PROTEINS

◦ Multipurpose ; for defense,

transport, support, motion,
regulation and storage.
◦ Acts as ENZYME to CATALYZE
reactions all over the body.
General ◦ CATALYZE = to accelerate a
Description process
◦ Large molecules that are built up
from chains of amino acids
called polypeptides.

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STRUCTURES

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There are 20 different amino acids used in
proteins.

So all of the protein structures contain a Central

carbon, amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group
(COOH).

Central group= H-C-R

Amino group= N-H-H
Carbocyl group= C=O-O-H

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PRIMARY STRUCTURE
-The amino acid sequence. (Dito nagreready yung
mga amino acid to interact with each other.)

SECONDARY STRUCTURE
- is local interactions between stretches of a
polypeptide chain. (Ang common structures na
nabubuo dahil sa interaction ay yung a-helix and b-
pleated sheets.) / Hydrogen bonding.

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TERTIARY STRUCTURE
-is the overall three-dimension folding driven largely by
interactions between R-groups. (So “tertiary” key word
for “3” matatandaan dito is “3D”, dito nabubuo yung 3D
formation nya.)
QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
-some proteins are formed from several polypeptides.
Then each polypeptide is called a sub unit. The
interaction of the sub units forms the quarternary
structure. (yung proteins nagcoconsist na ng more than
one polypeptide chain)
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 1 Digestive Enzymes
- Helps in digestion of food by
8 TYPES OF catabolizing nutrients into
PROTEINS monometric units.
Examples: Amylase, Lipase,
Pepsin, trypsin.

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 1 AMYLASE - catalyses the
hydrolisis of starch into sugars.
(good example neto ay saliva)
2. LIPASE - catalyzes the hydrolisis
EXAMPLES
of fats. (eto naman e sa digestive
OF
system natin. Main source of
DIGESTIVE
lipase ay pancreas, yung
ENZYMES
napproduce sa pancreas na
enzymes, sya yung nag aact for
breaking down sa small intestines
natin.)
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 3. PEPSIN - Breaks down proteins
into smaller peptides.
EXAMPLES
(napoproduce naman to sa
OF stomach na mismo. Tapos ang
DIGESTIVE binebreakdown nya ay proteins
ENZYMES na mismo, turning it into smaller
peptides called protease)

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 4. TRYPSIN - catalyzes the hydrolisis
of peptide bonds, breaking down
proteins into smaller peptides. It also
helps or aids digestion in small
EXAMPLES intestine. (Eto same function as
OF pepsin pero sa small intestines lang
DIGESTIVE to. Tapos ang pepsin buong
ENZYMES stomach sya nag aact out. Then eto
din e katulong ng lipase sa small
intestines. Pero ang lipase din ay
mas malawak ang coverage. Kasi
meron din lipase sa ibang part)
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 2. TRANSPORT - Carry substances
in the blood or the lymph
8 TYPES OF throughout the body.
PROTEINS
Example: Hemoglobin and
Albumin

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 ◦ HEMOGLOBIN - carries
oxygen.
◦ ALBUMIN - carries protein for
steroids , fatty acids, and
EXAMPLES
thyroid hormones in the blood,
OF
they also regulate oncotic
TRANSPORT
pressure of the blood. ( family
ng globular proteins and
natatagpuan sa egg whites,
milk and blood serum)
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 3. STRUCTURAL - construct
different structures like the
8 TYPES OF cytoskeleton.
PROTEINS
Example: Actin, Tubulin and
Keratin

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 ◦ ACTIN - form of microfilaments
that is common in eukaryotic
cells. It’s also a part of the
contractile apparatus in muscle
cells. (nasa eukaryotic cells. Sa
EXAMPLES region ng cytoplasm)
OF ◦ TUBULIN - long chains or
STRUCTURAL filaments that form
microtubules, hollow fibers
which serve as a skeletal system
for the living cells. Helps in
mitosis (nasa centromeres and
spindle pole). 14
 ◦ KERATIN - Structural material
making up hair, nails, feathers,
EXAMPLES
horns, claws, hooves, and the
OF
outer layer of skin. It also
STRUCTURAL
protects epithelial cells from
damage or stress.

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8 TYPES 4. HORMONE - Coordinate the
OF activity of different body systems.
PROTEINS Example: Insulin and thyroxine

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 ◦ INSULIN - regulates blood sugar
levels.
◦ Thyroxine - regulates heart and
EXAMPLES
digestive function, metabolism,
OF
brain development, bone
HORMONE
health, and muscle control.
Affects almost all of the body’s
system. (nasa bloodstream natin
to galing sa thyroid glands)

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 5. DEFENSE - Protect the body
from foreign pathogens.
8 TYPES OF Example :
PROTEINS
Immunoglobulins - recognise
and fight bacterias and pathogens

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 6. CONTRACTILE - Effect muscle
contraction.
Example:
8 TYPES OF Actin - Reacts with Myosin
PROTEINS leading to muscle contraction.
Myosin - Known for their role in
muscle contraction. Hydrolizes
ATP to form mechanical energy.

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 7. STORAGE - Provide
nourishment in early development
of the embryo and seedling.
Examples:
8 TYPES
Egg white - provide additional
DOF nutrition for the growth of the
PROTEINS embryo.
Legume storage proteins -
provide additional nutrition in
developing seedlings.
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 8. RECEPTOR - used in intercellular
communication, it releases signal to
perform an action.
Examples: Adrenergic Receptor-
Signals heart to beat faster and liver
8 TYPES OF cells to release glucose.
PROTEINS Insulin Receptor- Signals muscle
and fat cells to store blood sugar.
EGF (epidermal growth factor)-
signals skin cells to grow and divide
during wound healing.
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 ACTS AS A
CAUSES MESSENGER
GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL
MAINTENANCE Some proteins
REACTIONS
are hormones,
This typically Some enzymes which are
happens in require other chemical
periods of molecules such messengers that
FUNCTIONS illness, during as vitamins or aid
OF pregnancy and
while
minerals for a
reaction to take
communication
between your
PROTEINS breastfeeding. place. cells, tissues and
(Defense yung organs.
(Contractile
good example magandang (Hormones yung
neto fighting example. Kasi best example
the foreign yung actin ang dito katulad ng
bacterias) nagrereact sa insulin at
myosin) thyroxine),
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 BALANCES
FLUIDS
PROVIDES
Proteins in your
STRUCTURE
blood maintain
Some proteins MAINTAINS the fluid
are fibrous and PROPER PH balance
FUNCTIONS provide cells Hemo
globin binds
between your
and tissues with blood and the
OF stiffness and small amounts surrounding
of acid, helping
PROTEINS rigidity.
to maintain the
tissue

(Structural yung normal pH value (Albumin and

best example of your blood. globulin yung
such as keratin proteins na nag
and Collagen) memaintain ng
body fluid
through blood)

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 TRANSPORT
BOLSTERS AND STORES PROVIDES
IMMUNE NUTRIENTS ENERGY
HEALTH (very self If di nakukuha
Proteins help explanatory. nung body yung
from Storage yung need nyang energy
FUNCTIONS immunoglobuli best example. from
Kasi yung pag
OF ns or antibodies
to fight sstore ng
carbohydrates, sa
fats naman sya
PROTEINS infection nutrients and nakuha non tapos
nourishment na last ay sa proteins.
(Basically, required for the Yun dun yung
defense din body ay arrangement kung
yung best responsibility ng ano ang unang
example neto) storage nabuburn. So
proteins.) carbs-fats-proteins.

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(PARA LANG MAKITA NYO YUNG
ITSURA)