Water Supply And Waste Disposal

SEWER APPURTENANCES
SEWER APPURTENANCES-
INTRODUCTION
• In order to make the process of construction easy and to have
efficient working and maintenance.

• Sewer system requires various types of appurtenances for their

proper functioning and maintenance.

• If sewerage system is not properly maintained silt, ashes, grit, oil,

fats, etc. will chock the sewer lines

• Sewer appurtenances are the various accessories on the sewerage

system and are necessary for the efficient operation of the system.
They include man holes, lamp holes, street inlets, catch basins,
inverted siphons, and so on.
SEWER APPURTENANCES

Oil & grease

Manhole Catch basin Cleanouts Inlets
trap

Inverted Storm water

Lamp holes Drop manholes Flushing tanks
siphons regulators
 MANHOLES

 It opening constructed on the alignment of

sewer for facilitating a person access to the
sewer.
 At every change of alignment, gradient or
diameter of a drain, there shall be a manhole or
inspection chamber.
 The maximum distance between manholes shall
be 30 m.
 Sewers of unequal sectional area shall not be
jointed at the same invert in a manhole.
 The branch sewers shall deliver sewage in the
manhole in the direction of main flow and the
junction must be made with care so that flow in
main is not impeded.
 No drain from house fittings, e.g. gully trap or
soil pipe, etc. to manhole shall normally exceed
a length of 6 m unless it is unavoidable.
MANHOLES

• Rectangular manholes
▪ 90 × 80 cm are generally constructed within compound for house drainage only and near the
buildings for house drainage.
▪ Manholes 1.2 m × 90 cm are generally constructed for main drainage work for depths less than 1.5
m.
• Arched type Manholes
▪ 1.4 m × 90 cm is of the arched type and is generally constructed for main drainage works where
depth is 1.50 m or more.
▪ The width of manholes shall be increased more than 90 cm on bends or junctions or pipes with
diameter greater than 450 mm and that the benching width on either side of the channel is minimum
20 cm.
• Circular manholes are straight down in lower portion and slanting in top portion so as to narrow
down the top opening equal to dia. of manhole cover.
▪ For depth above 0.90m and up to 1.65m, 900mm diameter.
▪ For depth above 1.65m and up to 2.30m, 1200mm diameter.
▪ For depth above 2.30m and up to 9.0m, 1500mm diameter.
▪ For depth above 9m and up to 14m, 1800mm diameter.
MANHOLES
 MANHOLES- CIVIL SPECIFICATIONS
Bed Concrete
• The manhole shall be built on a bed of cement concrete 1:4:8 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand: 8
graded stone aggregate 40 mm nominal size) unless required by local authorities.
• The thickness of the bed concrete shall be 20 cm for manholes up to 4.25 m depth and
30 cm for depths beyond 4.25 m unless otherwise specified.
Brick Work
• The brick work shall be with class 75 bricks in cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse
sand). The external joints of the brick masonry shall be finished smooth, and the joints
of the pipes with the masonry shall be made perfectly leak proof. For arched type and
circular manholes,
• Brick masonry in arches and arching over the pipes shall be in cement mortar 1.3 (1
cement: 3 fine sand). In the case of manholes of circular type the excess shaft shall be
corbelled inwardly on three sides at the top to reduce its size to the cover frame to be
fitted.
• The walls shall be built of one brick thickness for depths up to 4.25 m. Below a depth of
4.25 m in ordinary subsoil the wall thickness shall be increased to one and half brick and
at 9.75 m below ground two brick thick walls shall be built.
 MANHOLES- CIVIL SPECIFICATIONS
Plaster and Pointing
• The walls of the manholes shall be plastered inside with 12 mm thick cement plaster 1:3
(1 cement: 3 coarse sand) finished smooth. In the case of arched type manhole the walls
of the manhole shall be plastered inside all-around only up to the crown level, and flush
pointed for the shaft with cement mortar 1:2 (1 cement: 2 fine sand).
• Where the saturated soil is met with, also the external surface of the walls of the
manhole shall be plastered with 12 mm thick cement plaster 1:3 (1 cement: 3 coarse
sand) finished smooth up to 30 cm above the highest sub-soil water level.
• The plaster shall further be water proofed
Benching
• The channels and benching shall be done in cement concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement: 2 coarse
sand: 4 graded stone aggregate 20 mm nominal size) and rendered smooth with neat
cement.
Foot Rests
• All manholes deeper than 0.8 m shall be provided with M.S. foot rests. These shall be
embedded 20 cm deep in 20 x 20 x 10 cm blocks of cement concrete 1:3:6 (1 cement: 3
coarse sand 6 graded stone aggregate 20 mm nominal size).
 LAMPHOLES
• An opening or hole constructed in a sewer
for the purpose of lowering a lamp inside.
Purpose-
• Flushing device.
• Fresh air inlet.

Location-
• In narrow lanes change of gradient and
slight curves where space is insufficient .
• If the construction of manhole is difficult.
• When the sewer length is straight for a
considerable distance beyond the usual
spacing between manholes.
 CATCH BASINS
• It is a structure in the form of a chamber which is provided
along the sewer line to admit or allow the clear rain water
free from silt, grit, debris etc. into the combined water.
• Chambers (75 to 90 cm in dia. And 75 to 90 cm in deep).
• The outlet pipe of catch basin is fixed about 60 cm above
the bottom of catch basin.
Purpose-
• To prevent the entry of silt, grit, debris, etc. contained in the
rain water.
• To prevent the sewer gas.
Maintenance –
• It requires a periodical cleaning.
• It also then forms a breeding place for mosquitoes and
causes annoyance to the person passing.
Use –
• The catch basins are adopted for the combined sewerage
system.
 DROP MANHOLE

• When a sewer connects with another sewer, where the

difference in level between main line and the invert
level of branch line is more than 600mm.
• A drop connection shall be provided for which a
manhole may be built incorporating a vertical or near
vertical drop pipe from the higher sewer to lower
sewer.
• This pipe may be outside the shaft and encased in
concrete or supported on brackets inside the shafts.
• A drop manhole is used in areas with a steep slope
when one or more of the inlet pipes has an invert
elevation significantly higher than the invert of the
outlet pipe.
• Typically the invert elevation of the "stop" end of the
inlet pipe is set to the invert elevation of the manhole.
However, in the case of a drop manhole, the stop
invert of the pipe is not set to the manhole invert
elevation but is at a significantly higher elevation.
 DROP MANHOLE- CIVIL SPECIFICATIONS
• At the end of branch sewer line S.C.I. cross shall be fixed to
the line which shall be extended through the wall of the
manhole by a horizontal piece of S.C.I. pipe to form an
inspection or cleaning eye.
• The open end shall be provided with chain and lid. The S.C.I.
drop pipe shall be connected to the cross at the top and to the
S.C.I. bend at the bottom.
• The bend shall be extended through the wall of the manhole
by a piece of C.I. pipe which shall discharge into the
channel. Necessary channel shall be made with cement
concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement: 2 coarse sand: 4 graded stone
aggregate 20 mm nominal size) and finished smooth to
connect the main channel.
• The joint between S.C.I. pipe and fittings shall be lead
caulked. The joint between S.C.I. cross and S.W. branch line
shall be made with cement mortar 1:1 (1 cement: 1 fine
sand).
CLEANOUTS

• Inclined pipe which is connected to the underground sewer.

• Working
 FLUSHING TANKS

• It is a device or an arrangement which is made to hold Slope 200mm 250mm 300mm

and then to through water into the sewer for the 0.050 2300 lits. 2500 lits. 3000 lits.
purpose of flushing it.
• Approximate quantity require for flushing – 0.075 1500 1800 2300
0.0100 1300 1500 2000
Types- 0.0200 500 800 1000
• Hand operated flushing tank. 0.0300 400 500 700
• Automatic flushing tank.
Purpose-
• Where it is not possible to obtain self cleaning
velocities due to flatness of gradient especially at the
top ends of branch sewers which receive very little flow
• The flushing can be conveniently accomplished by the
use of a fire hydrant or tanker & hose.

Quality of water-
It is not required treated water. Untreated can be prefered.
 OIL AND GREASE TRAP
• The grease and grit trap is placed at the discharge point of the canteen/ kitchen
area itself to arrest solid and fatty matter at source. The wastewater output from
this unit is taken to the RECHARGE WELL/ equalization tank.
• The solids and fats that are separated in this unit are disposed off along with other
biodegradable waste.
 OIL AND GREASE TRAP
Design Criteria- Typical design criteria used for the grease trap include:
• Shallow trap (to allow quick rise of oils and fats to the surface)
• The length of trap should be approximately 2 times its depth
• Residence time in the trap is optimally 5-20 minutes at peak flow. (Increasing the time
does not result in appreciable improvement)
• Surface area of the trap in m2 should be approximately 1.5 to 2 times the depth of trap in
metres.
Technical Specifications
• The tank should have waterproof plastering inside and out.
• The end of the incoming pipe is kept below the water level, so that the incoming water
does not disturb (and break up) the upper floating layer of grease.
• The trapped material (both floating film of grease/ fat and the grit settled at bottom)
must be collected frequently; otherwise the trap will fail to serve its fundamental
purpose. Therefore the trap must be engineered to facilitate frequent removal of these
two layers. For example, the covers must be made of lightweight materials for easy
lifting. Large traps may be provided with vent pipes to release gases.
INVERTED SIPHON

• It is a sewer section which is constructed lower than the adjacent sewer sections and
which runs full under gravity with pressure greater than the atmosphere.
• It will be more appropriate to refer it as a depressed sewer or a sag pipe.
Purpose-
• To carry the sewer line below obstructions such as ground depression, streams,
rivers, railway etc.
INVERTED SIPHON

Velocity-
• The self cleaning velocity 1.0 mps for minimum flow to avoid the deposition in the
line.

Inlet and outlet chamber-

• should allow the sufficient room for entry and maintenance of siphon.
• The outlet chamber is so designed so that to prevent the backflow of sewage into the
pipes which are not used at a time of minimum flow.
STORM WATER INLETS

STREET INLETS -
• Opening through which storm water and
surface wash flowing along the streets are
admitted and conveyed to the storm water
sewer by means of pipe.
Types-
• Vertical inlet or curb inlet.
• Horizontal inlet or gutter inlet.
• Combine inlet.
STORM WATER INLETS

Location-
• The inlets are located or placed by
the sides of roads at a distance of
about 30 to 60 m.
• The inlets are connected to nearby
manholes by pipe line.
• The dia. of connecting pipe to
street to main street sewer should
not be less than 200mm.
Openings-
• least opportunity is given for the
storm water to stop.
• Chances of clogging are brought
down to minimum possible extent.
• The objects that are cause most of
the trouble.
• The cleanliness of footpaths and
streets.
 VENTILATORS IN SEWERS
• Various gases are produced in the sewers
due to decomposition of organic materials
of sewage.

• cause harm to human health and corrode

the sewers reducing their life.

• Highly explosive .

• ventilation is provided to the sewers lines

at every 80-100 mt.
STORM WATER REGULATORS

• The structures constructed to divert part of sewage in case of combined sewers are
known as the storm water regulators and they come into operation when discharge
exceed certain value.

Object-
• To divert the excess storm water to natural stream or river.
• Decrease in load on the treatment units or pumping stations.

Three types of storm water regulators-

• Leaping weir.
• Overflow weir.
• Siphon spillway.
STORM WATER REGULATORS-
LEAPING WEIR

Leaping weir-

• The gap or opening in the invert of a

combined sewer. The intercepting
sewer runs at right angles to the
combined sewers.
• When the discharge is small, the
sewage falls directly into the
intercepting sewer through the
opening. But when a discharge
exceeds a certain limit, the excess
sewage laps or jumps across the weir
and it is carried to natural stream or
river.
 Overflow weir-

Overflow weir-

• The excess sewage is allowed to overflow

in the channel made in the manhole.
• When the quantity of sewage exceeds the
capacity of the combined sewer, it
overflows and falls into the channels and
it is conveyed to the storm water sewer.
• In order to prevent the escape of floating
matter from the combined sewer channel,
the adjustable plates, are sometimes
provided.
 Siphon spillway-

• It works on the principle of siphon

action and it operates automatically. The
rise of sewage in combined sewer is
thus controlled in a better way.
• It is automatic in functioning and this is
the most effective.
• This arrangement has no moving parts
and thus low maintenance. However it
is likely to be clogged due to narrow
passages.
 GULLY TRAP

• Made of stoneware and cast-iron, Water seal about 60 to 70mm,

Forms the starting point of horizontal flow of sewage. Usually
situated near the external face of the wall, leads the sewage either
to the sewer or to inspection chamber or to manhole.
• These shall be sound, free from visible defects such as fire
cracks, or hair cracks. The glaze of the traps shall be free form
crazing.
• They shall give a sharp clear tone when struck with light hammer.
There shall be no broken blisters.
• Each gully trap shall have one C.I. grating of square size
corresponding to the dimensions of inlet of gully trap.
• It will also have a water tight C.I. cover with frame inside
dimensions 300 x 300 mm the cover weighing not less than 4.50
Kg and the frame not less than 2.70 Kg. The grating, cover and
frame shall be of sound and good casting and shall have truly
square machined seating faces.
• The gully traps shall be fixed on cement concrete foundation 65
cm square and not less than 10 cm thick. The mix for the concrete
will be 1:5:10 (1 cement: 5 fine sand: 10 graded stone aggregate
40 mm nominal size).
GULLY TRAP- CIVIL SPECIFICATIONS

Brick Masonry Chamber :

• After fixing and testing gully and branch drain, a brick masonry chamber 300 x 300 mm
(inside) in brick work of specified class in cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement:
• 4 fine sand) shall be built with a half brick thick brick work round the gully trap from the
top of the bed concrete up to ground level.
• The space between the chamber walls and the trap shall be filled in with cement concrete
1:5:10 (1 cement: 5 fine sand: 10 graded stone aggregate 40 mm nominal size).
• The upper portion of the chamber i.e. above the top level of the trap shall be plastered
inside with cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement: 3 coarse sand), finished with a floating coat of
neat cement. The corners and bottom of the chamber shall be rounded off so as to slope
towards the grating.
• C.I. cover with frame 300 × 300 mm (inside) shall then be fixed on the top of the brick
masonry with cement concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement: 2 coarse sand: 4 graded stone aggregate 20
mm nominal size) and rendered smooth.
• The finished top of cover shall be left about 4 cm above the adjoining ground level so as to
exclude the surface water from entering the gully trap.
 Inspection chamber-

• Inspection chamber-
• Water seal of about 100mm and it is
provided in the last manhole house drainage
system.

• Conveys sewage from house to the public

sewer.

• Trap is to prevent the entry of sewer gases

from public sewer line to house drainage.