9 a a 3 Exercises ia = — tls fast cing by 6 Tha 3 Wo gem PD = Fk Med ER™ 2 (he RDEU, ree = FER he) oa Then Grophi) is a level ser for FOr tend = tedeee FOrKeus) = FON Xa) — Xn 4 a3 XUb= Xe). HF it cvosser Utselyp thon there enists fute, 3 SH. KDE lds)» LUI* AUT) But that ige't allowed « - 23.27 (a) umplete. (5) invomplite sm p2(-e) _(c) emplete A) ne (HO, 50 tHE Ineemplete : = € frte| ELS : effet Soy Define sw PHN Ble)=P, Blt= AEX (604th = X(Bo) (teF-t2) ay So Blt) is aa ittgret cave of X with Biy=P. Swee olf) is te mexsiud of such 3 aurves, Seo for Ute fxtleet) Fibs wit) ie. Plt)= w(t-to) wteF > So 32.9 Define pur)e Alta) £61, Blte)= 000). 6 isan integral curve of X og Z By Ex.2.8 Blt)= xl t-te) ine. Wle)=altto).je. « pervdic —Dow'r warty about def. domain tro much, aly hedkin te Gost step). ae F piota felp) P#(t.0) treaslation eb viously cmesto-oxe_R°2R® BU) GolPD= Palen) =P YyasnlP)= Pelteets.c) = (P+ t,,0)) #02) 2 Pre)= ptl-tie) » Ge (Alr)) = Pri-tc) 4(te)>P “ a cia ll 16) Ueltitre (Ktots ta si, Woiet + xeust) = oi nan) ae = rotictin hy b, oneto-mme , additive gamp nal - (6) Few.) = (net, et )e( x Kpet seal bijetin obo ote" 50 oldie Ce Petr mde £ (EASE Sree VE) det LY. invertible cot) (eh HY) Use teak (ttt ) “3 = 2 si 2. a a a pli) Dv 5p at conve of X with Blo) = Y,(p) 50 Xlo)2P. x(t) > fro) DY using Silas cle Cele die 2s), Blt)s « (ttt, rE" y,Wio) 2 Blt) eee fed GP) = Cte) = o£ (o)= PM te -09 ce a] nel fextexd flcapasytanty Vf? (20-2) 5 ef 40, no sh B i “U) alse closont have suck p fe), GFlezi09, 4") is Kt E (8 Its oget Sones is {MCD Ae DPreR} $ feslooy = et e he2 fp wit ne yh file xb yes et]. 0 FEO ne suck pW) alse us sudh p © fel xt> SKE at Belo) the teagea® Spats a el at (20.9) is all veotors VW whire Vis 45? fo Wy axis e alu: (oon) (avi © ve. xbextext x teap 2 e 3. 2 (0) “The example in 3.) with nef c= 0. fica|ex rake Ci), (nad es , Ge) ES e WD) fF Oxrnn)ad. St 14Cc), eapaot space = Ro" ee Go 24 foe &> SUEY 9 eo v fia) xt 20.2? h LTH) Vt & a =F 25 ki is integred carve ef Tf => x= 9flaP e fo) At foate) = 7 flekoy « ate) elect Il? S| (B) A 116) = OF (6(s))- BG) = Of (4cte) PIS) © a frcs)Il= [bert] = itis marinized when 265.) = (10) > @ f lotta) then bal Afb) = [Joffe =A flert) by @) S 6 43 Consider S= P(e) @ WLES. pis an extreme poist of on. © By Lagrnye Theorem, _VStehe AV AFP) YPES. Abo bemuse 4 pl40 fr all PeS & ee LY See Users .rsii uta [mx 2k | Laroakey..jpq ___E ue pox, the yeans (hb) Een "a ellipse on ¥e20 ; i - ke e 46 abe, b1_ Alters. %) = ft kz+)”) . an 3 Dente §> (x24) Alan 32, 2 3f ae fat y, a yh Uf agtpieo. chen 2g hee ie. 0fSf Bey: y= flo Se 3b +0, Beside 2F 22, THs “do Vfzo ai P wd contacts With the fact et a score 50 Ci i ei peeeeveresal “) 4 Hs 4s OL ref fig 165 vl ” Kye Py Me ; ? (change axis) 34g $(x)e xd ve $= fo) Vhs lo,0,.2%s, 2%) VEO => b>hy=0 = not enS 2 3 vio GK ¥%.%e)= FA Ke, (Hf rt) 4) ! 3 24. By Lagrange The, ar Of. #(5R)= naa) lt Ol) ale) 5 Sine we-b? 70 ah b)so whe > (BE) UE) A) 5 fit thet ya = crivyt( ye yw) ($2) Wil=a Note Shs eigenuelue © of (hE a ail De WG WAX VG=26x OFF EX {sax Wg A?f => ArAx Od = x2 A the eigemvalve f A 43 By y dagrange The, roflPl= Vglp)s bs Vgirlto Ako Yur pvr) =o Gvafip) =o 5 raged sp] 9 throgh pis equal to trgost apae uf fF thenyh p sJslob Ste let Ge MPEP. feS- 570) Since P iv on extvene poial of § nS VGCP)= TCP) But VIlP)=2(P-Fe). Selp,P- Po) L Sp o o 41S YaQdet (x)= —_ So Tet ¥) = 0 Dis impossible Alb (a) Veer ix)2 TCH) Soe = 2 > ecto CH) Oder t= 74 z) 5 Se Su (PARA): anbeetad = 0} Yolo b 4 a og - 4.17 (a) Ths provt in WIS is independsad of cfimcarion U) vider (p)= Z, Se SLPy {lp dm) | men, tlm)zo) _ —- borat ~ Sh Crd pate pp LES} pict temnt tek eee I aate Mtr, Xe, consider pomelnal que. f(t )2 ¥_ oT TU siat™ whine Sy” theaters lure Us BEE E hive Bs cor" Ker) fob alo)? Xy Al6) = (0) = Yond + BEEBE snd = Xa, Hale ue — p= | OB-o0 (ule asl Labi nb yh) = ae (46088 200) = 16-2070) | duxye’ Xs Sha 2 ae 20 Sas 55555 oeSp Meee = xiPeat + ulead + Cx ursiat ots Wwrtesitel So wwe S, So for, We're found rhe wacve. If sinB =O, Thon Mew ry Kiem If Keve dne. Hee. then find eu st 81S aud atte Mint tse deel, Ate x Af T)e-=% 1 ed. Note, A easien voy by using poh baile axis Let X12 (008, , sin6, 00s, 5in, Sin Bs. tn Dy, - og ooog f e Kae (98%, $inB tn, S200/ rab 20r05 => °, sinh sins 04,508," MOK) wo | WK 1:85) > (8/-- 4) tn [0,20)" Toi2n)* js 50 ewsily fied Plt). st, pa) elorey © BO (=a) Blt) = (005-5 OM) Then olefins ALE) = (wo Blt)y yinBilt) CGC), ---, sin 6 ted 5in (4) co Ball), sinBilt) ms ial) | e $2_lf thw exists PRES. ot $eP)= 1. $GI=-L thon a as Sis connected, ure exists a contiamus map of: (rb]>S, 5.4 vfa)sp cclbiPm | As Go is pantieons , Jad) = [, Gb)=A, So hare exits cl(0.b), 51. JloelO)-0 © bat. by daswitia of a, LES which conbudics jyjth §te)= 21 for ¥xeS 4 63 [-surfave > FORE Lion) ott Ht Define gourds {7 Mettish) Se 9 is smooth on S, bur Jis avd emsieat 5 Ni (p) ond Nalp) are both smooth. eUrIe 1, 2% eS o(3¥ )=2 (mi X0 55 (0) ER ratte umttcleoe by A i Cb) Rekvae OP vit sin (0.0.1) *Mel= (v'.2) where v2 (tino et )Y which ig counterclack-wise refation with’ angle B . Ww) feiss too vighinbasalel Sb let & denple the angle measured Lomerclock-wice fw (ple) te the onenlshion dheection MP), cp thot Nip) (). nb ,3i06) So ‘the’ petite fuagent dicectivn wg (6-H, 8010-81) ¢ (Sint ,—urB) gv is thugent tc of P, So v filtell 2 = Gis 006) Buk if vfuuit =~ (5108 000) thane ees tet (ite 208) = 4 which mamas incansistret So positive fang cntsis fed . PSPSPS ssessonsgoonggg asHie e 7 a 3 5] In)(b) just write owe (€) take > (10,0), t01,0), (0,0) thea ger it > Co ag SSle)_ com sistent ead) 20 > VAWEN(PI) 20 > N(P)+ (Vw) 20 2B) Denvee @REX/MKI, pensistent > W (wtp) D) ze = : Serena I ~ ah mang Meee eo, % COrool) as mipy: (vip) x?) x Mi)=0 So. ip)XV ESp srthecarrmel 2 G+ (wip) )= des ($e)-0 Sov (wtp) x0 aod Tors eof “ones ot Sp > As (ile! so there exists B st, (= 00-0 + sind NIPIAD =, So We (NM P)XO) = sin ew Ls So BE (Om) > WCNC) XT) 20 E> Gu) is msetont wht af 2 59 (4) take We(loee) (0,1,0,0) ~¢ ova") Ch) just deck ° PS So (onde) <0 evel ive : 2b) der ve ( ) (TAY) = (BK) whee wel). ve) 2 So det ( Ce —_. Hig ’ tia consistency of Wuvith Nig identicah ; & the eonsistincy of Vnith N off det A >o =) a bi ara s BF ys wisjefiansconl; BE wisi: (Wbam)| ERA CBR, EP}, nee sre (CB wv) futeve dg Wipes (une) | hae a1 J 5 m2. Wis)=y (um vs) the ead = FY . : EY wel NUS) C(xsa)] vtextat, Meo) p22 Wis)= [eke] 3 XtoL, x\<0} 96S We vrly Heed need ta anely nerd te analpe 2), the cases for ny2 > cn be dere vows os he su facs freuen ob'tain nally cuuve feossh about ¢ 3 ina shat ic fean abok (6% S js) s a aad XC) , f whet’ If lieve 0th)-¥, then je bE (aU)-V, al V), due to lt) we enete Alay st. alts )v=b Siner ally) € SB Ease Au fument , wee hae J XER™S yoy > alts): vib) AB ES, Thane (n€B] XV € (u(t) -V, w(t) Wi LSS . Bud dbo is an open sot aad thine fore Ns) = S" (because $ covdnias an cpen sot) cardtradicting with NIS)263. fe dit) V2 olt)Vy Likewise, oth VE ol) -v. y doboeoan So Alt) Ve of[t,)-V y opeoaene ‘Sige Sis, comected any two points nS Gnd giv tun fa Sn epenset B <1, PALES 7 PE canbe al by a cenfinnens“poramePined teaivey Hare hre pV b-V j.@,,all ports im S Lig en the Same plane (re ports mplers), 64 (a) fee Git) = P00) So now we have Gti) =Gid=e git )¥e forall te(ti.ts) © Hf) 72.49 20, than there exists bieiyel Jt) 20 4 L424.) then gUt+£)~ 9 (4)2 9/(te$0-2 hue S.€l0.9). se glith) 72 thus GU 42) >GU)¢ There also exists 270 51. dé 7° teCh- it}e | thea 9-2-9 )a-9/(,-S,)E , whiee §, €00,2) so gt-f,) 70 Prosi thas Gh 2) < 9CKI=C, Thea eRe STATE ¢ (tet -$) lta) < SA. Olt) = C tontradtion! erme con chasse small enough £4.82, nth? 7 St ot let I 1 { | J J s | | 1 | J °F 2 919 |> we If Jience, JULIO , Some contradiclim occurs. So Hi) lhe SD) MP & crosses Sr an el number ef times to tn then by (a) gtr 1Itr) >0 Ht less ef generality, suppsse Jt) 20, Yltn) >© Sinse G(t1)= = D< ec forall tet.) Git >¢ fr allt>ta However as S is aie ei fatettaincbathedivectiaes ption bad Fi ROR Hoare ister Suppose S isyconteined in spoceS! A [l*= 1, cham pure ped E cadwesitar Sopp). Sina of gato th cain both dizechons at mthare noust be te, tery with 1o<4 taurte, such that old jond ote) ES” Bh fat ¢ Ass” is germected (see Ex.S), there is AyPeranctrized airve Ss BS “gh. Bits Xlfo) , BU) = Attn)» ASHB axe cofinuns oS! pit theme sett be a Bete V) 54 fig) = co + Se ee” 1s eomtracliction! A 1 bio (a) AEP: Sine B14) € 005), pham exists a continues map of :[o.t0)>R™S ps, tons Bia), femeetill = v0 te vor NBME. Cemstruct cree 9) = het Pelbewpel (tera) ba thee Mis stages form Le) 2 oRYA$. les Bete) , lero) ofl te0)=¥_ to isaybitrery so fit) €0(S) fer oll (€ [ab] os (b) Ppt mel/) Nor-empty. Os S is a cmpact nsurfn phere we con —_——— peace with « leap eneugh cavlas TF wthick strictly Subsumes S ee then p kone point on f bos sphere Peco struct cowtinnows Lees a — A(t)s PH4P. So Xb 0 eel> Cer or : Ss. #u) ERs, Lsonlont Ss peos) (>) epen set YW p€ols), few PERS, as RMS is open (veto _S= fC) is nevus face and by definition fis smvoth) So thee exists kn gel acorn p (pie), such flak WE CPE) sotfy xe ROS we can casi constrict « cantinnnirney fim tof By a, KC), yrelee), ___(3) Wanected! WP. BE 01S) , Suppose there iy « ne sphere, With radius [- Sh such thet pi $8 are all coutnineel in if (8 copa, nlp pilpit) As PEOUS) there js « continuous map %:le, te? RS, atel= p. falsdil-oo ____B Suppose settee [Lett l= Clie. 13104) €5)), Cherise, we defie au lt AS $y is connected and Si CRS, there's aurve ofs on Syst. | osla)eey] : Gtb)= doite) 5 Blt) E005) by (a). So now constrict e continwras Cure 2! from ptr ¢ mots): bal yitd> f &il€) télo. tJ e %& (ttt) teCt, tba] ey a ia-tetith-a) — t €(t tbo, ea} ftb-a4te) Ho | J ‘ e WL ett iil= constant UM r-a te) = 2264) alt)eo, Le, AHI 1 a(t) . af | 73 Let st= [PE aurnat As Xld)ae , $0. StL) mmoione inenentng =! 50.5) is verb Lef Ae", his onto by defini A's = =e | Be cath) We) = 2EAgcenony so Bis wart speed Buel eg 1 = | Tg tr if pert is by Erample 2 in this chapter eal “only if te)2 Crea, reins) bach bes conaredl ell psi pon oneplier 2] elore (tind, monb, ©), Mir =#( cob, siab 2) ey Sa_ slo) hes covered ell pessible initiel Hyp Sate) . As geedesic se desterssised by intial gsr ged site velo by «1 — the LR are al poubl ge rode ow? cylinder ie s . Hvather_proef is by louking oA (6) on page NOW. )= (nye) = =i a 16 i pot is covered bY — Exomph 3 rm this chapter 2 sly if Lis Oy He)= Mer, Sine CF € Sex alles Biron aloiny a | : Dy allows oll possible aitigl poritin, le) alls all puille ‘actin! velocity 6 | clus to uniqueness of geodesic by initial peschmend telvei ty these are a cll possible de geedisics ox unit a-sphoe ] Plbi=a® x (at+b) | LTT if puot spl (RUN) = leat) Fy ot) is gecesi fo | f WU g € Say Wl. Se Be) € Sutiewy = Sear So Bis gealesic P| weal fs BeC= LOMO) (RUDY + BACKED) ACE) if Bis goatee, BUSI Sd ate) wal No gensratly, ond % are not parellel and KU KU) art scaler Jae) {sl ort fe mast require h(t) 20 (Eg, Ct) bun tillsind ld) = -2 sit +6 cot ZU) = -bcot - er sist, Bayo 20. Sy cade soe never parallel) , the So hitleatth We con't sec agfar’ sincdYoeer when 20, PB is still gealesic } ectacleeeaecleres ae iP ie el ii 3 3 mars (6) alt) = (CE, Kult) oo6, X04) sin) a Bele) = (0 Kelt) sieB, X, (4) 08) 2 dealt) Belo) =-O 2 (b) ae lt)= (Wl), RH O® , XC4) sin8) i Se N(p)=27 wd to write So wast fol another wo , Note thet elt) € Sp. BplO)ESp bY defritrm because ptt). feld) we bith mS. 2 by (a) dot) 5 Belo) So wblt), (6) fom a basis of Sp (2 dplt)) » So ene enly needs 1 check that Bolt) is arthajene! oll (8) 3 Hold cert elite tt by ct) (6. (H, aC) bes costa = speed, by Ex 72 Hplt)t opt), elt) 4 Fle) is cash t check (c)__B(B)= (0, - xott sb, le) sind) cbvinusly He 1. Alo) Belo) Ll) & yy Kalt20 Sau Moe Kalt)2o MM uleo Fis t deck let) iS a marinsl Agovdasic with iaitial yelocity cv; Glo)=2t0) XC) = CALE) mbt, So GL KUED |t20 = CHU |poo = ev Bus CAG) fs ois edeie, 50 weld) € Satpr, So BU) € Stat) = Sia So BU) js geodesic, Ligmecnily Sie the geodesic withyinifial postin onal velovly. pero is unig, BLE) 1s wht the maximal yeodegic in S with yl velouity Cv The domoin Lean be easily taken come Of. VUVDEIOUDU bs airy gecdesic, shan by uniquensss leorem, Wt)= of(t) » je ltHte)= lt), 10, Plt)=a(t-t) Tis thn con ef beau & 1s marines TAL Let Vttl= GH), vlte Otte) SEE , 1) > Alte) =6e0) 36 by Ex. 210 a vit)= B(t-te) je. Bity= FU-to) ie PU +to)= PLE) Tto Define Y(t)= EHH) , then Ylo)=Blt)=P, Veo) =Plt)=V. So if ve is TAL_(a) complete by Exanple 3 1D a (b) incomplete ofCt)- ((,0.:0) est = (oneuDsint is gradesieybat TH E+ 2k KER (c) incomplete X4)= (an —(Onit ¢#1 Cd) complete bf Ere 2 a (2) incomplete olt)= (eho )et + (10,0) sint te Fdzkn Kez sessseb_yUDUVvVOUVULY vasayaaa a tb) (FX)= (Fx) [lye arcacti)] Nlwee) a = 2 AX+Fh= LEX+F%) ‘Nott tMion) (4s Kemet) =< Oby Xk lage 0) jc | = fx FX flee leisy = FX + Ex! = £4 82 xl ‘ = tthe estes Defic vectS FAT TH= Won 5, Wi | Pe sfx 5, Bw)ag, a so Vis fangest bp Shibec. oo Vir vale along ot. w) =(¢,v) £ That ses parle mens in on neples i pth indepecec® 1 = $3 then Vi (0.1.26) By Cromph on page of, Ylt)= wltlz(cor.o,-st), aka ad When Ve (P.0,40) Than the vectr field Vib) = 1 ll pS al e So Se Wt (te), AS Beis ues tnsfrm, hiwdele hata) a G4 Defne geodesic a= Past + Usb , p(t) > Pst + Oct. wiojzp. of =P |! eos cte)-v2 (lll, $22): B= -Patw Bid) = WS ete): pow (Pai Likewise define gerdssic BH)= Point + Wengt — Pim a (3)= Wp, grin Se both x(£) and 6(F).are om pact PX= zal B We em dlefird. geoles sit epee Penal fei or (ped) =W2, tefl t st att)= & i I PRATER TR PPP RS Se ASS HS TSS fF Be 4 ° Xt): (Loot, Zsiat 0) KU is porllel wloy x an wiewed in Sy But XU) is net parle as viewdl im Sy Because XUt)>(-Bsiat, Leot,o) eH oe Mi Saw U cot, + (pa¥) sino =V seat +P. (vx) a Lit she sgl Q hin Dla k 8. ce PLY, pL, we Awe cithor- . (Fase on8 catot SmBSito=1 or inBOote @ SinB sinto=l. But in whichever Seed “(05¢,thart wast be a solatim to (026 07-8), (led AERP tsp slay Ve _ & SER ReRe 4 ith): PEO vt Tuell neat ¢ SAN ee ‘aw Nye =aPET O enty + (PD lout) = 0 s.vihhestiy hore re VEO = PS parallel om SP sling YE) a5 21005 geodesic by Conlery 4S) So ue finclly fod a piscewise Smesth prsvetrnel tare voBatee Pe Bp re - vi R(we- vil —» P, Gpivn)= -pliull —> R (-plivit)= w . . aX ’ gS lal Se) (xH-(0.0.F)) (00.1) = 20} . yl i S75, ia} LBIp¥@ (Foot, sub 4) o ’ ’ ' it tOoOoOooooEEOEOEOEEee—Eee—EEEee__ee | voe 88 Sine * S40 Sui Sau Fh) Yas felled Aboo$ of in 5. © Ke hy ONES & Xispanllel in Se 9) Lis — in $1 > UE Sizer E> WW) € Sys Cok is geodesic inSe =] ¢ Yuwd= k(htwy) 256 wwii esta => Yas Xlhew) Kw) & Seifiwy = Spin oa As Hr}o0. Met is moins 52 artis A 1 N= You", Se ths sent proof as chive gues ~~ there fot it is i ioe + al yeh _| 2 ) Kiet byim), Yoh is parallel aly ovh. If alte P, Altes $ 2 let htwoet. had=b So ath) =P, thr) e KURU) = XD, XA) = Xb), Besides his monstmnic 30h Cis ve]olti te) Thus, X-h tmasports pat le to Gat Ma 0) cn HE MU)=P. ott) $ Nis puualel te Salo a. XH =v X(ts)2U (ie -Pelv)-U) t), As MUN € Sty eh So KEES IT Let THE) = Ket) than Ht) 6 Shey = St Go AHLAE Besides” XU-Nowy =? YU Neg = XC Ht Myer = So YUt) is parallel alny @ Cie) =F ey -b)= Yih) 4, Y(-td= XU)eV So_U is transported + v cling BLO foo, Fe, aS is parallel aspect ; frm $e p aly Ah) is the inverse of perllel twemspat frm pte} aley. ot : 87.0) Pa 6 cette wth if Lelamoped 6 Band ey, in by caval A:B, which is also wonsingelour wuUvVUVEUVUUVIVE i ) By: the tics quistin in Ex 66, Ps the parallel “traspo oles ut), r, puisaet) pf €Cb a) he conespols ty AT os > 3 68 ua ise X* to senote WU, ote Fore deri. - Ta Ee i (aris Oars Coen aeay|ee) by (xt yl = KEY! i > X/-(keoaleact) 4 YT yee) al} ait) = xP 44 + (Exe - (fd Up (Hat) (64 x)= Tx tfe) ° cxf) CO xt Fe jc lt)) £t6) "hy wait) =2) - = fX+ FO Txajaung = fx + fx » wi (ey) t " pel d rz = ETAT PROT pes. a = KY 'X - bya taunts 6 a XT YHK eK (ee) lle Ut] IN XLV =(raratn) at] = ey yyy! Sa 2 (). By olafutrion , we shold howe. X20, yoivens0 and x*20 e | X02 X= (Homoa) Noo - (Kec) + (K Nod) (M2045) ce =0 COBB 1 Noe 5 | Xieso D> KAKO | Xi Meke0 Dd Ki Neat X Noxso 2 Plugging, ont tS) K#(X woe) New + (Keak dee 1 arcbe a ath Thiel porkiton AYUH): y, e Noes chuck KX20 aml Xi Nexso ¢ 7 a! (Ck) = 4 KR eM = (Kade reed= (02) lire - (xeWeu) 2 Xs Now + Ke(Now) = KAW ou) (Xenda) (Mow We) (Ke) (X Nox) 2 | domain check Spadwal TH | ia ceptor 5 IKI combat La CC) Vif is Linton map Lf Wand Ware Fermi paratle! along o, then Vw! wend Vo | (eR) ase 2 CP Fa is one te ome and odo + tha kernel of fais gore bewuse [LEws}|- jo grwveo bj) + $0 Fy is a are ee ae But sach maps ase onbo = repo vidffeanige (CYST = X74 XY" <0 ie, VIS onset = 4 @O4= (em, Ae) Wftr (49) B28 minnie! 5 5 (b) of (2%, 2%) Alp) = (2,-2):(en6 sind) = 2 ( (0-58) a ~ Ce) ef = (xxE, Ko, aoe Xs), WPL = (1, 1,2) (abe) = arb+2c | (d) vf: (4.28) fe) BR¥ ap rs qo te f= (SR RE) Lo. wl SE ~ G3 QU =(%.%) OX 215.2%) Wy Kz ((oudLou0, (o,0}(010) = (bo) = | WOK = (A) T= (He) Wy = (lortMesing, cre), (1.0) (-sind.cn6))= (-26, Sab) <1 td ax 2 (4,281) X= (2.2.--2) . Ett = Fp) Mati hep eh ie Pe OF Lee Yet): Kot) be ty vector fel tunzend fo S ang «hs Dik = (Xex)’ tte) whe o: J's cot} gugaaatrioed carve ia S with UB), Then jute e_propec ties Jai in Clphee Pos ge Ub, Note ie (i) WON) peter tha DORN (HRV YY’) G4 Same ao 9.5. YW x= (Ken) e) Whe F-tten gute the pope i in Clg Boh pt cP ee ele ee A ite i GG. AUG: KDE T Bu yeneiy ti od Ch Zen fy SY, WIE) XIG) = HL =O fo. We MPALKIP) ue ia eeeeekx is engeat 05, than Bh WH-MIP) = (KoH)(E1) + NUP]=0. Se X= DyX. so YANY) by pee niet the a Tif owt Ape es puree of: L$, 54 altel: f. xlt)= XUN dag the pen | * 3 Dag X=0 & Tay EAT LH Hoe el Mean oe peudesic las — id Xet 2 x * (Xen) 2 “ody of" paat + UPL Sconsdrnet finkegeal, erie oe JD. sh otlte) , lt: X(alt)) a aa. achat pp ba Thin in thapbor ©. By assumption 2 € SE OES a ds lie xtelt)) we hat Z (X24) @ ESE pa. (Kee) ne Bo Duk 20 iid ” Cylinder KCp=CP, (42) Wald a ee » ME (ol N= (A. Aen)x Vaiz0 Lpty)=o y tb) N= ahh) Dai=Ove) vme=(4a2), Wirlera), Lelv) -(0, 9,4) Gakard a4 BY property (ui) om page CY, V, tl . suppose. = sees. = Bue, 1 ton by Lu) eette) we hme 4 2 7-13) er eV, L*V) (A dxe))- r ’ Lvwe= 2 4 ley fo 4) = "EE Ble -1ig) det We Bf e v9 wv L(w)= Ge fit Lae = FAB; (Cz -Liej)) = Lv) W : a) hi - . So the only possshle chaive of 01 (ei) (UH)) % satrefies velba) = L* Ww Yue ab) if Ae L(v) = AV Wurm eV. For Wwev. wedlv)> wAv, =a | ‘ ATv. ‘tha vilFw)=VK we w pv: WLly) , < | ial As (a) proves CF is unique aad each lineer -fransefvm corresponds to NM ge ait x 3 We know (* correspond fof", So L*el € A is Seyamet $< dps Symmere ca by ‘The 2 (Pyse? DY Wiel), Up (€:) = Ve: Mlp)= LP Nal P) @:)) F o Wp etiesn) WN ie |; zl | |p + Tefh ah a selina) palin But of ferneonle brs > SE |p 20 V7 ln a Sine Sisn-sucface t = Se ONS) = Ty ra. : Sina Mip)= Cer, and Lp is ef Spt?Sp. So VNan lp) = 2, thes Es Zplei) 2, Wil 5x05 5 tee Say, evap 2 Pip Hh war we Cam prove thet Vial) €522. Fieot SEI lore!a * pil © nat ?; Ree e Sead. Seteqas wlSBuIl 02 Gh 4-32 Tee | pou [> mn ao - =diefir?- “Ih Fea = 2 -usfil Se So lp is Sypmene 2. S WulP)-e= Meizer lof + ivi ee =O pa Fr LD GS a parenahical cag Wee J2S. otte)> P. xe) K(#lts)) - Bip = Yor, Vapi Mipl= You Nox . : But ar Vistrnpend w S. (Yoo): (New)=0 =>/Yoa) (Noa) + (You)(Nou)=0 = Vuups ¥-W(p2 =~ Yon) (Woas)= -YP)* Lo (X(p)) ; ie Siosilerly 8 Com prove VrorX -NQ@)= -Xep) te (Yep) By Thm Ply te) Vee) = BX) UVP) Thus Pao -Mp= YX MP) ln (b) by fe) obview o e 443 For YY, defisen gu puget 02 TU, ott)= b cclh)=V. for VE. thee exists a§ © st [UX (ped - XO) = Xepewdll Jill < 8, VU < $y of is continwons , ther o exists Svs Ute Ue 8 totdi)e [HOI <5 thus & [LX (P+ tt)- Wo) — XP) = Xp) (aio ltll Jot -vitoll se be. [xX xCb) —X (wlte)) = x'(p) (alta (40) [Jace -elinii 12 f2Xqr Jl), fat BAT fo) conbe vowed as U2 feed LL 3 2 Bylo l, de curvsture of Cot part (1,40h) > kee = GO/LMG CH) 3 felt wt = X(7)) > B tod (a) Vath) xe(thon) Loar Cena), @ 2 Sus (61 pees let ao, let vt0y= (J) (G70) > wtb = CHE) teR 2) (LE) Xe BE) kl -yeulmaoslt as dt Ss Reittpaude!) [ath boar fer =: (cq) Ve (-2axyyn), X= (1 20%), (t= K(et#1) D Cpe eadea 5 i) oe 2D O=CH4E | let O20 Gx, so TE TER 2) f 034 24) eK gp sit) = Xtal), ABE beter a =e aod =| | EB 2 a er OE Sm THA 1b Casa rab a 104 fe) k=0 gy x20 (bh) fe saat) A a> * [ahasmarlab)), » (Seb Cos (at fas Neal eta) “Baplen kp) a abe 28 — Weil? ase ed HE +h) “i wine Wim = 5 Se (eset) a ( mya [oR tors Se 70 i) So klp)= paw = ~Ab( ar oor Zt + brie ‘sinbt fab) ) be kee ~ab(es ge Ba) ke If aebor then pet a (0) Use ty tod, Keore gle 04269 edt, =r |, peusopedel kow: 20/ (14 yart?) < pal (144arxt)? Suit (d) lise Evie] oetetefP) atte frie) UTE part at) yey bla Kou s eat vuus Ingrond je B-#=/ k=-ab (abtdt+ Brsect ye allt): 4 Ge ae? "ie wey, tlt) = Gee, cee!) a LK sf 2 l= 2 (e*4e* Ge fee") $e ese = S[0(ee to] OZ \ ‘ L rs ket JOEY So tawrve ty alums frag (acceding to X) fewoed's (V vuuss is a[OS hte)= (aUt)-P) wip) = (P-P) mp)=o _hUid = (dlto) @)Np =o, : ; ea iteh pee ee Rilo) = (te) Nip) = kp? because (edte)f)=I (0.4) by [Isl om Se. 3% 20 But Noa 22 and Gada {| vce} is pas drmensital | (a2 Ci imple) So B= ANew, Yr Nex = kot, So tod =(hon)+ (Neo) : (6) UNI =|. $5 (Noes (Noe)? ©. But (Noe) =O pal nemre in 2D plane se Mi ENA Qs MOO Besides, ab oe Moa2 0 ye het LiNeetosMix =O So N\ Noes - Keo, Ts, Noes - (Kea )Cpewe) c= - (roe) RT yn age Ay 10. Ja [=| 9 X20 > TN BAN aed Bt T ov by definthon f 8 (eres product ; OTe AUN sean So T= Ie Be Tent tel 2 TN So BLT BLN Bat ne ke MALT uel Ynv)t=] => NLM: fs we dt in 3D spre B 2B N wher tO TOR T+) Blt): Mi) soy snoeth . bee Nin We kirow - “LAN wad BAT. So Hhere exist dusdr = LIOR, N= ABT NeB= -Nb= (Ske MB=0 > HB +E =O) 2 iT = MT = -k (suce WT20 2 HT+NT =O) nonnn oo9g Lt iid it fo N= T8-kT, anone (08 Bydapinitio f ciecle of car nde. Cp = 2p HEC. Bly Good tp a ana diwersinal» lCoDI= (sve ee La), PCO) amt bethe consistent with Aipgbet @ NCO) onal Mi(P) teop. (NCP) anul Mip) ave _cviedation namms ef Cand 0). But AilP)-MG) a Tus & (0) =. Bio) dhaaceipirp) & ra Lt hl Kaori ~ YauN-e) by ml © f chapior F = Whur Ny > Bo). erann Se_sttalte) = Bes nip) "pag Nite) wel Helin) As 2/1Mp}, suppor lo) = de Nip) Sueppse Gl)- ds Mlp) sinilorly as Amp) bite) Be d= Zlo)-mip) = Bl), (P) > Aa cdted= MIP) = za Mip)= Blo) os ip) >N1P) 0.4 “eal p> 0: WX-PP = Genbpw peO> Ilp-gil*= Po Fioinats'so 'Co= 0p @asd-sene => the normal ye Oat p= PAIL Op = Cp=f rae Ib is ba atele a8al 5 D3 52 (pg)xl)=0 50 f"s)= 2 (uo §73(0)= 2(p-4 }-4i0)=0 fi - By eld thaple- GL lode NCP) = ~ Veg p)-OH0)_ (pv, i; bee chiowtntion of Canel 0 fase.) 3 Nip)= milere MP-RIr (A= HL which determines prieahctim) At 1 cutwarde 24 inwards 3 Wepre WhlP=AEY ; Se Xtal MPS YEE cilto) Mp) = ~ WudVlPl Soe ~ Cau Ail) 840) = - AE Geo) dio) = B a SBP Hed, So f"le) = 242 ( Ph ale) = 0 2 “if ped” = Ilp-giler® Se peo & 2 fie}e09 (PB) dle) =6 As we ane in 20. andl Po Bee Op. So vile) Ep, 7 But od €Cy es nell nd. tpt bike dimension, S0_ Op 209° then ve con Ln cheese an gvientatio of D suck dot Yb arivatation wt D is fle samean c's @ a Pras ie HO) MV Gp ie Mattel N 9 Sines N+M=0, Se Vet = & clo) BER ao we ae in 2D 3 a: aT cio) = = sito) Nip) = = 320) Np) = =A (P-9 Vr io) = Log So YuioN =P HO). But FusyNh = Palle) B by Eawple in chapter Ber pose PB 2 Se WeN = Voi)» Purthormoe, Wv Elp , V must be v> Axio) wer : Bat Vy N > Caio =A: Yoh 24 Giro) = 4 CasoNi= WN @ 5 Lembiong 6-0, O is Grelv f auratus f 6 et pe a ot) - 116 H+ (empier. sinbOO) Ag Sebel i local peranserriaatin fC gtort ) ; Mia) = (sin Bis, Coe) «Sel > (~SmB0-B AI em bt) BD) Moris > tee koys 2H) Matt BO )E MEME i _ ; 2 gt - a fi y= fal or 30a de = [0 PATE tat * gal ta du wat = =i [olin alert) = @F (x+tu)? eft = & (ole -1) Paes (ede ficssast zeo3ta )idt= (0 ‘u 5 = U3 Ube) = PUP Gann Zoot remk [fot = i aadt > ane a “3 ky [we Priest, oot, -st wnt lildt = 200 p33 s 3 ) tw) [aur ef - iG. ott it st) Gn) fae Actual, dn boils with oneal- (2 La) nb xcel (2srA, [+aene) FeBiaierfidt = [2 [eeot ast) dt = err iT t= (HE, 1665.6), Cle) = Ley = PE elie ylang U6 (Fth A) tel) Uc) lel BU (ee idee = feegerd (te) = 143 7 AG If ett) US contin tk N, thea et) te CSA) 6 es w e (Suit) ab)" * Rare (NOt), No(olt)))”, co fe Y 1 FCD? a Ct) BLED? (= eet), ch OS Baa (Met) alot) = [Sactidte fe tide SS [(cy= UE) = wt Sy 7 a - - PrGdet U0 (a) (Rldoweti)dt = [f fst nloun[de = [Bycurfdt HY bie repurswebnetion che. = Br otoh. (Sine of Bore buth Suman such h muse exist, AB" Btt))) since . = both olend Bere sisesth (49, f0) h nust be olifforedtithle © Ble) = sether)) KE). But yoy efifiley, so [Miw|le), Bet Wig somhums, © So Wel or he, |p whichever tne feeuAP Bu)= athe) (Ww) zac) © o Alecoufte = [ENstefde (pepo) ake dt if Nemes) ALG UR(KCfl parole of hee = 1 © = Pedy ue kw. © WH) Bybciab. fine) = fb llweslldr ~ [2 [[-kea aide = [f [aoe] ae bal oe tal (@) acfeghvi= VUftyeve viv 4 7gv= df+dgtv) Vvé Pere pele tb) alistvl= 9 Der-v= Gogh vf iB)-gp)'v + V9(P)-ferv © So dff = gdp tfidy es ()dthef)(v)= al hef)ov = ACF CP) , Se oll bef) = (he Pdf e \e ilar (0) fe (Am id) = [EBsint (sit) 200 (2eatt = - 87 . | Ub) fe (ta dys priced = fe febsateasit) + (woot) (beot]] dt ada = 2 ab n (0) fedikedre = fly fiero = bot) where foes int de Ups Zhe | AP(X)= 0), So dfs Eridys «| tH o AG w(K) =F fealty Re) = “Sf (ote) BE Se fos [PE Gnw yee = 1S =eer ee ar eee Eooo_E__eeO a ° ° 2 ll mn hth — _——— ul Me Ipc Is.cinnae then Mare ig one-to-one, pernmetriciion ofl) : Bec Jet = fh Xow) curd = fpaupitde = foe) os Xisrvinvia f/f by ~The i Cis net comectd, fher the above is trex for etch snl lal kl fn wow WS Treat x whi Slt) = (on BUI. Sm BCH) by prog in hn 2 (BE EB 4 fi mécd ide ee If Gl) oud and. Boll) sarvfy : cosbyt) Zeob ), sindylt) =Sin Blt) Bt) = 04) fey ok EL fet Bg frst pw epnahins Se do\li)- Gttl) «(Bet - BH) =O 1B )=02> CHl6-D:)¥0 , Co BUY Gltl=0 Se al) SOx as it hulds for. Wb Let pepr= fitr-olt). Define GU) = Hla) + he, Gt) Glo)+ fe Gila) js chosen so ther 2X0) [porwr = (t9 Ya), sm#sto)) ane! blo) eCoan) pid) -----— #t0)/ ptr = (00 Bl), snf,ta)) and gale) E[o2h) “As LOD [1 Blosi) = (0 poco “tak such choice ef CYANO) is unignc , we hark ha Pla) = Plo) Ferth nor. by pest iM Th 3. - UE) fhecert = (RA), Sia U4) , ‘iw /upeol = Conds) sinh ttl) Ay ot) [qari | ace) /Asuot cos PU) = colfatt), Sin PH) = Sin Pelt) dad Fl) = Fla), Some on ihe prof vf puniqueness In Ex id) eu) 4), Rl) (yilsy-Y ad) = a5 (YU) aiils OB), ag rd pce let peta” Us Teeil§o), thm klad= (hon) ese, bik stil fru — Aetually ne nace! of 2 feng lssed ond for» Jeb). fot fe yer TT er @eevs steed 3 WAT Sine x by Br tkil, o ancl fa howe the seme winding umber, i is mw ops fe 2 pring that wth OU) reef WS Yppecw, ela ceants holds. New ftf=t [ forall aad, eae! GOGO /atean 3 aay MEADE S cbnness 3 an Qleis such ut Lti.tiv) , Pula) = Gulb) Fe 2 5 Lib) X[0,1 oA andl P is. coptinness, Pmmst be wiifirm condoms, 12, wat aoa [tt ae (als S, Plt. u,)- Flt Me) We & Seif bt tete = 2 3 (Olt ur Pauollee, .@. Wea) Plim)2 Fare, (29) tials ——_Defing # BE) Balt) + fort. ByCt) = BLO) fo,f. Yuere 1, eles, orn Bula) js chosen sober Palle (cOBW(0) ,SinGul4)) dihenae, Plal=(cocle),Sinbelo)) Bead bale, gta) 16.2 For Wi, by proof in Thm 3, im Galt) = (0 balihs inBult) , Get) = (cosBylt), Sindylt) 2 19So Buel « Pale) = c05(Butt)-M8,40), By (#)_025(bu4)-8 KW) 21-8, (68) Let b= arcevslt-£,) lara ie 2! So gyll) ~ OelO]E (2keT-Bo, 2k 148) =| Bult) — —e(tle (ky r-bo 2k. 7+ bo) ey = hn [Bultr)-Bs(6)| €(2ky 1-00, 2k 718) Note BeeQomall] © | Bs Bult) ~ Oxlt) Continuoas ith respect tot. thee wast exist ts © (tte) st. Bult) Bxlts) = 20+ Min(ky, ky) 4b j Hh but 6 (Bal) = Bx?) = vilutng CAE) . Thus thea iso KE GA. YEE TAS, [ouce): ~Bxlt)| € (2k Bo 2kN+ 6c) Bur |&(4) — K(Pa)l = 3p [(6,1b)~Byla))= Fl) #6 eto) do 7 (Bulb)-Be(5)) = (Bale) - b«(0))] etek “id, 26, 2% i uta, (0.2 fe SolW§. 3 t= |“eetery G2 [2% , st Ux elirh, ures) lo, 2 [ktpo- Ktfall<é 5 “Se k(Vu) is antinians function of d Finally & K (Cu) Can only assiaae whe, k (Go) = kA) an be ox aged) (Cd tv) tnd KCB. )= ROMA) gaagannngnadeee ino WAS (o) Wi define 24) = (ponnd, Wsinht) ie. et) = BS had ap cond) hn fillet Fel oh Sader [Se lt = 207 2+ the (ointion igdewe of Kis ns! tb) We follow ths de finirtens of GNP ay inthe hind bat dfn 1 inure prrolly Jet UER? ude define (f= UU. sing eet 1s conipeet, h just attain its mining To By Leper iter Ht BE So hitels dtd) leo pe. dl LU, By defoition, P 1s voviauats UG) 5 the votetion ini of bay Qlt)= Yet) = edt pur). fs foe KU) nen (CE tledet =) gilt): ¥ to tet (eter) dfs Now he Wis exoel because Buu z0 = We can set Veal anihhane Bll Ve R= frv[rood , is exact on V. Mee GU) re, hecoue Vt hddz he) > (di) = vlle)) .U ro > YU)U 20 (Le He +42) Se Metuotstrny = Oy (Ylte+z))- = bul (te) = Gu(-attsyfpicitn)) ~Bdeeetf pitt) € oi T for Cé (tor F, tor 11, QW) alt -t et) (olive) nt) Mu! ae eer / nonnd a ee ee et te sbhadslebedetbedclapsNow we set you, VE Vrvire), Was enact on yi al)! | Seileto ran, torcy = By ldlte)) — By (Alto) (3 stds freigg) Bot for Hit, Bu(-Bth)) ~84 (2 U)) + By (3 601) — Bgl Alt) ttt Nt that if ou thee 20 Thus. em) kV = KG) = et he. potetion index is 41 Tdolo< 1 La ee \ week M19 h’to) = 0 S olf U=0 €> Xl) Lu), N= 44 Jer M(aita= Sd Sine of (fo) Ly.) §>3), Alo) = ‘2Ufe) Us k-SN= k-§= PK lh)). Nblb)) (b) Gowstrect BOE) aa ia Ex IIS, By Ex tore IE kom. Then rotation jndk js Fh Al = % (ebm 6+ 0) - ‘ol ti)=a pseu : (Ri eooflet - saan Nof Cis ents becuse MUES' ACH) = AUtett) V Cte CER, € ispesied $2 thee mat fe tot tU). 64. h’Uto)=0 So M/(oe(te)) =#Ub ia UE is perieic MLUD must howe Both Ramee cand” icrure fg. 1d reaps | A’) =KUS)=0 A (JO Alt) €0. But Sines N=2U, Nruito, So h’(to)40 So he)? Cikowrn, USS, A’ Ute) 20 => U- Nidlfo))> 0 => Niklte)) =U NUB< 6 2 UNH) <0 > Moths) o>. So Nis onto (0) Askro fhleoa\ltldt ronotminlly incteasing art t. Sart 8+ JE Macndc than 2 = (aco BUH, SmBUN) ys M C02 Wile), 56 (26(0), 516 10) = (66,56) 52 Ble 2201 4 #50, but by Ex (012, [iE (koa) dle = Site BUC) - Ble =2y Hy kero, € >be, sore IE n22 tan tlt is 0 th BU.) bo tot because BLED iS eonki mows, Bur (on B(ts), sabi) = (wBo,5in6e) So NCE) =A) But by that vowtrecl ets with “the assump tim HA NUEN Ue) ¥ 4 é(ta.c) Se _yel jie [i (beoltajdesan By tb) Ge Se Coulter = Pitlioinnef «2% £27, Koo. tt eel 2F, wluck intwn equals [RE (kee ree, As kro C= bet T, (a) har chown -the Gaussian map in over, Now a that NIE)=Nite) iff We= tot Cal, Bat Tis poviel ef o So Gittussion wap is Infection, [a_sum, Cb JS ote - br- une eee ry EEE TEE VoTzI_IFSSE {1.20 (a) Hp is Juat ee print fo, 50 chvioerly bf) (uasinit y2-h, by ) (6) op (t)= (An Coot, Qa sinet) Srailer to thamph 2 on Pp 7S, kifen. (0 Corte 9: Ta20T Co, oR heh GU flu loot isd) dues 2 Rby Fiagyeoygigie! euowa PolE = Fie)ko,So k(Yl) =o . - Pa YL = f(costisoet) © Ref) = R(BLD) Fk (el) = 0 by Ex 117) na Ad Constiue eltu)= (uN f (Llotsisiat)) if ute on [are letor] a An (vot 4tsint)® tf wo en = By def «| ¥ al ‘flee We. IaI 71, we have PUu)#o . Chis fee wf (d(eot+isiat)) = [ing UM BA (00 kt sieht) Loe = Alcott iat) . = YUbe) So Y is vemhinons . Y(t, 0) = bn (vont 5 sinnk) y eek 01375 k(Pu.o) = 1 € By Ex Wl7. kM) = k (PUN) = LCP Ue) =H - a (e) Combining Co) td coed) , tc) seys kUfl=0, (a) Sayfa Ope a: So wither n= 0. on. if ae paint of Ct) les sleep Kir AXis, “thew choose V= (10), by By, we have kpc)=O,coveut, © MAI Let obits eyeing be te. sat ‘ a ee ad sch tt a) lies onthe pasitire Y-axis. Noten ; - Hoe Dir we consti puma B Pst ve pateaild =a Fie oll totxf SSH, of alt) CrOSSeS Posifiet KeAhi upwead difue drs if eresses dew), elena fied & iE vla)= AB) ES postive XoOMp, lepine mtv likevrve in fai, poten) — | =| (att) dé = LB lin [ise dB fou") Lt . : ue U0) ed bv pall 4 in_prouf of Then 3. We check tee conseuutive © | Crossings of paste pais: Cik-owe) sd PH Se diay angle formula ey oagle pala bee [0 (ott in-2)) = ict FAH 1 tH ot . ay ult PX 4 0 GbE 6] Hela) BY 7+ ae (Bowl b)- 200 I Py r¥ A -a 7 wot myo) a te (ant y - blat))) tA ae ey 2 4 zn 8 e! 1} 4) ig on pos Ko-AXis, them ble) = 4 2 [de ten) = 35° (45 Ina = So) wd Se the torbunien is enrrect in both cases. oy tet Bld) =ol= (as YG). Bele fide = UNA fae Se RIB) Jp) = Lye) - We kaw bi 8)= 267 Kez, gf hl i idger Cb) Suppose Pond § are juinel by Pp: [Ed I>@at (0 =p. pidl=% Define Plt yu) = oH) BM) om Cab) led] > R-(0} (Sine B bP} 22:ol = eel Djs poatinnwd Plt e) = OP. Plt A) = x UF PLO) = k( Yl) => Kelas) = kyr) (as ele) = k(A0-P)) Pu ti 2 rh fa.) “The maiz coreaponbicg & dp in B= MGW? (G97 DH (Wis tha Hessron) Ree Lptv)= -NGIP HV, kiv)> -/9' WHY = Yplv) for ve Sp. View & | s3/ub L 5 Jim i. Of = (Itenr), Va Blornt0°4) where tis the TM spt after |. t2i-=M 2 in Fern =0 SY (= 0 YY byflal So omy ext V-ESp WIl>) | &_pviaei vadwe direction, sith priveiply our vate © _! | 5 Pe ual Be cee. 0 Hip)=o gfe (2m i2Xeu) vftpif=2r = 27 kl) = we BV Any VeSp. lvl is. prnayle aacvatue dieution, with principle duvarece F tafe ry", Hep)> ~ ny Of = = [48 e, PS) He (PR) ke ffm]: 2 vfer-fi.e0) hiv)= -S(Evzs aves but): -0( Riad) gyre S., veo. tes) Va21, So Riv) gdtains Us extromam at (0,21,0) and (0.0.41) be. princi vit leins * tra ae wea tenti) princi, — Cuvevitwr directing, curvature Br oad teapectine ly. p= Yeo. pea R Ss) e | | [ | : seboduuugduan L Parae (a, 3, 24) 2( se) lofi: 2 Vfte= (3.2. | = kw (Zvi Bu-p i VVE Sp. ve (0, vy) VETS =| py -avi)= -a((K avi) = a(fi+d)e- b] Fk) dtu maw lon Vie[max= & tttains nin whe VEO mig > 0 napa carreatire dad principle covet dice voor Gert 2 (0.0.21), 8) (ome) 2) kelp d= Bee. dyes Ce 8) Wb of = (2%, 2% (1-2 Udey)t)E oy (62 F459) H=f2 9 @ \ For 0) wee (02,0) eplle2, ( p=(0s.0) : \° rexi(aies)* yeys (ded 0 gmml rR) 2-H (ote - =. (p)=(0,2, 2,2) [h [lofilz2 uu 22© © - = ¢ (a) KO EQVP BNET IVE | Veo.) VREMEEDT kevdop EVd = math =f. when V3>0 rantahwon Yor =31 Se (G129)) and ((oee) A) © Ucpl= £3, kipd= EL - (bk) =-ViVE HVS V>(W0.Ms) evra) elu) 1+2V3 min= 1 woe Vs=°., max =! when veel, SC (41,6.0),-1) ,((2.22i)1) ip) 0. kep)=~F TA If aides eagle of Lp for 3, that oe = N= -Lewlel)= -ZpUv) Le As 122, the fusion curvtiee Is indspendoct ob or elation a kt RPE Yee teet vey, zfpll= Oates)" apt etd wsheet Tp stuns for the Wingecten map for evitalatny -W That. Spacey Lplvd = rite > Blvi)=- reve So bp 5 eiymvmlus tertapesds 10 a's cigesonlaa i . So Raa nt ded = Gi)" We = CO" BT Fhohddelehddeletdelel Apply Then 5 2 = 5 9fl0) =(P, 4 h.-%8) take Viz P,%5,2.%), v4 = (2. .%) Mie, Mle ee (8) 212 3b CE) tp aati (ate Fi5 MY, So Kip) = Ys (xteyt-x8) fiderts x bylixeextex)) <0 sees oa This ig =e bewise at each peat > jles's o_o WARP (ad) which Lie con lotaly in S,s0 $ doea't fo tif accelenstion» Besrdes, if Bs oneatel © tue shan Saban bends away fom, 2 so kiv)#s <0 ivated jw - Te Eh lt ure acta gat of So Dis - GA eigeastlye of dp. Se _Kip)=0 . oa ° 12.9 2=suftp)= (P, vila, Kb? -¥s/e2) For Hy #0 we may fabe ve (26/2, 6, He). vee (po, 4/2, o/P) WM LE oa e G C3 a 2 det Wa) Polote o fore wee X [eta vt/e'—r8le)= are = (Set HE) = al kil =faritcr(S+F +BY I. naghtiee A euch post pthee cat seme diciting gs dt (Vi ). Bee ele (20 lai) li eh ol (Gd De = Le beads teweds NM, Some directions bead ie} outed from No So the moe of ke) 20, min kOe hs kUp)= product af two entree ilies) ECppeio e - (nso Be 8 9f)=(P, RY, Hx,-) Ve (pelo, aM) Vaz (bat RY) . q 2g & .Se ie 221 il Te axe ‘deal 7 ue ps tlie 2? axl | Zo) 2 Xi wht 1 =u pepe 2 > EAM eX hy 2 Bp kipy= 4/eb (in et), R0e) 70 As con be seen gram te ft that S bef ower . Ment ll pres inal deetios on in Sp if Sis Inward srieated « if ated fan saunas bead aig 2 fom Nina deco Se roduc kip)>9 \ . | 2 pl 2- (2B, FB). ve BY vie (pn FE) tal [eis elo iff pogo] bate et 2p!) \elet avd Zip) ferlar-avvp? | lee d= Hoe + FT Klp)= ~G/eb (it BE SS) co hers tm plot aad calyme ite shape but look ot tke gregh at dtpetere —Arttp: Musers. ¢sise anu. ede x ong reeig fea fot} —_ 3 [212 (6) Cylinde C2 GeXoKNs - Hom), 2s Ge fe, f4.0), Ect 2 yz too). Vaz (fy de ‘} We oe °) Se a Atos 0 by Thm 5 2) lve)? fhe te) 22g Le) 3 Vir (oo 01) Ve and then decide Ver Ya. Wud tee) Ge (p20 3 i ini aA Kner Jota) 22 LP Gr Ht), (So 2Glerend 22). 3 : Mn (0.:0.4, 9h), ME a -iu.0) = Nya * hee 0) 3 See). € — af! oleh alae) papi? te “bi! |e Reasy rf Hindutin S = (Bag) / (ie 28s sae lif aed = : | > ! ay t x |g Oconee Jy Biberetix URW E Sp (oven if ¥EW=a ie, view), So te te prove th beste, ont only needs to prove thet Nip) Gp ipl fw) = Nip)-vaw , where Wip) is Gauss map. HNUDIIE | By Th 5, klpre |-4 etwn] /acp réal,] wile) ‘tple) x Lyla = [28 fen] = ip) AE _ kip) seme NX 7 [215 By Tha, k¢0) =] sea) /uzcont [#,] = 20p)= 22 <2 /n2tndi* ° fel: 2ipyvew = 2p): 2(p)= M2cpry> fs = 2p) WW a oe J of { VS ESSER TSHa © © «. bib Py Tan 2s lft -gamprises an crthonormel bins. fer Sp, Let them © | be (eure) der sites “ya)T. at Tho 3. Kite APT: A wets asa Be Fal) As Ve= 225 tye , 50 bu). Pui) th = Ew) = SUP ts = Shit): by t5, As Bath Vand A axe orthenermad , vera a! TTT, Se ,T is mbe grifetnermal . So THT=EL (Tis identity) Se pire i Seat n So Tk) = KP), thas Bepls t Ekvip)= £E keve) iT (8) Obviews by The 3 Z(Yis))= (co B)LiV,) + mB) LV.) * k(vb)) = L(ViB)) V6) = eB 204) Vy + Sin?8 LU) Vo + 5inb 8 (LUV) Vat 2) Vi) LU) Vee ke Ven =O. LO) M20 Se _k(¥(0)) = to -ki + Sin?O-Ve (b) Hy = dlkithy) , ap e(veondo= sof ki fotwre AB + ke fe %sinael 6) = Lkrtke) =H, 1G dy N= (ven) = i (lp) =~tetepho lf ee os ane egg Lp. then Vari Va wee epee we ~hp Jems WATE: #1) lpi) = ivy So trledp) = ${-di) + - tp) So Up? +h trldp)= Z diy N (2.19@ 3 is See). wet we 20 £9 ¢ Pf (pla)=0 But Sis t-surfuer 50 "gio fool! p and thas UPFC VP 50 Fis n-curfnce pese> J=ce> Jfep)= flere <> ap eS clehdeelehenanhaccenanonnaol (b) WN in yl 3 Image, ‘ap.st SfIPIEN , But T9lop)= + ofp) TIN |ap = 2 stan ieohr = Of [NN = WS Nis aleon bss lage S © VN in Gauss image of ©, 38.5.1 998) [PP giDll= N. But aap a 9f (gly) © of (epia) [Ref ble a Valp /yarsepu) = 758) /nggeDil= N . Bethe saa ingen of Bd Wirt the aide (OQ) WveSp. tv) = -ONev » ON (OM, (p)sV, ==, TMaalPh YY ¥ e analy) ANE), IME (py) As shart hand dente Vp ECF fo fab), = : Motil Fe Torn Eh te) ej (filo 1 Exh By WS Flv) = -W WV, Using simdlar palates aR aap (fey gil - 2S! Maud 9p) =F (pln). i «G00 = 2M ie agtop) = Vf (p), 99\led= ae fejlelo). 1 Jiylepls iol) 26 HARAARAAARAAAAHOAHALHEKEEHEHHHKHHKHH HHH HAHA akaalsVOVOVNVVOVOLVOLESLOLEEEEEE eeeLteteuvovuseLeELOLE _ bugle - So Styup & Sr lpk Se Riv) = We /n, which js.obe ee But mean carvihure His the si@averape of Kec sfatiowy prists thus HCep)= a IMP) (A) by (houss-krmecker curvature) is fhe product of Kev) at statimun) pond So Klop) =a" kip) Z Remark Above Grgamet based ra stitimans prinls 2 dof sdret eaough, expectedly consiten es the ‘shened) en fivil=| ny poinds : imuluplicity of p's ergenvalats. A betlec prowl rs 2 Mevmsmesobpe fy 0.96—) 27 V((P) 5 Sp= Sap» Wy. €5p Liv) we gIktvew)-kivie-kiw)} let Gp be mange map om at ap Zpiu)-w= 3 [Rlvew) -R)-Kiw)] = FZ p¢v)-w Since W ig abitrory i» Spyio Gplv= x lplv)\ So each enenralue Xi of Tp correapnds to | the ergansahic 0/0 of Tp Ms Hand ane heerge [pradnet of eigentalars ve hawt Hop) = HOP) Klapy= ar" kip) PoE sat We Dapl¥- All ESp | stdan ont hos (Zipivd a lpl)-(Zagl>- & Lyle) =0. $4 Zaptv)= 4 Uplv) a (34 IFS IS tomer (ut ‘p, then Us NIP) Gauss-map) cttuins Local max/uin ot | $0 Fp ir sewi-definite 50 GE a semindefinate But the Gaussferonecker Curvative which \s agit te te product of oll cignvolns sf Isis aegedive As Sp is oxen slimeasienal flare must be ma posite and ma negeduve cigenveln, which corhadiets the prt ther 9 ig semi-clefnite Sv Si hot conven ot p G2 Vviwesy Crlgrrdn)w= ul th-hN)w)w = Oy(vh)w—(Ch-N) (Yrv-w) Du (Grad h) v= Sy (the (WAIN) Y= Vu lPh) = Che) (WNev) We aot Lp is selfadjoid fe. WoW w= Vwi V. Besides, bp Wl eh)ors VHw = WHY = Calehyw So Wlgad hw = ulgmd AY, So self adj [3 (6) = If is pesdef. than Veigrvardr ¥ BUW= NV, QE) ve A 70 as 2s Palef Ee kan tlad du viyencerters yin makeup on arthonernel basis on Sp. ¥VESp. bi v= Baie Ley.v- Ravi) Eave = Baan) (2m ve)-(3 acrive) ($a) bie FFA BO becowe Mi ¥2 pe ped to 0 iff Heep ar=0 je. v=0 S (b) Sime Z és self -asljornt linear tremsfrrmactum , ity assericted matrix is symmettic. 50 tt ha» twe real valued mad oh det l>0=> Jikev ad A620, then Lis wegatet definition ie, there cont be omy v QU) 0. | thus 170, 078 27 a& 5 J <2 by defiastin Qlv) 70 for all v4.0 As D is pos def. both eigenen ne = posite Hons det Lod dar? = | (9) Lisnenesqulen er dit LTA #0 €> Dito (Now eigtiwduss) Lis novcdegeners = 5 oa = Xp 13 nonedeennet > Le VE Wg mth) i6 non-sigmlen > dite Hy GelpadA)eo = C4 tf his i fin of omy fusctio which har constant HHMI], hen z hoki Bade IVAN [BtO = U-ehtecrd If nace} . = Ghivit) ace) = (how) (4) = 1 —$ fatby) = flora) + fb bowl) > kB) + JS heal onde = Figo) aly led VAICH)= dG) Azo but Ahbects) 2h (Aer). = So ff rhc = x [uall=d tx But yu)= chet). So =\ = | $2 DA BU= BlA)c 2. is alse o Grecient (ag pessing thu vin) but sth pe | [ne is wniqu, 50 62%. thy Tis exchully the hin te quests : Lf UGAI = vst js ast guarentocd, WE FEEL’ thet is propaitin aay bald. © The Allowing is on eomatorOxample et Rl%u%)= Aln) FOMs)=X =) tha TR=ChU,0) of 2151) se S= fe i6 nesurfve Loe? ian S| UE) BUDE S, So we cum write in bref elt= (vit).e) “petl = (pit),0) c So nos cits Au) [Buf Jets} vee nn © | GU) appeers in tla conclusion only teside A(CUtY sis i ait ae ib is actually tx Hoe» [Ratatat = £1). New we =! He check functin Att) = £ Sint (170) 50 FB} ne e Aefinsd en (Rt R) which ie open. lot of tess bbe” N BO es | “he first_poak po-the left of teis 4.x whee Gx 4 +h, xe Te 5] hteexls tT, Albex) = fet sim fet ETE, ote hig) | hs th teis US, 01 Gere- 1 S= oe >x e| 7 Bein (hetit 5) xb. Now suppose (0) = t+ whe 21s safficiertly smell, 9D for 1>0, #1) puonctonically increases. and BO is fired fo decrenss reat As 2 saa ke sec truly Smal by above discassim, BCt) first reaches oX , while ~ Jet] hurt Peashod fot, be, = AbebhewMartaes hak x lus enough ipetes +o go rght and eanuhiley peaches to7X while of erly reaches to+X4 26. GP g such amondnt, hen we hone ACe(bi) < h(6Cb)) adh contradicts the Cxeccise assertion = ; 28 eo)eo uu vulebibu 5 ie BS WM 6lH =< => gACBitaye BEL)=0]_, vhlettp)-Blu)=0 okt) BCH) ) alley» (grad A)falto) = at) 64) Gnd Nota) Be) = (gh (ott) = (ahr) Mt) wlt))- Br, 20 eo = AK (4) CU) =0 bg ivloters)) BIE) = N(BCEA) Bit) =O Bb bu OG ih b bovuvbdvue vuD B v sas wo vouss 29 —