from in situ tests. C)ne
possible explanation of these differences could be
that lower values of the preconsolidation pressure
oo are obtained in the laboratory because of sample
disturbance.

20
5. SHEAR MODULUS AND DAMPING RATIO

The small strain shear modulus Go was determined

I

from an in situ Cross Hole (CH) test. The equivalent

Figure 3. Static cone penetration test results.
4. STRESS HISTORY
The oo and the
preconsolidation pressure
overconsolidation ratio OCR = op / o"" were
evaluated from the 24h compression curves of 7
incremental loading (IL) oedometer tests. Moreover,
10 Marchetti's flat dilatometer tess (DMT) were
used to assess OCR and the coefÍìcient of earth
pressure at rest Ko following the procedure
suggested by Marchetti ( 1980).
The information obtained from laboratory and in
situ tests is summarised in Fig. 4.
For depths of up to 10 m, DMT results show an
OCR from 1 to 3 (K" = 0.5+ 1.0), which means that
the upper Holocene deposit is normally consolidated
or lightly over consolidated. For the lower
shear modulus (G*) and damping ratio D were
determined in the laboratory by means of a
Resonant Column test (RCT) and cyclic loading
torsional shear tests (CLTST) performed on Shelby
tube specimens by means of a Resonant
Columr/Torsional shear apparatus (Lo Presti et al.
1993). Monotonic loading torsional shear tests
(MLTST) were also perlormed on Shelby tube
specimens using the same apparatus, obtaining the
measurement of the secant shear modulus G,. RCTs
were also performed at Ismes of Bergamo on
Osterberg specimens. Moreover it was attempted to
assess Go by means of empirical correlations, based
either on penetration test results or on laboratory test
results (Jamiolkowski et al. 1995).
Small strain shear modulus Go: in situ vs.
la bo rat
o ry m e as ur e me nt s
Figure 5 shows the values of G" obtained in situ
from a CH test and those measured ir the laboratorv

o'", o'" (kPa) Ko

0 r 50 100 450 600 0.5 I ì,5

,;1
8Ò

&
l0 "s
4 15 t5
k:
20 3
";-a .s
30

Figure 4. Stress history from laboratory and in situ tests.

1295
 from RCT, CLTST aad MLTST performed on drainage, to a RCT. The size and shape of the
undisturbed specimens which were isotropically specimens are also indicated in Table l.
reconsolidated to the best estimate ol the in situ
mean effective stress. The G" values are plotted in Table 1.. Test
Iest Condition i A
Condltion for
Fig. 5 against depth. In the case of laboratory tests, Tes oi. PI MLTST c"(l) G"(2) G.(3) Speci
the G" values are determined at shear sîrain levels No. lkPal CLTST lMPal lMPul men
of less than 0.001 %. It is possible to see that quite a RCT lMPal
good agreement exists between the laboratory and in I 259 0_889 40 U 70 75 H
situ test results. A better agreement between the 2 182 0.6 84 29 U 84 85 S
laboratory and in situ tesî results is observed in the 3 r 55 0.693 30 U 46 H
case of the Osterberg samples than for the Shelby 4 0.834 38 U 67 75 H
tube samples. On average the ratio of G.(Lab) to 5 398 0.768 38 U 70 H
where:
G"(Field) was equal to 0.86 with a Standard
U: Undrained. G" (1) from MLTST, G. (2) from
Deviation of 0.095.
CLTST, G" (3) from RCT. H: Hollow cylindrical
co [MPa] specimen (R" = 25 mm Ri = 15 mm h:100 mn). S:
Solid cylindrical specimen (R = 25 mm h:100 mm).
0 50 t00 150
0+
The G" values, reported in Table 1, indicate a
lo l moderate but measurable ilfluence of strain rate and
to o1 gpe of loading even at very small strains where the
20, of soil behaviour is supposed to be elastic. In order to
30- cr( appreciate the rate effect on G", it is worthwhile to
remember that the equivalent shear strain rate
E40+
=l o
Q = 2a0 . f . y t%/sl) experienced by the specimens
go 50 l during RCT can be three orders of magnitude greater
than those adopted during CLTST. The effects of the
rol rate and loading conditions become more and more
CH Tst
T0lrRcr
- relevant with an increase of the shear strain level. as
o RCTlms can be seen in Fig. 6 where the G-y curves obtained
8o v, tst from MLTST, CLTST and RCT are compared. Ir is
^
possible to notice that the lowest decay ofG with y is
Figure 5. Ge from laboratory and in situ tests-
observed in RCT, while the maximum decay occurs
during MLTST. In order to quantify the rate effect,
The G. values for the upper Holocene silty clay the coefficient of strain rate a(7) was computed from
steadily increase from 20 to 80 MPa with depth. In
CLTST and RCT, as shown in Fig. 6.
th€ transition zone, where stiff sand layers exists, The experimentally determhed cr(1) values are
G" increases up to ll0 MPa. lt is worthy to note summarised in Fig. 7. Other data available in
that CH tests results can ignore the existence of soft
layers interbedded between stiff layers because of
the occurrence of refraction phenomena. In the
lower Pleistocene bìue clay G. values are in the
interval of 80 îo 120 MPa, slowly increasing with (j)
depth. .;

Shear modulus and damping rutio from laboratory

tesîs
The laboratory test conditions and the obtained
small saain shear modulus G. are listed in Table l
In some cases, the same specimen was first Sh€ar strain, I f%l
subjected to MLTST, then to CLTST, after a rest
period of 24 hrs with opened drainage, and Figure 6- G-y curves from MLTST, CLTST and RCT
eventually, afler another 24 hrs of rest with opened tests.

1296
literature are also shown in ùis Figure. These data A comprehensive comparison between the results
were obtained by means of undrained compression of the CLTST and RCT is shown in Fig. 9.
tests or CLTST-RCT performed on both remoulded Considering that the influence of N on D has been
and undisturbed clays. The data, on ùe whole, found to be negligible, in the case ofclayey soils for
clearly show that cr(y) increases with the plasticity strain levels of less than 0.1 %, it is supposed that
index and, for a given soil, with the shear strain RCT provide larger values of D than CLTST
level. Considering that, at small strains, a(7) is not because of the rate (frequency) effect, in agreement
greater than 5 o/o, rt is possible to conclude that very with data shown by Shibuya et al. (1995) and
similar values of G" can be obtained from different Tatsuoka et al. (1995). According to these
kinds oftest such as MLTST, CLTST, RCT. researchers the nature of soil damping in soils can
be linked to the following phenomena:
.
I
MùI|b|d rl (199,)
l,tulròi d rI r
úri.n-.ls
.111 |
l$l ) úd.ti. Pf
I
- Nonlinearity which govems the so called
. adF rd a@rr,r{r'2) Pl.,o$ ct@ hysteretic damping controlled by the current shear
lt--00t
. Abict rl ltyr5ì - Pr.2r- n c6 strain level. This kind of material damping is absent
I

or negligible at very small strains.

- Viscosity of ùe soil skeleton (creep) which is
relevant at very small strain rates.
- Viscosity of the pore fluid which is relevant at
very high frequencies.
i 0.. l4
I ox 12
: 02 l0
d o.,t 8
,{ ", 6
4
"L 2
0
Figure 7. The coefficient ofstrain rate c(y). 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 I

Sbeer strain [7o]

A comparison between the damping ratio values
obtained from RCT and those obtained from CLTST
is shown in Fig. 8. It is possible to see that the
damping ratio from CLTST, at very small strains, is
equal to about 2 0ó. Greater values ofD are obtained
from RCT for the whole investigated strain interval.
After a correction of the experimental data for
equipment-generated damping (D*o), according to
Stokoe et al. (1995), still large differences remain
between the CLTST and RCT results.
9 trRCT r=ró:800%/min
-8 O RCT (corect d rccordinc ro SIÒko.
rCLTST r:08l%/oitr
A6
.-o. J
0
Figrue 9. Damping ratio from CLTST and RCT tests.
Soil damping, at very small strains, is mainly due
to the viscosity of the soil skeleton or of the pore
fluid, depending on the strain rates or frequencies.
Moreover, according to Taîsuoka and Kohata
(1995) and Tatsuoka et al. (1995) a partial drainage
condition can provide very high values of the
damping ratio. Shibuya et al. (1995) indicate that,
for a given strain level, the damping ratio of
cohesive soils increases when the loading frequency
d al., 1995) is smaller than 0.1 llz (because ofthe creep effects),
is more or less constant for loading frequencies
between 0.1 and 10 Hz (non linearity is dominant)
and increases for frequencies greater than 10 [Iz
ftecause ofpore fluid viscosity).
Fig. 10 shows the damping ratio of Vallericca
clay Qtaly) vs. frequency, for a strain level of 0.01
0/o and consolidation pressure between 100 and 800

0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 kPa. This data was obtained by d'Onofrio 1996. The
She.r strrin 17. I considered soil is a stitr, highly overconsolidated,
Pliopleistocene, marine clay with a PI of about 26
Figure 8. Damping ratio from CLTST and RCT tests.
%. In the same figure the data of Augusta clay,
obtained in this research and tlose of Pisa clay

1297
 obtained byLo hesti et al. (1997b) have been
of the whole data is in good
reported. The trend
agreement with the findings of Shibuya et al.
(1ee5).
ir- o or \l
he;; óhl . c) Mayne and Rix (1993)
! L^-.n- )-r.:IF I
0,001 0,01 0,1
FrequeDcy lH zl
Figure 10. Damping ratio vs. frequency.
Similar resule have been obtained by Santucci
(1996) from triaxial tests performed on the
reconstituted silty and clayey sand of Metramo
(Italy) with a 5 oA oî benronite and by Olivares
(1996) Íiom triaxial tests on the shale clay of
Bisaccia Qtaly).
A severe shear modulus degradation, which
brought the specimen to failure, had been observed
in CLTST for f - 0.1yo . On the conîrary, no failure
occurred in RCT even at strains ìarger than 0.1%.
Moreover. the accumulated pore pressure increase.
for a given shear strain resulted to be larger in
CLTST than in RCT. Ìr is believed that the material
degradation and rhe related pore pressure increase
not only depend on T but are also influenced by the
rateof loading. In paficular, such phenomena
become more relevant as the strain rate decreases.
Evaluation of G from penetration îests
" considering a given profile of void ratio and K".
It was also attempted to evaluate the small strain
shear modulus by means of the following empirical
correlations based on penetration tests results or
laboratory results available in literature.
a) Otha and Goto (1978)
v, =69 Nilt.Zn2 Fo Fo
where: V, = shear wave velocity (rn/s),
Noo =nunber of blow/feet from SPT with an
Energr Ratio of 600/o, Z4epth (m), Il =geological
factor (clays=1.000, sands=1.086), Fo =age factor
(Holocen*1.000, Pleistocene= 1.303)
G" = p'V.t
\ here p:mass density
b) Hryciw ( 1990)
o" =.'*L.-, z./-f ;l
(a,tp")"'- ;lDry*
K3"'(o"'p")05 (3)
DtT||
where: G",o" and p" are expressed in the same unit;
p"=l bar is a reference pressure; yo and K" are
respectively the unit weight and the coefficient of
l^s"d.ros. earth pressure at rest, as infene.d from DMT results
according to Marcheni (1980).
406.q!ó%
^o el ll
(4)
where: G" and q" are both expressed in [kpa] and e
t0 100 is the void ratio. Eq. (4) is applicable to clay
deposits only.
d) Jamiolkowski et. al. (1995)
O" _
0oo.ortplt
" (5)
e''
where: o. =(o" +2.o)13; p"=l bar is a
reference pressrùe; Go, oo' and p" are expressed in
the same unit. The values for parameters which
appear in eq. (5) are equal to the average values that
result from laboratory tests performed on quaternary
Italian clays and reconstituted sands. A similar
equation was proposed by Shibuya and Talaka
(1996) for Holocene clay deposits.
Eqs. (3) to (5) incorporate a term which
expresses the void ratio; the coefficient of earth
pressure at rest only appear in eqs. (3) and (5).
However only eq. (3 ) fies îo obtain all rhe input
data fiom the DMT results.
The G" values obtained with the methods above
indicated are plotted against depth in Fig. I l. The
method by Jarniolkowski et al. (1995) was applied
The coefficient of earth pressure at rest was inferred
from DMT. The method by Mayne and Rix (1993)
was applied only to the cohesive strata, disregarding
the high values of q" encountered in the sandy
layers that exist between l0 and 15 m. The N,
values, experimentally determined during SpT, did
(l)
not show any important variation in the transition
zone at depths between I 0 and 15 m, where thin
layers of stiff sand exist. Standard Penetration Tests
were performed at intervals fiom 1.5 to 3.0 m. The
quite large interval used could explain why the thin
sand layers were not detected. Consequently, the
obtained G" values, in the transition zone, resulted
(2) to b€ quite low. The DMT material index indicated
the presence of sandy layers at depth of about l0
and 15 m and at the same depths the dilatometer
1298
 modulus greatly increased (Maugeri et al. 1994).
However the method by Hryciw ( 1990) was not
capable of detecting these stiff stròta as can be seen
in Fig. I l.
Go [MPal
0 100 200 300
Figure I l. Gq from different empirical eorrelations.
All the considered methods show very different
G" values of the Holocene and pleistocene clay
strata. On the whole, eq. (4) and (5) seems to
provide the most accurate trend of G" wiîh depth, as
can be seen comparing Fig. 5 with Fig. 1 I . It is
worthwhile topoint out that the considered
equations overestimate G. for depths greater than
20m.
6. CONCLTIDING RElvf,A.RKS
A site characterisation for seismic response analysis
has been presented in this paper. On the basis of the
data shown it is possible to draw the following
conclusions:
- the small strain shear modulus obtained fiom
MLTST, CLTST and RCT is moderately influenced
by the strain rate.
- it was attempted to quantify the effect
rate on the shear modulus by means
parameter cr(y) which increases with the plasticity
index and, for a given soil, with the shear strain
level.
- the small strain shear modulus measured in the
laboratory is on average 0.86 of that measured in
situ by means of CH tests. A better ag.eement
between laboratory and in situ measurements is
observed in the case of stiff cohesive samples
retrieved with an Osterberg sampler.
- the damping ratio, measured in the laboratory,
resulted to be mainly influenced by rate effects.
- empirical correlations befween the small strain
shear modulus and penehation test results were used
to infer G, from SPT, CPT and DMT. The values of
Go were compared to those measured in a CH test.
This comparison clearly indicates that a certain
relationship exists between G" and the penetration
test results, which would encourage one to establish
empirical correlations lor a specific site. This
approach makes itpossible to consider the spatial
variability of soil properties in a very cost effective
\ ay.
- relationships like those proposed by
Jamiolkowski et al. (1995) or Shibuya and Tanaka
(1996) seems to be capable of predicthg G. profile
with depth in both Holocene and pleistocene
deposits. The accuracy of these relationships could
obviously be improved if
the parameters which
appear in
the equations were experimentally
determined in the laboratory for a specific site.
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