SEMI-FINALS LECTURE NOTES SUMMARY

Information Source Transmitter Channel Receiver Message

Destination
RECALL FROM YOUR SHS LECTURE:
*Note that all binary numbers have a subscript of
2. 1011 is a binary number while 1011 will be Noise

considered decimal number.

General Model of Communication Systems
CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY
The process of communication begins when a human being generates some kind of message, data, or
Convert the following decimal numbers to binary: other intelligence that must be received by others. A message may also be generated by a computer or
1. 13 = 1101 electronic current. In electronic communication systems, the message is referred to as information, or an
intelligence signal. This message, in the form of an electronic signal, is fed to the transmitter, which then
2. 56 = 111000
transmits the message over the communication channel. The message is picked up by the receiver and
3. 125 = 1111101 relayed to another human. Along the way, noise is added in the communication channel and in the
4. 230 = 11100110 receiver.
5. 101 = 1100101
Noise is the general term applied to any phenomenon that degrades or interferes with the transmitted
Communication is the process of exchanging information.
information.
The major elements of a communications system are a transmitter to send a message, a communications
medium, a receiver to pick up the message, and noise.
People communicate to convey their thoughts,
ideas, and feelings to others.
Error Correction and Detection
The process of communication is inherent to all Encircle the error bit/bits in the received information
human life and includes verbal, nonverbal (body
language), print, and electronic processes. Transmitted Received Converted
Information Information Information
Two of the main barriers to human 1 100012 20 101002
communication are language and distance. 2 1110002 91 10110112
Language barriers arise between persons of 3 110011012 164 101001002
different cultures or nationalities.
4 111110012 236 111011002
Communicating over long distances is another 5 111101102 254 111111102
problem. Communication between early human *Compare the bits from RIGHT TO LEFT.
beings was limited to face-to-face encounters.
Long-distance communication was first ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION
accomplished by sending simple signals such as
drumbeats, horn blasts, and smoke signals and N-key shift cipher operates by moving each letter N places to the LEFT. N can be an
later by waving signal flags (semaphores). When integer from 0 – 25.
messages were relayed from one location to
another, even greater distances could be covered.
For example you prefer to use 3 – key shift cipher to encrypt a message. You will
The distance over which communication could be move each letters 3 places to the left.
sent was extended by the written word. For many 4 3 2 1
years, long-distance communication was limited
Original
W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
to the sending of verbal or written messages by 3-key Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C
human runner, horseback, ship, and later trains. Using a 3-key shift cipher, the word “SECRET” will be encrypted as “VHFUHW.” You may also
try other key shift between 0 – 25.
Human communication took a dramatic leap
forward in the late nineteenth century when SHORTEST PATH (Dijkstra's Algorithm)
electricity was discovered and its many
What is the length of the shortest path between Q and T in the weighted graph?
applications were explored. The telegraph was
invented in 1844 and the telephone in 1876. 3 S All possible paths:
R
Radio was discovered in 1887 and demonstrated Q–R–S–T = 4 + 3 + 2 = 9
in 1895.
4 2 Q–R–U–T = 4 + 3 + 1 = 8
Q 3 T Q–V–U–T = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6 (SHORTEST PATH)
Well-known forms of electronic communication,
such as the telephone, radio, TV, and the Internet, 2 1
have increased our ability to share information. V 3 U
The way we do things and the success of our work
and personal lives are directly related to how well
TRANSPORTATION AND ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM (NORTHWEST CORNER RULE)
we communicate.

It has been said that the emphasis in our society

SOURCE DESTINATION
has now shifted from that of manufacturing and X Y Z Supply
mass production of goods to the accumulation, A 5 35 10 10 35
packaging, and exchange of information. Ours is B 20 10 30 30 20 40
an information society, and a key part of it is C 5 8 20 12 20 40
communication. Without electronic Demand 40 50 20
communication, we could not access and apply
the available information in a timely way.
Route Units Shipped Per Unit Cost Total Cost
All electronic communication systems have a AX 35 5 175
transmitter, a communication channel or BX 10 20 200
medium, and a receiver. BY 30 30 900
CY 20 8 160
CZ 20 12 240
Distribution Cost Php 1,675