Jor ocrnu erence a ee | PROPERTIES AND SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE | ASS 1. SINE FORMULAE : In any triangle ABC a b c _ abe, de ee sinA sinB- sinC 2a where R is circumradius and A is area of triangle. COSINE FORMULAE : b? +c? -a? 2be ce +a?—b? 2ca a? +b? -c? 2ab PROJECTION FORMULAE : (a) bcos C + ccosB=a (b)c cos A+ acosC=b () acosB+bcosA=c (a) cosA = or a? =b? +c? -2bc cosA (b) cosB = (©) cosC= NAPIER'S ANALOGY (TANGENT RULE) : “bee 2 ‘cot cta a= Boot a+b 5 2 Cc 2HALF ANGLE FORMULAE : sot o = semi-perimeter of triangle. @ @ sin (s- fs bisa c) « sn - {8 ols -a) C_ |{s—a)(s—b) (iii) sins = 's(s — a) ©) @) cost = AS C _ {s(s-c) ab _ fs—bs-c) A © @ ar a s(s—a) i s(s—a) BL (s—cls-a) A (i) Oy ge-0) seb) C_ {(s—a\s—b) = A (ai) fang ~Y s(s—c) s(s—c) (d) Area of Triangle A= Js(s—a)(s — b\(s—c) (ii) cos = = pbesina = $easinB = Jabsinc = 5 veer? +b%c? +07a”)-a4-b4 —c! RADIUS OF THE CIRCUMCIRCLE 'R' : Circumcentre is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides and distance between circumcentre & vertex of triangle is called circumradius 'R’. “QsinA 2sinB 2sinC 4A"RADIUS OF THE INCIRCLE 'r' : Point of intersection of internal angle bisectors is incentre and perpendicular distance of incentre from any side is called inradius 'r’. r= 4=(6-a)tand =(s-bjtan = (s-c)tan$ = 4Rein cinP sin, 2.202 RADII OF THE EX-CIRCLES : Point of intersection of two external angle and one internal angle bisectors is excentre and perpendicular distance of excentre from any side is called exradius. If r, is the radius of escribed circle opposite to angle A of AABC and so on then : A A ah @ 4 =— stan, sisi roe A B AB «6 ic (b) B= tt" stnS= 4Reos-| sin; cos * A ccos cos > 2 © b= = = stan€ = 4Reos Hoss sine =LENGTH OF ANGLE BISECTOR, MEDIANS & ALTITUDE : If m,, B, & h, are the lengths of a median, an angle bisector & altitude from the angle A then, 1 aie +e? +2becosA =m, ==V2b? + 2c? -a? 2 A 2bc cos = C085 ad Baye abet 3 Note that m2 +m? +m? = qe +b? +c") . ORTHOCENTRE AND PEDAL TRIANGLE : (a) Point of intersection of altitudes is orthocentre & the triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called the pedal triangle. {b) The distances of the orthocentre from the angular points of the AABC are 2R cosA, 2R cosB, & 2R cosC. (c) The distance of orthocentre from sides are 2R cosB cosC, 2R cosC cosA and 2R cosA cosB (da) The sides of the pedal triangle are a cos A ( = R sin 2A), beosB{= R sin2B) and c cos C (=R sin 2C) and its angles are n— 2A, 1 -2B and n- 2C (©) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal. (f) Area of pedal triangle = 2AcosA cosB cosC % sR sin2A sin2Bsin2C (g) Circumradii of pedal triangle = R/2(a) The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I,, |, and 1, of A ABC is called the excentral or excentric triangle. (®) Incentre I of AABC is the orthocentre of the excentral A 1,1,1,. (©) AABC is the pedal triangle of the A 1,1,,. (d) The sides of the excentral triangle are ARoos, ARoose and ARoosS A spars 2 2° and its angles are B Cc (@ Il, = aRsin sil, = 4Rsin5; z Il, = 4Rsin>. . THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE SPECIAL POINTS : (a) The distance between circumcentre and orthocentre is = RV1-8cosAcosBcosC (b) The distance between circumcentre and incentreis — R? — oR; (c) The distance between incentre and orthocentre is = V2r? —4R? cos AcosBeosC (d) The distance between circumcentre & excentre are Ol, =R 1 +8sin cos Bcos = YR? +2Rr, & soon.13. m-n THEOREM : (m +n) cot 6 = mcot a—ncot B (m +n) cot 6 =n cot B-m cot C. 14. IMPORTANT POINTS : aa n (a) () Ifacos B =bcosA, then the triangle is isosceles. (ii) Ifa.cos A = beosB, then the triangle is isosceles or right angled. (b) In Right Angle Triangle : @) a? + b? +c? = 8R® (il) cos? A + cos? B+ cos*C = 1 (c) In equilateral triangle : @ R-=2r @) 1, <1 == 8 _ Be? - al izes (iv) area = (vy) Rog (d) @) The circumcentre lies (1) inside an acute angled triangle (2) outside an obtuse angled triangle & (3) mid point of the hypotenuse of right angled triangle. (ii) rR (ii) The orthocentre of right angled triangle is the vertex at the right angle. (iii) The orthocentre, centroid & circumcentre are collinear & centroid divides the line segment joining orthocentre & circumcentre internally in the ratio 2 : 1, except in case of equilateral triangle. In equilateral triangle all these centres coincide. 15. REGULAR POLYGON : Consider a.'n' sided regular polygon of side length ‘a’ (a) Radius of incircle of this polygon = roots (b) Radius of circumcircle of this polygon R= cosec™ n(c) Perimeter & area of regular polygon Perimeter = na = 2nrtan==2nRsin= n n 1 2, 2n ee = ee Fd ne cot® Area = nk? sin= ni? tan= ne cot ~ . CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL : (a) Quadrilateral ABCD is cyclic if ZA + ZC =n = 2B+2ZC (opposite angle are supplementary angles) (b) Area = ,(s—a)(s—b)(s—c)\s—d), where 28=a+b+c+d a? +b? -c? -d? 2(ab + cd) (d) Ptolemy's theorem : If ABCD is cyclic quadrilateral, then AC .BD=AB.CD+BC.AD SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE : Case-I : Three sides are given then to find out three angles use Al (©) cosB= & similarly other angles be +c?-a? 2 +a? -b? cos = =P | cosB =< & cos Case-Il : Two sides & included angle are given : Let sides a, b & angle C are given then use tan ——— a. 2 and find value of A - B A+B jo c 3) asinC eg ee oA Case-Ill : Two sides a, b & angle A opposite to one of them is given (a) Ifa bsinA, a < b & A is acute, then two triangles exist (d) a > bsinA, a > b & A is acute, then one triangle exist (e) a> bsinA & A is obtuse, then there is one triangle if a > b & no triangle if a < b.18. ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION : Let OP be a horizontal line in the vertical plane in which an object R is given and let OR be joined. R P angle of depression ‘angle of elevation Fig, (a) Fig. (b) In Fig. (a), where the object R is above the horizontal line OP, the angle POR is called the angle of elevation of the object R as seen from the point O. In Fig. (b) where the object R is below the horizontal line OP, the angle POR is called the angle of depression of the object R as seen from the point O.