Espinoza,Cylla P.

01-20-20

II-Charlie CDI 4

Historical Background of Transportation

The history of transport is largely one of technological innovation. Advances in technology have allowed
people to travel farther, explore more territory, and expand their influence over larger and larger areas.
Even in ancient times, new tools such as foot coverings, skis, and snowshoes lengthened the distances
that could be travelled. As new inventions and discoveries were applied to transport problems, travel
time decreased while the ability to move more and larger loads increased. Innovation continues as
transport researchers are working to find new ways to reduce costs and increase transport
efficiency.International trade was the driving motivator behind advancements in global transportation in
the Pre Modern world. "...there was a single global world economy with a worldwide division of labor
and multilateral trade from 1500 onward."[1] The sale and transportation of Textile, silver and gold,
spices, slaves and luxury goods throughout Afro-Eurasia and later the New World would see an evolution
in overland and sea trade routes.

Before every other form of transportation, humans traveled on foot. Can you imagine walking from New
York City to Los Angeles? Fortunately, human beings learned to use animals such as donkeys, horses and
camels for transportation from 4000 BC to 3000 BC. In 3500 BC, the wheel was invented in Iraq and the
first wheel was made from wood. Initially, a canoe-like structure was used for water transportation,
which was built by burning logs and digging out the burned wood. In 3100BC, the sailing boat was
invented by Egyptians while the Romans built roads across Europe. During the Industrial Revolution, the
first modern highway was developed by John Loudon McAdam.

In the 17th and 18th century, many new modes of transportation were invented such as bicycles, trains,
motor cars, trucks, airplanes, and trams. In 1906, the first car was developed with an internal
combustion engine. Many types of transportation systems such as boats, trains, airplanes, and
automobiles were based on the internal combustion engine.The three leading automobile companies in
the US in the 1920s were General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford. Furthermore, several styles of automobiles
were produced such as the two doors, small, large, sports cars, and luxury cars. Presently, the latest car
models have integrated improved standardization, computer aided systems, and platform sharing. The
modern railroad system uses remote control for traffic lights and movement of traffic, capable of speeds
of more than 570 km/hr.

Man Powered transport

Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle power. Like
animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of
walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-
power.Although motorization has increased speed and load capacity, many forms of human-powered
transport remain popular for reasons of lower cost, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism.
Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or
inaccessible regions.

Wind Powered Transportation

Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind to

provide the mechanical power through wind
turbines to turn electric generators and traditionally to do other work, like milling or pumping. Wind
power is a sustainable and renewable energy, and has a much smaller impact on the environment
compared to burning fossil fuels. Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines, which are
connected to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric
power, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants.Onshore wind farms also have
an impact on the landscape, as typically they need to be spread over more land than other power
stationsand need to be built in wild and rural areas, which can lead to "industrialization of the
countryside" and habitat loss.Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land and offshore farms
have less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are higher. Small onshore wind farms
can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations.
Wind is an intermittent energy source, which cannot make electricity nor be dispatched on demand.It
also gives variable power, which is consistent from year to year but varies greatly over shorter time
scales. Therefore, it must be used together with other electric power sources or storage to give a reliable
supply. As the proportion of wind power in a region increases, more conventional power sources are
needed to back it up (such as fossil fuel power and nuclear power), and the grid may need to be
upgraded. Power-management techniques such as having dispatchable power sources, enough
hydroelectric power, excess capacity, geographically distributed turbines, exporting and importing power
to neighboring areas, energy storage, or reducing demand when wind production is low, can in many
cases overcome these problems.Weather forecasting permits the electric-power network to be readied
for the predictable variations in production that occur.

Animal powered transportation

Animal-powered transport is the use of working

animals for the movement of people and
commodities. Humans may ride some of the animals
directly, use them as pack animals for carrying
goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

History of roads

The earliest stone paved roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and
Mesopotamia.To help support the movement of legions throughout their empire, the Romans developed
techniques to build durable roads using multiple layers of materials atop of deep beds of crushed stone
for water drainage. Some of those roads remain in use more than 2,000 years later, and the fundamental
techniques form the basis of today's roads.

Modern road-construction techniques can be traced to a process developed by Scottish engineer John
McAdam in the early 19th century. McAdam topped multi-layer roadbeds with a soil and crushed stone
aggregate that was then packed down with heavy rollers to lock it all together. Contemporary asphalt
roads capable of supporting the vehicles that emerged in the 20th century built upon McAdams'
methods by adding tar as a binder.
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise
improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or
horse.

Roads consist of one or two roadways (British English: carriageways), each with one or more lanes and
any associated sidewalks (British English: pavement) and road verges. There is sometimes a bike path.
Other names for roads include parkways, avenues, freeways, tollways, interstates, highways, or primary,
secondary, and tertiary local roads.

The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted;
in many cases animals do not follow constant paths.Some believe that some roads originated from
following animal trails.The Icknield Way may examplify this type of road origination, where human and
animal both selected the same natural line. By about 10,000 BC human travelers used rough
roads/pathways.

The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC.

Stone- paved streets appear in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC.

Corduroy roads (log roads) are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England.

The Sweet Track, a timber track causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered
and the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806
BC, (tree-ring dating – dendrochronology – enabled very precise dating). It was claimed to be the oldest
road in the worlduntil the 2009 discovery of a 6,000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London.

Brick-paved streets appeared in India as early as 3000 BC.

c. 1995 BC: an early subdividing of roadways evidenced with sidewalks built in Anatolia.

In 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for the Achaemenid Empire (Persia),
including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time,connecting Sardis (the
westernmost major city of the empire) to Susa. The road remained in use after Roman times. These road
systems reached as far east as Bactria and India.

In ancient times, transport by river was far easier and faster than transport by road, especially
considering the cost of road construction and the difference in carrying capacity between carts and river
barges. A hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in
which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank. From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built
straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, in support of its military
campaigns. At its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and
covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads.
In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire. The most sophisticated roads
were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar. Tar was derived from petroleum, accessed from oil
fields in the region, through the chemical process of destructive distillation.

The Highways Act 1555 in Britain transferred responsibility for maintaining roads from government to
local parishes. This resulted in a poor and variable state of roads. To remedy this, the first of the turnpike
trusts was established around 1706, to build good roads and collect tolls from passing vehicles.
Eventually there were approximately 1,100 trusts in Britain and some 36,800 km (22,870 miles) of
engineered roads. The Rebecca Riots in Carmarthenshire and Rhayader from 1839 to 1844 contributed
to a Royal Commission that led to the demise of the system in 1844, which coincided with the
development of the UK railway system.In the late-19th century roading engineers began to cater for
cyclists by building separate lanes alongside roadways.

History of Vehicles

The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means
of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences.

In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-
Joseph Cugnot.In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by the de Rivaz engine, an
internal combustion engine that was fueled by hydrogen.

In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine, which he placed on a
pushcart, building four progressively more sophisticated combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year
span that influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine.[citation needed] The
car's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine, an ingenious
carburetor design and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design
with steering, a clutch and a brake.The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still
constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto.
The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the
technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in
principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos
Jedlik, one of the inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Planté, who invented the lead–acid battery
in 1859.[citation needed]

In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile.This is also considered to be the
first "production" vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile was powered by a
single cylinder four-stroke engine[citation needed].

In 1913, the Ford Model T, created by the Ford Motor Company five years prior, became the first
automobile to be mass-produced on a moving assembly line. By 1927, Ford had produced over
15,000,000 Model T automobiles.
Rafael, Angel May G. 01-20-20

II-Alpha CDI 4

Historical Background of Transportation

The history of transport is largely one of technological innovation. Advances in technology have allowed
people to travel farther, explore more territory, and expand their influence over larger and larger areas.
Even in ancient times, new tools such as foot coverings, skis, and snowshoes lengthened the distances
that could be travelled. As new inventions and discoveries were applied to transport problems, travel
time decreased while the ability to move more and larger loads increased. Innovation continues as
transport researchers are working to find new ways to reduce costs and increase transport
efficiency.International trade was the driving motivator behind advancements in global transportation in
the Pre Modern world. "...there was a single global world economy with a worldwide division of labor
and multilateral trade from 1500 onward."[1] The sale and transportation of Textile, silver and gold,
spices, slaves and luxury goods throughout Afro-Eurasia and later the New World would see an evolution
in overland and sea trade routes.

Before every other form of transportation, humans traveled on foot. Can you imagine walking from New
York City to Los Angeles? Fortunately, human beings learned to use animals such as donkeys, horses and
camels for transportation from 4000 BC to 3000 BC. In 3500 BC, the wheel was invented in Iraq and the
first wheel was made from wood. Initially, a canoe-like structure was used for water transportation,
which was built by burning logs and digging out the burned wood. In 3100BC, the sailing boat was
invented by Egyptians while the Romans built roads across Europe. During the Industrial Revolution, the
first modern highway was developed by John Loudon McAdam.

In the 17th and 18th century, many new modes of transportation were invented such as bicycles, trains,
motor cars, trucks, airplanes, and trams. In 1906, the first car was developed with an internal
combustion engine. Many types of transportation systems such as boats, trains, airplanes, and
automobiles were based on the internal combustion engine.The three leading automobile companies in
the US in the 1920s were General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford. Furthermore, several styles of automobiles
were produced such as the two doors, small, large, sports cars, and luxury cars. Presently, the latest car
models have integrated improved standardization, computer aided systems, and platform sharing. The
modern railroad system uses remote control for traffic lights and movement of traffic, capable of speeds
of more than 570 km/hr.

Man Powered transport

Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle power. Like
animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of
walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-
power.Although motorization has increased speed and load capacity, many forms of human-powered
transport remain popular for reasons of lower cost, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism.
Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or
inaccessible regions.

Wind Powered Transportation

Wind power or wind energy is the use of

wind to provide the mechanical power through
wind turbines to turn electric generators and
traditionally to do other work, like
milling or pumping. Wind power is a sustainable
and renewable energy, and has a much
smaller impact on the environment compared
to burning fossil fuels. Wind farms consist of many
individual wind turbines, which are connected to
the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric power,
competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants.Onshore wind farms also have an
impact on the landscape, as typically they need to be spread over more land than other power
stationsand need to be built in wild and rural areas, which can lead to "industrialization of the
countryside" and habitat loss.Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land and offshore farms
have less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are higher. Small onshore wind farms
can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations.

Wind is an intermittent energy source, which cannot make electricity nor be dispatched on demand.It
also gives variable power, which is consistent from year to year but varies greatly over shorter time
scales. Therefore, it must be used together with other electric power sources or storage to give a reliable
supply. As the proportion of wind power in a region increases, more conventional power sources are
needed to back it up (such as fossil fuel power and nuclear power), and the grid may need to be
upgraded. Power-management techniques such as having dispatchable power sources, enough
hydroelectric power, excess capacity, geographically distributed turbines, exporting and importing power
to neighboring areas, energy storage, or reducing demand when wind production is low, can in many
cases overcome these problems.Weather forecasting permits the electric-power network to be readied
for the predictable variations in production that occur.

Animal powered transportation

Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and commodities.
Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness
them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

History of roads

The earliest stone paved roads have been traced to about 4,000 B.C. in the Indian subcontinent and
Mesopotamia.To help support the movement of legions throughout their empire, the Romans developed
techniques to build durable roads using multiple layers of materials atop of deep beds of crushed stone
for water drainage. Some of those roads remain in use more than 2,000 years later, and the fundamental
techniques form the basis of today's roads.

Modern road-construction techniques can be traced to a process developed by Scottish engineer John
McAdam in the early 19th century. McAdam topped multi-layer roadbeds with a soil and crushed stone
aggregate that was then packed down with heavy rollers to lock it all together. Contemporary asphalt
roads capable of supporting the vehicles that emerged in the 20th century built upon McAdams'
methods by adding tar as a binder.

A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise
improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or
horse.
Roads consist of one or two roadways (British English: carriageways), each with one or more lanes and
any associated sidewalks (British English: pavement) and road verges. There is sometimes a bike path.
Other names for roads include parkways, avenues, freeways, tollways, interstates, highways, or primary,
secondary, and tertiary local roads.

The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted;
in many cases animals do not follow constant paths.Some believe that some roads originated from
following animal trails.The Icknield Way may examplify this type of road origination, where human and
animal both selected the same natural line. By about 10,000 BC human travelers used rough
roads/pathways.

The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC.

Stone- paved streets appear in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC.

Corduroy roads (log roads) are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England.

The Sweet Track, a timber track causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered
and the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806
BC, (tree-ring dating – dendrochronology – enabled very precise dating). It was claimed to be the oldest
road in the worlduntil the 2009 discovery of a 6,000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London.

Brick-paved streets appeared in India as early as 3000 BC.

c. 1995 BC: an early subdividing of roadways evidenced with sidewalks built in Anatolia.

In 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for the Achaemenid Empire (Persia),
including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time,connecting Sardis (the
westernmost major city of the empire) to Susa. The road remained in use after Roman times. These road
systems reached as far east as Bactria and India.

In ancient times, transport by river was far easier and faster than transport by road, especially
considering the cost of road construction and the difference in carrying capacity between carts and river
barges. A hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in
which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank. From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built
straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, in support of its military
campaigns. At its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and
covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads.

In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire. The most sophisticated roads
were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar. Tar was derived from petroleum, accessed from oil
fields in the region, through the chemical process of destructive distillation.

The Highways Act 1555 in Britain transferred responsibility for maintaining roads from government to
local parishes. This resulted in a poor and variable state of roads. To remedy this, the first of the turnpike
trusts was established around 1706, to build good roads and collect tolls from passing vehicles.
Eventually there were approximately 1,100 trusts in Britain and some 36,800 km (22,870 miles) of
engineered roads. The Rebecca Riots in Carmarthenshire and Rhayader from 1839 to 1844 contributed
to a Royal Commission that led to the demise of the system in 1844, which coincided with the
development of the UK railway system.In the late-19th century roading engineers began to cater for
cyclists by building separate lanes alongside roadways.

History of Vehicles

The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means
of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences.

In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-
Joseph Cugnot.In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by the de Rivaz engine, an
internal combustion engine that was fueled by hydrogen.

In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine, which he placed on a
pushcart, building four progressively more sophisticated combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year
span that influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine.[citation needed] The
car's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine, an ingenious
carburetor design and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design
with steering, a clutch and a brake.The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still
constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto.
The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the
technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in
principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos
Jedlik, one of the inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Planté, who invented the lead–acid battery
in 1859.[citation needed]

In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile.This is also considered to be the
first "production" vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile was powered by a
single cylinder four-stroke engine[citation needed].

In 1913, the Ford Model T, created by the Ford Motor Company five years prior, became the first
automobile to be mass-produced on a moving assembly line. By 1927, Ford had produced over
15,000,000 Model T automobiles.