Water supply and waste

disposal
#Lecture 7

Sewage
 Quantity of sewage

• Sewage consists of dry weather flow and storm water.

Population Infiltration
Domestic/sanitary
sewage
Rate of water
exfiltration
supply
Dry weather flow 80% of calculated water
consumption is taken

Industrial waste Nature of

industries

Storm water Rain water

 Storm water
• Storm water depends upon-
• Intensity and duration of rainfall
• Characteristic of catchment area.
• Storm water is an important part of the
water cycle. Without it, water levels in
our lakes, rivers and streams would fall
and ground water levels would also
decrease.
• The quality of the storm water runoff
decreases as it accumulates pollutants
that collect on the ground.
• Wherever possible storm water shall be
collected and conveyed in sewers at This photo illustrates oil and grease that
proper places. end up on pavement.
Rain will eventually wash the oil and
grease from the pavement into the storm
drain and into a nearby waterbody.
 Storm water
• Storm water depends upon-
• Intensity and duration of rainfall
• Characteristic of catchment area.
• Storm water is an important part of the
water cycle. Without it, water levels in
our lakes, rivers and streams would fall
and ground water levels would also
decrease.
• The quality of the storm water runoff
decreases as it accumulates pollutants
that collect on the ground.
Storm water runoff picks up litter from streets
• Wherever possible storm water shall be and carries it to storm drains. Sometimes it
collected and conveyed in sewers at
proper places. makes it into the storm drains, goes through the
storm sewer system, and ends up in our water.
If it can’t go down the storm drain, it will clog
the inlet (as shown here) and make it difficult for
storm water to drain properly.
 Storm water
• Storm water depends upon-
• Intensity and duration of rainfall
• Characteristic of catchment area.
• Storm water is an important part of the
water cycle. Without it, water levels in
our lakes, rivers and streams would fall
and ground water levels would also
decrease.
• The quality of the storm water runoff
decreases as it accumulates pollutants
that collect on the ground.
• Wherever possible storm water shall be
collected and conveyed in sewers at Storm water runoff contributes to erosion from
proper places. areas that do not have vegetative cover, such
as construction sites. The water in this
photograph is brown due to the sediment
carried by storm water runoff.
 Storm water
• Storm water depends upon-
• Intensity and duration of rainfall
• Characteristic of catchment area.
• Storm water is an important part of the
water cycle. Without it, water levels in
our lakes, rivers and streams would fall
and ground water levels would also
decrease.
• The quality of the storm water runoff
decreases as it accumulates pollutants
that collect on the ground. As the amount of impervious surfaces in our
community increases by creating more roads,
• Wherever possible storm water shall be
collected and conveyed in sewers at rooftops, parking lots and other non-porous
proper places. surfaces, the quantity of storm water that our
system has to handle will increase. Many
times, our storm sewer systems cannot drain
the runoff from impervious surfaces quickly
enough, resulting in flooding.
Storm water drainage
 What is a Sewer System?
• A piped system to transport wastewater
(and sometimes storm water) from the
source (households, industry, runoff) to a
treatment facility.
• There are several designs, depending on
topography, amount and kind of
wastewater, size of community, etc.
• Design of sewers-
• Works on gravity
in many cases, sewers lead into
• Designed for almost 50% more
surface water sources without any
(sanitary), whereas for RWP (100%)
treatment.
• Depends on velocity of flow • Necessary velocity
• Self cleansing velocity- no depends on 3 criteria
accumulation of solid waste • Slope
• Cross sectional area
• Smoothness of
internal surface
Maximum and minimum velocity

• Self cleansing velocity- a minimum velocity which prevents silting of

particles in the sewers. (this is the reason sewers are laid in gradient)
• Self cleansing velocity depends upon nature of suspended matter in sewage
and size of sewer
• Self cleansing velocity of 800-900mm per second is adopted for normal
sewer
• Non scouring velocity- maximum velocity at which no scouring action
will occur.
• If velocity of flow exceeds certain limit, the particles of solid matter damage
the inside smooth surface of sewer.
• Non scouring velocity depends on the material used in construction of
sewers.
• gffhg
Difference between sewers and water mains

Sewers Water Mains

Contains particles in suspension. Heavy particles Contains water under pressure
settle down at the bottom of sewers.

Laid in gradient May or may not be laid in gradient

System of sewerage

System of
sewerage

Separate Combined Partially separate

Separate system for Only one set of sewers When quantity of

carrying storm and are laid which caries storm water exceeds
sewage both sewage and storm a particular limit, it is
water collected and
conveyed in open
Sewage is carried to drains to natural river
treatment plant or stream

Storm is discharged
to natural outlet in
steam or aquifer
 Construction of sewers
Materials for sewers shall be carefully chosen keeping following factors in
mind.
Cost- should be moderate and reasonable

Durability- replacements shall not be needed frequently

Imperviousness- shall be impervious in nature

Resistance to abrasion- if sewage contains grit and moves with high velocity,
erosion of sewer material may take place due to abrasion

Resistance to corrosion- material should be able to resist corrosion

Strength- material should be able to bear external forces along with internal
stresses

Weight- weight of the material should be moderate so as to make handling and

carrying easy of sewers
 Materials used in sewers

Asbestos Brick sewers Cast iron sewers Cement

cement sewers concrete sewers

Corrugated iron Plastic sewers Steel sewers Stoneware

sewers sewers
 Cast Iron sewers

• Sewers possess high strengths & they are durable. To be acted upon by the
acids contained in sewage. If surface are coated with paints or cement
concrete they can resist the action of acids. Water tight. Used where-
• There is danger of contamination of underground water due to sewer
leakage. They are used where sewers are laid under or over the water lines.
• Expensive road surface C. I. sewers do not require frequent repairs.
• Heavy external loads, sewer under railway line, foundation walls.
• For conveying sewage through pumping stations under pressure & treatment
works.
• Places which are subject to considerable differences in temperature.
• Where ground is likely to subjected to heavy movements & vibrations
• In wet ground considerable reduction of the rate of infiltration.
 Asbestos Cement Sewers

Up to 75 cm diameter 4 m length, they are plain ended.

• Advantages of Asbestos Cement:
• Easy to cut & join
• Durable against soil corrosion
• Offer good resistance to salts, acids & other corrosive materials
• Inside surface smooth
• Light in weight, easy to handle.
• Disadvantages of Asbestos Cement:
• Brittle material.
• Strength is poor.
 Cement concrete and plastic Sewers

• Cement Concrete (Hume) Sewers:

• May be plain or reinforced
• Plain CC sewers are used up to a
diameter of 600 mm
• When size increases beyond 600 mm
reinforcement is provided.
• If size is more than 800mm double
reinforcement shall be provided
• Plastic Sewers:
• For industrial wastes with corrosion
problems.
• Strength of sewers is reduced with
increase in temperature
 Earthen Ware / Clay Stone Ware Sewers

7.5 to 90 cm diameter, they are glazed inside to render them

impervious.
• Advantages of Stoneware:
• Strong enough to take the load of back filling & traffic.
• Cheap & easily available
• Durable
• Offer better resistance to corrosion from acids and erosion due to air
and high velocities of flow.
• Disadvantages of Stoneware:
• Brittle
• Bulky
• Heavy in weight
 other materials
• Corrugated Iron Sewers:
• Up to 450 cm diameter, used for storm
water.
• Corrugation reduces the velocity of
flow.
• Sewers should be protected from the
effects of corrosion by galvanization or
bituminous coatings.
• Brick Sewers:
• The purpose made or wedge shaped bricks.
• Brick sewer should be surrounded by a
concrete layer.
 Steel Sewers:
▪ Up to 75 cm diameter, where
imperviousness, lightness &
resistance to high pressure are
required.
▪ Steel sewers accused Flexible,
absorb vibrations & shocks.
▪ Riveted/welded-
▪ makes inside of surface rough
▪ leads to high cost
▪ Protected from corrosion by galva-
nization or by provision of
bituminous coatings.
 shapes of sewer
• Circular shape  Non Circular Shapes:
• Advantages of Circular Shape:  Advantages of Non Circular
• It affords the least perimeter, Sections:
construction, material required is ▪ Cheap
minimum.
▪ High velocity flow
• There are no corners; the chances of
disposition of matter are minimum. ▪ Large sized
• They are easy to construct & handle. ▪ More structural strength
• No reinforcement will be required. ▪ Simple process of construction
• They posse's excellent hydraulic  Various shapes-
properties. ▪ Basket handle ▪ rectangular/box
• Circular sewers are best when discharge section, section,
does not vary too much. ▪ catenaries shaped ▪ semi circular
▪ egg shaped/ovoid section,
section, ▪ semi elliptical
▪ horse shoe section,
section, ▪ V-shaped section.
▪ parabolic section,
Shapes of sewer

Basket handle Catenary shaped Egg shaped section-

section section • Suitable for carrying
• Bottom portion is • Catenary form- combined flow
narrower curve formed by • Gives a slightly
• Carries discharge flexible higher velocity than
through bottom homogeneous cord, circular sewer
part which hangs freely • Difficult to construct
• During monsoon between two points and less stable than
of support circular sewer
combined section is
used • Suitable for
tunneling work
Shapes of sewer

Horse shoe Parabolic section Box type section

section • Upper section of • Stable and easy to
sewer takes form of a construct
• Used for large parabola • Sometimes used as
sewers with heavy • Useful in carrying storage for sewage
discharge small quantity of that has to be
sewage. dumped in ocean.
• Invert of sewer
may be flat or • Sewage cannot be
dumped in ocean
circular during tide
Shapes of sewer

Semicircular Semi-elliptical U-shaped section

section section • A small trench of U-
• Not suitable for shaped section can be
• Gives a wider base carrying small setup in larger section.
with lesser amount of sewage • Trench is called
headroom cunette.
• Adopted for
• Not much in use sewers having dia • Preferable in combines
because of of more than 1.8m sewage system where
rectangular section storm water is in huge
• Good hydraulic
which has better quantity
property
hydraulic properties