EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

By
Ankita toro
Anusha Kulkarni
Megha akki
Meghana ijari
Poornima p badiger
Rafiya parveen
Shilpa j
 introduction
• Construction equipments are one of the very important resources of
modern-day construction, especially in infrastructure projects. Such
projects utilize equipments for most of the works including earthmoving
operations, aggregate production, concrete production and its
placement, and so on. In fact, one cannot think of any major
construction activity without the involvement of construction equipment.
• . There are different types of construction equipments suitable for
different activities in a construction project. The choice of construction
equipment defines the construction method, which in a way leads to the
determination of time and cost for the project.
 EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS IS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TO :

• TO SHIFT AMOUNTS OF EARTH
• TO DIG FOUNDATIONS AND LANDSCAPE AREAS

TYPES OF EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS INCLUDE ..

• POWER SHOVELS
• BACKHOE
• SCRAPERS
• BULLDOZERS
• DUMPERS
• GRADERS
• TRENCHERS
• LOADERS
 Power shovel

• Power Shovels are used primarily to excavate earth and load it into trucks or tractor pulled wagons or
onto or onto conveyor belts.
• They are capable of excavating all classes of earth, except solid rock, without prior loosening, like in
quarries, mines in any road projects etc.
• Power shovels are considered as basic tool for excavating the materials and loading.
• They may be mounted on crawler tracks, in which case they are referred to as crawler mounted shovels.
Such shovels have very low travel speeds.
• However, they may be mounted an rubber-tired wheels. Single-engine self-propelled units are powered
and operated from excavator cab. The non-self-propelled units mounted on the rear of tracks, which are
referred to as truck-mounted, have separate engines for operating them.
block, boom, boom point sheaves and bucket.
 Basic parts of power shovels
• The basic parts of a power shovel
include the mounting, cab, boom,
dipper stick and bucket or dipper
and under carriage unit.
• Power unit
• Under carriage unit
• Hoist and loading assembly: It is
used for hoisting the dipper and
loading the material into
predetermined place.
• It essentially consists of rigid boom
and dipper stick which is strongly
built to withstand impact loading
while excavation. To operate
shovel in favorable condition i.e.
economically, it will be necessary
to reduce the depth of penetration
of dipper face.
CONSTRUCTION & WORKING OF POWER
SHOVEL
Old new
 Applications of power shovels

• Suitable for close range of work

• Capable of digging very hard materials,
• can remove big sized boulders.
• It is used in various types of jobs such as digging in gravel banks,
clay pits, digging cuts in road works, road-side berms, etc.
 Backhoe
• A backhoe , also called a rear actor or back actor , is a piece of excavating equipment or digger
consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two – part articulated arm .they are typically
mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader
• The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries
the bucket is known as the dipper or dipper stick
• The boom is attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as kingpost, which allows the arm to
slew left and right ,usually through a total of around 200 degrees . Modern backhoes are
powered by hydraulics
 Applications of backhoe

• It is the most suitable machine for digging below the machine level,
such as, trenches, footings, basements etc.
• It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface avoiding the use
of manual effort for dressing the excavated the surface.
 Bull dozer

• A bulldozer is a large powerful tractor, also called as crawler tractor

(track type or chain type) (track laying) (continuous tracked tractor)
equipped with a substantial (large) metal plate (known as a blade) in
front used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such
material (flattens areas of ground) during construction or conversion
work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known
as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials.
• The term "bulldozer" is often used erroneously to mean any heavy
equipment (sometimes a loader and sometimes an excavator),but
precisely, the term refers only to a tractor (usually tracked) fitted with a
dozer blade.
The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the material from one place to
another.
The tractor can be of the crawler or the wheeled type.
Classification of bull dozer
1. Position of blades
Bull dozers in which the blade perpendicular to the direction of movement
Angle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the direction of movement.
2. Based on mountings
Wheel mounted
Crawler mounted
3. Based on the control
Cable controlled
Hydraulically controlled
 bulldozers -tracked
In such Crawler tractors, there is endless chain or track in place of
pneumatic wheels.
They are distinguished by a large ground contact area and therefore
have a good track adhesion;
Such crawler tractors show a high cross-country power, and are
capable of developing high pull.
 BULLDOZERS -TRACKED
Bulldozers / Tracked or 'crawler' tractors.
• They are generally used in farms where
soils are difficult to cultivate, such as
heavy clays, or where seasons are
shorter and wet conditions predominate.
• More power can be transmitted to the
drawbar than wheeled tractors.
• Maintenance costs are however
higher than for wheeled tractors.
• Also, unlike wheeled tractors, they must be transported
from field to field by a 'low loader'.
• High powered, high speed tracked tractor that
runs on rubber tracks and can be driven on the road
are also available.
• This model may make the tracked tractor more popular in future. Tracked
tractors have power ratings of 65-700 HP.
BULLDOZERS- WHEELED

 another type of bulldozer is the wheeled bulldozer, which generally has four
wheels driven by a 4-wheel-drive system and has a hydraulic, articulated
steering system.
 the blade is mounted forward of the articulation joint, and is hydraulically
actuated.

Wheeled Bulldozer
 APPLICATIONS

Bull dozers are mainly used for the following operations

1.For spreading the earth fill
2.For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and rocky terrains.
3.Clearing construction sites.
4.Maintaining haul roads
5.Clearing land from the trees and stumps
6.back-filling trenches at construction sites by dragging the earth from one
place to another
 Scrapers

a tool or device used for scraping, especially for removing dirt, paint, or other
unwanted matter from a surface.
or
The scraper is a large piece of equipment used in mining, construction,
agriculture and other earthmoving applications. The rear part has a vertically
moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front edge.
• Scrapers are the result of a compromise between the best loading and the
best hauling machines.
• Scrapers are used to scrap the ground, load it simultaneously, then transport
it over a distance, dump at the desired place and then spread or layered.
• The ability of these machines to deposit their loads in uniformly thick layer
will facilitate the succeeding spreading operation
• On the return trips to borrow pits the cutting blades of scrapers may be
lowered enough to remove high spots, thereby assisting in maintaining the
haul roads.
• Thus, scrapers are designed to dig, load, haul, dump and spread. Therefore
sometimes it is called “Carryall.
• It essentially consists of a large scoop provided with cutting edge. The scoop
is in the form of bucket on hollow container, which is known as bowl or body.
• The scoop can excavate, transport and dump the material wherever required.
• The cutting edge of scoop does the excavate work and the excavated
material goes on collecting in howl from the front gate.
• The material is transported to the site of dumping and is taken out from the
tailgate of the bowl. Then facilitate the succeeding spreading operations to
required and uniform thick layer.
 Types of Scrapers
Scrapers may be broadly classified into two main categories
1) Crawler — tractor scraper
2) Wheel — tractor scraper.
a) Single — engine
b) Twin — engine
c) Two — bowl tandem
d) Elevating Scrapers.
 DUMPERS

A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on

building sites.

Dumper is also known as Dump truck. The motor

vehicle which is specially designed & constructed
for carrying the heavy loads under various
operations conditions can be called as Dumpers.
These are meant for carrying rocks, coal,
minerals, aggregate and other materials in
construction works.
Dumper may be ON road Vehicle or OFF road
vehicle.
ON road Dumpers generally used in normal roads
such as in road construction, while OFF road
means, vehicle is used apart from good words, i.e.
in terrains like in dam construction mines etc.
DUMPERS
 The constructional features of Dumper is similar to that heady duty truck, except
a high strength container or trolley is mounted at back side of the Cabin and
Hydraulic assisted load raising and lowering facility is provided for dumping
material in the trolley.
 Some dumpers may have 2 hydraulic cylinders and the size of rear wheel and
number of rear axles may vary with load carrying capacity and mode of
operations.
 Suspension at front is of rigid elliptical type and at rear heavy duty leaf springs
are provided to absorb high impact loading under severe operating conditions.
 Container for dumper is specially constructed to withstand ill handlings. Heavy
duty air cleaner, filter, share proof mountings of all instruments, dust proof
electrical systems and cushion mountings for radiator may present in some
dump trucks.
 Dumpers play important vole in dam construction, road making, mining etc. for
carrying materials and dumping at required place quickly and conveniently.
graders
•A grader, also commonly reffered to as a road grader,
a blade , a maintainer, or a construction machine with a
long blade used to creat a flat surface.

•Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the
rear axles at one end of the vehicle and third axle at the front end of vehicle,
with the blade inbetween.
Uses
•Used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat
surface for the asphalt to be placed on.

•Used to set native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior to the
construction of large buildings.
trenchers
•TRENCHERS ARE SIMILAR TO EXCAVATORS IN THE EARTH,
BREAKING SOIL AND ROCK, AND REMOVE IT FROM THE
GROUND.

•TRENCHERS DIFFER FROM THE EXCAVATORS , IN THAT THE

SOIL IS REMOVED IN ONE CONTINOUS MOVEMENT.
USES
USED FOR DIGGING TRENCHES FOR PIPES.