By Edgar Schein

Artifacts – symbols
s of Organizational Culture
culture in the physical Visible, often not
and social work environment decipherable

Values
Espoused: what members of Greater level
an organization say they value of awareness
Enacted: reflected in the way
individuals actually behave

Assumptions – deeply held Taken for granted,

beliefs that guide behavior and tell
members of an organization how
to perceive and think about things
Invisible, Preconscious
© 2011 Cengage Learning.
All rights reserved.
 Types of Artifacts

•Personal Enactment
•Ceremonies and Rites
•Stories
–About the boss
–About getting fired
–About relocating
–About promotions
–About crisis situations
–About status considerations
•Rituals
•Symbols

© 2011 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Norms
Norms are created to enforce
culture.
Norms are shared rules of
conduct that tell people how
to act in specific situations.
Ex. – the value of democratic
government is reinforced
through the norms governing
political participation; respect
for the flag; etc.