Synthesis and Characterization of SilicaNanoparticl

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Introduction
Heavy Metals are defined as a metalloid element with high density ranging
from 3.5 to 7 g cm3, even though at low concentrations it is toxic and poisonous.
These include Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Thallium (Tl), Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni), Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) (Ravindra K. Gautam, 2014). The chemists Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Formatted: Font: 12 pt
categorized heavy metals that are at least five times denser than water. Although
these are naturally occurring elements that can be found on the crust of the Earth Formatted: Font: 12 pt
due to mining, industrial production, agricultural and domestic use of metal
containing compounds will result in environmental contamination and human
exposure (Karnib, Kabbani, Holail, & Olama, 2014). Formatted: Font: 12 pt

The industrial heavy metal pollution will possibly happen or occurs in point
source areas such as mining areas and other metal-based agricultural and
industrial areas. Some natural phenomena have a contribution in heavy metals
pollution like weathering and volcanic eruption. In the past few years, regarding
environmental contamination by these metals has been reported an increasing of
ecological and global public health concern about it. Heavy Metals can affect the
bodies of water and land masses (Paul B Tchounwou, Heavy Metals Toxicity and Formatted: Font: 12 pt
the Environment, 2014)
Through the process of inhalation, digestion and contact with skin, heavy
metals can be exposed to human. Variety of deficiency diseases or syndromes is
the result of lacking in supply of metals such as cobalt (Co), copper (Cu),
chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo),
nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) but if torrent, it may also affect human
health. Balance in exposure of metals is needed to maintain good effect on
human body. When human is exposed to large amounts of a particular metal at a
long period of time Heavy metal poisoning occurs (Paul B Tchounwou, 2014). Formatted: Font: 12 pt
The presence of nickel salts in water is the major problem of
contamination in marine systems. Nickel poisoning may cause reduction in cell
growth, cancer and nervous system damage. Though it plays an important role in
the synthesis of red blood cells; still, it becomes toxic when taken in higher doses Formatted: Font: 12 pt
(Ravindra K. Gautam, 2014). Formatted: Font: 12 pt
On the other hand, copper is a metal that is naturally occurring in soil, Formatted: Font: 12 pt
water, sediment and at low levels air. It’s also occurring naturally in plants and
animals. Copper is important in all living organisms at low level of intake. If it’s Formatted: Font: 12 pt
intake at high level, toxic or poisonous effect may occur. The major sources of
copper that will directly depict in the environment are mining, metallurgy and Formatted: Font: 12 pt
industrial applications (Ravindra K. Gautam, 2014). Formatted: Font: 12 pt

Some of the techniques are used for the separation of waste water with
heavy metals such as ion exchange, precipitation, adsorption, membrane
processes, reverse osmosis, sedimentation, electro-dialysis, etc. New and
effective adsorbents for heavy metal ions removal derived from aqueous solution
are in demand in increasing rate of environmental pollution. Adsorption process
is very popular process on separating and eliminating heavy metals either in soil
or in aqueous solution because of its simplicity and low cost (Ahmad, Siddiqui, & Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Ahmad, 2017). Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Silica nanoparticles or the Silicon dioxide nanoparticles has an excellent
biocompatibility, low toxicity, thermal stability, facile synthetic route, and large-
scale synthetic availability that has an ability on biological applications. The Formatted: Font: 12 pt
unique large surface area, well-defined pore size and pore shape of Mesoporous
silica materials have received considerable attention. Mesoporous silica MCM-41
has been functionalized and employed to eliminate traces of toxic heavy metal
from wastewater (Heidari, Younesi, & Mehraban, 2009). For environmental Formatted: Font: 12 pt
applications, the development of functionalized nanoporous material is
necessary. Mostly, the functionalization of mesoporous silica has been studied.
Activated carbon, silica, and graphene can be used in the purification of water as
an adsorbent (Mona Karniba et al. 2014).
The objective of the present work is to test the ability of Silica nanoparticle
(SiO2NPs) on rice straw to remove heavy metals using batch adsorption method.
Statement of the Problem
This study entitled “Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Nanoparticle
(SiO2NPs) in Rice (Oryza sativa) straw for the Adsorption and Removal of
Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) Heavy Metals” sought to answer the following
questions:
1. Does the Oryza sativa straw have a potential source of Silica
Nanoparticle?
1. How effective is the Oryza sativa as a source of Silica Nanoparticle? Formatted: Font: 12 pt
2. Does the morphological analysis of the synthesized Silica Nanoparticle
(SiO2NPs) have an ability to adsorb heavy metals?
3. What heavy metals between Copper and Nickel accumulate faster by Formatted: Font: 12 pt
the Silica Nanoparticle from O. sativa?
4. Is there a significant effect of Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) in the
adsorption of heavy metals on different concentration and time
exposure?
4. Is there a significant difference between the effect on different Formatted: Font: 12 pt
concentration and time exposure of Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) in
the adsorption of heavy metals?
5. Is there a significant effect of Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) in O. sativa
straw on the adsorption of Copper and Nickel heavy metals?
Objectives of the Study Formatted: Font: 12 pt
This study entitled “Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Nanoparticle
(SiO2NPs) in Rice (Oryza sativa) straw for the Adsorption and Removal of
Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) Heavy Metals” aimed to:
1. Analyze if the O. sativa straw is effective as a has a potential source of Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Silica NanoparrticlesNanoparticles.
2. Examine the morphological analysis of the Silica Nanoparticle (SiO 2NPs)
in Oryza sativa straw.

3. Identify which among the two heavy metals adsorbs faster by the Silica Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) from O. sativa straw Formatted: Font: 12 pt
4. Determine whether the amount of concentration of Silica nanoparticle
(SiO2NPs) from O. sativa straw affects the adsorption of Nickel and Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Copper Heavy metals;
5. Determine if the Silica nanoparticle from O. sativa straw is effective in
adsorption of Copper and Nickel Heavy Metals;
Hypotheses of the Study
This study was conducted to validate the following hypotheses:
1.) There is no significant difference between the rate of adsorption of the
Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) from Oryza sativa straw on the Copper and
Nickel heavy metals.
2.) There is no significant difference between the percentage of adsorption of
Silica nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) from Oryza sativa straw in Nickel and
Copper heavy metals at different concentration.
3.) There is no significant effect of Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) from Oryza
sativa straw on Copper and Nickel heavy metals.
Scope and Limitation
The focus of this study was limited on the effect of Silica Nanoparticle from Formatted: Space After: 0 pt
Oryza sativa straw and its application for the adsorption of Copper and Nickel
heavy metals. Only the straw of Oryza sativa was used in synthesizing of
SiO2NPs in this study. Copper and Nickel are the only heavy metals that served
as a sorbent for the application of Silica Nanoparticle. The study was conducted
in Philippine-Sino Center for Agricultural Technology at Central Luzon State
University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. The characterization of Silica
Nanoparticle was examined at De La Salle University, Science and Technology
Research Center in A. Reyes, Malate, Metro Manila. Moreover, analysis for the
adsorption of Copper and Nickel heavy metals using SiO2NPs was tested at
Philippine Rice Research Institute, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.
Significance of the Study
The result of this study will benefit the following:
Industry
The result of this study may help the industrial company that uses heavy
metals especially Copper and Nickel to eliminate these heavy metals in waste
waters or land areas before disposing it to natural resources.
Farmers
This study will benefit most especially the farmers. It will broaden their Formatted: Font: 12 pt
knowledge about the effects of Silica Nanoparticles on Rice Straw that can be
used to reduce the production of heavy metals contamination in their land and
water areas that may affect their crops and farm animals.
Businessmen
This study may help them to produce cost-efficient and effective product
of adsorbent such as this study and producing large amount of nanostructured
silica to adsorb heavy metals.
Teachers
This will serve as a learning resource information as they teach their
students about some techniques and adsorbents of heavy metals, also it will give Formatted: Font: 12 pt
information about the applications of nanotechnology. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Students
The result of this study will provide knowledge about the ability of the silica
nanoparticles as an adsorption for the removal of heavy metals. Also, this study Formatted: Font: 12 pt
encourages them to enhance their knowledge about nanotechnology.
Researchers
The result of this study may help the researchers to be aware and
knowledgeable about the ability of rice straw as an adsorbent on removal of
nickel and copper. They can use it as a reference in their future studies.
Community
This study will help the community especially those who live near
industrial areas that are illegally disposing heavy metals into natural resources. It Formatted: Font: 12 pt
will also provide information on how to conserve the environment.
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents and discusses the step by step procedure of the Formatted: Font: 12 pt
research study and the statistical analysis used.
Collection of Plant Sample
Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticle in Oryza

sativa straw
Analysis of Oryza sativa straw ash using

FTIR Spectrophotometer
Characterization of Synthesized SiO2NPs
Adsorption of Copper and Nickel heavy

metals using SiO2NPs
Statistical Analysis
Figure 1. Methodological Flowchart of the Study

Collection of Plant Sample Formatted: Font: 12 pt
A B Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 14 pt, Bold, Font color:

Background 1
Figure 2 (A-B). Photo of Oryza sativa straw Formatted: Centered
The Oryza sativa straw samples were collected at Brgy. Tampac 1, Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 14 pt, Bold, Font color:
Background 1
Guimba, Nueva Ecija and were burned in preparation for the synthesis of Silica Formatted: Centered
Nanoparticles.was burn in an open area prior to synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
The ash was collected and placed in a zip lock.
Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticle in Oryza sativa Sstraw
The process of (Sekar, et al., (2015) were was followed for the synthesis Formatted: Font: 12 pt
of SiO2NPs. The Oryza sativa straw ash was scaled with the amount of 133.33 g
using electric balance JA21002. The 29% concentrated hydrochloric acid
werewas diluted into 10% concentration. The 133.33 g of ash was divided into Formatted: Font: 12 pt
four 1 Liter reagent bottle. Each contains 33.33 g of ash and werewas mixed with
500 mL of 10% diluted hydrochloric acid to eliminate the metal ions present in O.
sativa straw ash. The solutions were stirred for 2 hours then filtered in an
Erlenmeyer flask and the ash was washed with distilled water. The leached
sample was filtered to separate the ash and distilled water then placed in an Formatted: Font: 12 pt
oven plates to dry at 150oC for 24 hours in an electrical thermostatic blasting
dryer. Lastly, the sample was annealed at 750o C with the ramp rate of 25o C min
for 2 hours using a box furnace at De La Salle University-Science and
Technology Research Center, Malate, Metro Manila.
Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"
Analysis of Oryza sativa straw ash using FTIR Spectrophotometer
The wavelength transmittance of the SiO2NPs was investigated using
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) at Chemistry Department
De La Salle University. The mortar and pestle was sterilized using hexane
(C6H14) solvent. One mg of SiO2NPs was placed in it and mixed with Potassium Formatted: Font: 12 pt
bromide (KBr) to examine its transmittance wavelength. Mixture was transferred
into FTIR bolts nut. The sample was analyzed by means of FT-IR
Spectrophotometer for 400 to 700 nanometers to examine its wavelength.
Characterization of Synthesized SiO2NPs
The surface morphology information of the sample was characterized at
De La Salle University-Science and Technology Research Center in A. Reyes,
Malate, Metro Manila. The synthesized nanoparticle was mounted on a carbon
tape and was coated with gold for electron activation using JFC-1200 fine coater Formatted: Font: 12 pt
and then analyzed through JSM-5310 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) that
was operated at 10kV x 750 to 5,000 voltage of magnification.
Adsorption of Copper and Nickel Heavy metals using SiO2NPs
For the removal of copper and nickel, 36 replicates of 5 mL of the solution
with 100 ppm of Cu and 36 replicates of 510 mL of the solution with 100 ppm of Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Ni were placed in test tubes. Each 3 replicates of Cu and Ni heavy metals were Formatted: Font: 12 pt
treated with 2, 4 and 6 mL of 4000 ppm SiO2NPs concentration. Each 3
replicates with different concentration of SiO2NPssolution waswere analyzed Formatted: Subscript

through UV-Vis Spectrophotometer after 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes of exposure
from 400 to 700 nanometers.
Statistical Analysis
Results were analyzed using Freundlich Method to examine the
adsorption rate of Copper and Nickel heavy metals using Silica Nanoparticle
(SiO2NPs) in Oryza sativa straw. Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Subscript

Fruendlich Equation:
1 Formatted: Font: 12 pt
𝑞𝑡 = 𝐾𝐶 𝑛 Formatted: Centered
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Formatted: Font: 12 pt
This chapter represents and discusses the findings of the study. The Formatted: Font: 12 pt
results were represented and discussed in this chapter based on the objectives Formatted: Font: 12 pt
and hypotheses.
Analysis of the Oryza sativa straw ash using FTIR Spectrophotometer Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Formatted: Left
Figure 3. FTIR Analysis of Oryza sativa straw Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Not Bold, Italic
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Not Bold
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Not Bold, Italic
Figure 3 shows the FTIR result of O. Sativa straw ash. The sample
havesample has some peaks at 474.05, 786.41 and 1103.18 cm-1, in which these Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Italic
peaks are peaks for Si-O bending, Si-O symmetric stretching and Si-O-Si Formatted: Font: 12 pt
asymmetric stretching. These result confirmsThis result confirms that the sample Formatted: Font: 12 pt
contains silica component. The FTIR also detected a peak at 1566.13 cm-1 that
indicated C=C aromatic from graphite. The result verified that the product was
silica and free from graphite component. Same result from the work of
Nandiyanto, Rahman, Fadhlulloh, Abdullah, Hamidah, & Mulyanti (2016), all
samples have some peaks at 460, 700, and 1000 cm-1, in which these peaks are
peaks for Si-O-Si bending, Si-O-Si symmetric stretching , and Si-O-Si
asymmetric stretching , respectively. The results confirmed that all samples
contain silica component. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Morphological Analysis of Synthesized SiO2NPs Formatted: Font: 12 pt

A B Formatted: Font: 12 pt
C D Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Figure 4. SEM Micrograph of the Crystal Phase SiO2NPs Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Italic
Scanning Electron Microscope was used to examine the size and shape of Formatted: Space After: 0 pt
SiO2NPs from Oryza sSativa straw. Figure 4 (A) shows the whole micrograph of Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Subscript
the nanoparticles at 10kV x 750 magnification in 10µm with the shape of Silica
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Italic
Nanoparticle as stone-like shape, SEM image at figure 4 (B) indicate the shape Formatted: Font: 12 pt
of Silica crystal nanoparticles as rocky sand-like shape at 10kV x 3,500
magnification in 5µm ,figure 4 (C) SEM image indicates the shape of Silica
crystal nanoparticles as coral-like shape, and figure 4 (D) at 10kV x 5,000
magnification in 5µm indicates the shape of Silica crystal nanoparticles as Formatted: Font: 12 pt
bamboo strip-like shape.
In figure 4 (C) and (D) it can be observed that the surface morphology and
fiber of the SiO2NPs was in nanometer size base in the 5µm baseline in the
micrograph.
Adsorption of Copper and Nickel Heavy Mmetals Uusing SiO2NPs

Formatted: Left
The data gathered after the analysis under UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Not Bold
was interpreted using the Freundlich model in order to plot the absorption rate of Formatted Table
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Bold, Font color: Text 1
the heavy metals using the SiO2NPs.
Table 1. Time Exposure of 2 2mLmL (0.008 mg of SiO2NPs) at 5mL of 4000 ppm
Nickel
Time of Exposure2 mL Average Absorption Average ppm Formatted: Font: 12 pt
15 mins 0.135 2830.471 Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Font color: Auto
Formatted ...
30 mins 0.132 2778.468
Formatted ...
45 mins 0.132 2778.468 Formatted ...
Formatted ...
60 mins 0.133 2793.326
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Table 1 shows the result of 2 mL or 0.008 g of SiO2NPs at mL of Nickel. Formatted ...

Formatted ...
Fifteen minutes of exposure resulted in the highest absorbance with an average Formatted ...
Formatted ...
of 0.135 absorbance rate while the 30 and 45 minutes of exposure have the
Formatted ...
lowest rate of absorbance at 0.132. In the other hand, 60 minutes has an Formatted ...
Formatted ...
average of 0.133 absorbance rate.
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Table 2. Time Exposure of 4 mL (0.016 mg of SiO2NPs) at 5 mL of 4000 ppm Formatted ...
Nickel
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Time of Exposure 4 mL Average Absorption Average ppm
Formatted ...
15 mins 0.133 2101.118 Formatted ...
Formatted ...
30 mins 0.133 2089.972
Formatted ...
45 mins 0.133 2095.545 Formatted ...
Formatted ...
60 mins 0.135 2123.411
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
As presented on the table (Table 2), shows the adsorption rate of 5 mL Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Nickel heavy metals using 4 mL or 0.016 mg of SiO2NPs. Fifteen, thirty and forty-
Formatted ...
five minutes have the lowest absorption rate with 0.133 while the 60 minutes Formatted ...
Formatted ...
exposure has the highest absorption with the rate of 0.135. Results indicates that
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
in 4ml SiO2NPs, the longer the exposure of the Nickel on SiO2NPs solution, the
Formatted ...
higher the adsorption. Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Table 3. Time Exposure of 6 mL (0.024 mg of SiO2NPs) at 5 mL of 4000 ppm Formatted ...

Nickel. Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Time of Exposure6 mL Average Absorption Average ppm
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
15 mins 0.135 1801.209
Formatted ...
30 mins 0.134 1796.481 Formatted ...
Formatted ...
45 mins 0.134 1791.754
Formatted ...
60 mins 0.132 1768.116 Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Table 3 shows the result of 6 mL or 0.024 mg of SiO 2NPs at 5 mL of Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Nickel. Fifteen minutes of exposure resulted in the highest absorbance with an
Formatted ...
average of 0.135 absorbance rate while the 60 minutes of exposure has the Formatted ...
Formatted ...
lowest rate of absorbance at 0.132. However, 30 and 45 minutes have an Formatted ...
Formatted ...
average of 0.134 absorbance rate.
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Table 4. Time Exposure of 2 mL (0.008 mg of SiO2NPs) at 5 mL of 4000 ppm
Copper Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Time of Exposure2 mL Average Absorption Average ppm Formatted ...
Formatted ...
15 mins 0.142 2722.469
Formatted ...
30 mins 0.144 2766.468 Formatted ...
Formatted ...
Formatted ...
45 mins 0.141 2711.469 Formatted: Font: 12 pt
60 mins 0.141 2711.469
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt
Results Table 4 shows the result of 2 mL or 0.008 mg of SiO2NPs at 5 mL Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Bold, Font color: Text 1
of Copper. In 30 minutes of time exposure resulted in the highest absorbance
with an average of 0.144 absorbance rate while the 45 and 60 minutes of Formatted: Font: 12 pt
exposure has the lowest rate of absorbance at 0.132. In the other hand, 15
minutes has an average of 0.142 Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt

Table 5. Time Exposure of 4 mL (0.016 mg of SiO2NPs) at 5 mL of 4000 ppm Formatted: Left
Copper Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Font color: Text 1
15 mins 0.143 2738.969
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Bold
45 mins Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Bold, Font color: Text 1

0.134 2568.47
60 mins 0.132 2535.471 Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Font color: Auto
Table 5 shows the result of 4mL or 0.016 mg of SiO2NPs at 5 mL of
Copper. In 15 and 30 minutes of exposure resulted in the highest absorbance Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Font color: Auto
with an average of 0.143 absorbance rate, while the 60 minutes of exposure Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Bold, Font color: Text 1
have the lowest rate of absorbance at 0.132. In the other hand, 45 minutes has
an average of 0.134 absorbance rate. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Formatted: Left
Formatted: Left
Table 6. Time Exposure of 6 mL (0.024 mg of SiO2NPs) at 5 mL of 4000 ppm Formatted: Font: 12 pt

Copper Formatted: Left
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Not Bold
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Font color: Text 1

45 mins 0.122 1590.744 Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Bold, Font color: Text 1
60 mins 0.123 1609.503 Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Bold, Font color: Text 1
The result for the adsorption of heavy metals was plotted in a logarithmic
trend line at figure 5. For copper, the red line represents the 2 mL SiO2NPs, Formatted: Font: 12 pt
orange line as 4 mL SiO2NPs and violet line as 6 mL SiO2NPs. And for the Nickel
heavy metal, yellow line indicates the 2 mL of SiO2NPs, blue line for 4 mL Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Font color: Auto
SiO2NPs and green line represents the 6 mL of SiO2NPs.
The 15 minutes’ time exposure got the highest absorption rate of 0.136 Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Bold, Font color: Text 1
while 45 minutes has the lowest absorption rate with 0.122. However, 30 minutes
time exposure has an average absorption rate of 0.131 and 60 minutes time Formatted: Font: 12 pt
exposure has 0.123 absorption rate. Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Font color: Black
Freundlich Equation Graph
for 5 mL of Heavy Metals
800
700
600
500
qt
400
300
200
100
0
0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0
KC1/n
Formatted: Left
Figure 5. UV-Vis Spectra of Silica Nanoparticlee Formatted: Font: 12 pt

The result for the adsorption of heavy metals was plotted in a logarithmic
trend line. For copper, the red line represents the 2 mL SiO2NPs, orange line as Formatted: Font: 12 pt
4 mL SiO2NPs and violet line as 6 mL SiO2NPs. And for the Nickel heavy metal,
yellow line indicates the 2 mL of SiO2NPs, blue line for 4 mL SiO2NPs and green
line represents the 6 mL of SiO2NPs.
Formatted: Centered, Line spacing: Multiple 1.08 li
Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"
The 4 mL of SiO2NPs applied to 5 mL Copper heavy metals has the Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Subscript
highest absorbance from 700 to 800 rate of absorbance while the least rate of
absorbance is the 6 mL SiO2NPs applied to 5 mL of Nickel heavy metals. In
reverse, the 6 mL of SiO2NPs applied to 5 mL Nickel heavy metals was the

fastest absorbance range and 4 mL of SiO2NPs applied to Nickel heavy metal Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Subscript
was the slowest one to absorb heavy metals.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Summary
This study focuses on synthesis and characterization of Silica Formatted: Justified
Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) in Rice (Oryza sativa) straw for the adsorption and
removal of copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) Heavy metals. The Oryza sativa straw
ash was analyzed under Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer to verify Formatted: Font: 12 pt
the sample if it is SiO2NPs and determined the morphological analysis of the
SiO2NPs using Scanning Electron Microscope. The SiO2NPs with copper and
nickel heavy metals were also analyzed to examine the absorbance per
nanometer.
Base on the analysis of data, the following results were determined:
1. Figure 3 shows the result of FTIR was Silica crystal and was observed Formatted: Font: 12 pt
between 400 to 700 nanometers.
2. Figure 4 (A) shows the whole micrograph of the nanoparticles at 10kV x
750 magnification in 10µm with the shape of Silica Nanoparticle as stone-
like shape, SEM image at figure 4 (B) indicate the shape of Silica crystal
nanoparticles as rocky sand-like shape at 10kV x 3,500 magnification in
5µm ,figure 4 (C) SEM image indicates the shape of Silica crystal
nanoparticles as coral-like shape, and figure 4 (D) at 10kV x 5,000
magnification in 5µm indicates the shape of Silica crystal nanoparticles as Formatted: Font: 12 pt
bamboo strip-like shape.

3. Figure 5 shows the adsorption rate of Silica Nanoparticle in Oryza sativa Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Italic
on the adsorption of copper and nickel heavy metals in which the 4 mL of
SiO2NPs applied in 5 mL of 4000 ppm Copper has the highest adsorption Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Subscript
rate but the slowest to absorb heavy metals.
3. Formatted: List Paragraph, Justified, Space After: 0 pt,

Line spacing: Double, Numbered + Level: 1 +
Numbering Style: 1, 2, 3, … + Start at: 1 + Alignment:
Conclusion Left + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
Formatted: Justified
Based on the result and finding of this study entitled “Synthesis and Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Characterization of Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) in rice Rice straw (Oryza Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Subscript
sativa) for the adsorption and removal of copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) Heavy
metals “, it can be concluded that:
1. The Oryza sativa straw is effective ashas a potential source of silica Formatted: Font: 12 pt
nanoparticle based on the FTIR spectra wherein the presence of Silica
components has been recorded.
2. The surface morphology of the silica nanoparticle has an ability to adsorb
heavy metals based on the images of SEM. Formatted: Font: 12 pt
3. There is a significance difference between the rate of absorption in the
different time exposure and concentration of the Silica nanoparticle from
O.oryza sativa straw on the copper and nickel heavy metals wherein the 4 Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Italic
mL of SiOo2NPs applied in 5 mL ofOF 4000 ppm Copper heavy metals
has the highest absorbance but limited time of absorption than the 6 mL of Formatted: Font: 12 pt
SiO2NPs applied in 5 mL OF 4000 ppm Nickel that resulted in least rate of Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt
absorption but faster rate of absorbance.

4. The Silica Nanoparticle in O.ryza sativa straw adsorbs the Copper and Formatted: Font: 12 pt
Nickel heavy metals. Therefore, there is a significant effect of SiO2NPs
from O.ryza sativa straw on two heavy metals. In this portion, SiO2NPs Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Italic
has a potential in absorbing heavy metals that can be used as an Formatted: Font: 12 pt
adsorbent in waste-water.
Recommendation
The researchers recommend to the future researchers to:
1. Use a real-life application model for better usage of SiO2NPs in real-life
situation. Formatted: Font: 12 pt

2. Discover new possible uses of Oryza O. sativa straw in the field of
chemistry and biotechnology. Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Italic

3. Use a larger amount of SiO2NPs and longer time exposure for more Formatted: Font: 12 pt
effective adsorption of heavy metals.
Anneal the O.ryza sativa at higher temperature to completely convert the Formatted: List Paragraph, Justified, Numbered +
Level: 1 + Numbering Style: 1, 2, 3, … + Start at: 1 +
lignin and cellulose to Silica Nanoparticle in O.ryza sativa straw. Alignment: Left + Aligned at: 0.25" + Indent at: 0.5"
4. Formatted: Font: Bold
5. Discover other uses of Silica Nanoparticle from O. sativa straw. Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Bold
Bibliography Formatted: Font: 12 pt, English (United States)
AHMAD, I., SIDDIQUI, W. A., & AHMAD, T. (2017). Synthesis, Characterization Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Not Bold, Check spelling and
of Silica Nanoparticle and Adsorption Removal of Cu Ions in Aqueous grammar
Solution. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced

Engineering, 439.
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Formatted: Font: 12 pt

due to mining, industrial production, agricultural and domestic use of metal

containing compounds will result in environmental contamination and human

exposure (Karnib, Kabbani, Holail, & Olama, 2014). Formatted: Font: 12 pt

industrial areas. Some natural phenomena have a contribution in heavy metals

environmental contamination by these metals has been reported an increasing of

metals can be exposed to human. Variety of deficiency diseases or syndromes is

health. Balance in exposure of metals is needed to maintain good effect on

human body. When human is exposed to large amounts of a particular metal at a

contamination in marine systems. Nickel poisoning may cause reduction in cell

(Ravindra K. Gautam, 2014). Formatted: Font: 12 pt

industrial applications (Ravindra K. Gautam, 2014). Formatted: Font: 12 pt

heavy metals such as ion exchange, precipitation, adsorption, membrane

processes, reverse osmosis, sedimentation, electro-dialysis, etc. New and

are in demand in increasing rate of environmental pollution. Adsorption process

Ahmad, 2017). Formatted: Font: 12 pt

Silica nanoparticles or the Silicon dioxide nanoparticles has an excellent

silica materials have received considerable attention. Mesoporous silica MCM-41

necessary. Mostly, the functionalization of mesoporous silica has been studied.

an adsorbent (Mona Karniba et al. 2014).

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Nanoparticle

1. Does the Oryza sativa straw have a potential source of Silica

2. Does the morphological analysis of the synthesized Silica Nanoparticle

(SiO2NPs) have an ability to adsorb heavy metals?

the Silica Nanoparticle from O. sativa?

4. Is there a significant effect of Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) in the

adsorption of heavy metals on different concentration and time

4. Is there a significant difference between the effect on different Formatted: Font: 12 pt

concentration and time exposure of Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) in

the adsorption of heavy metals?

5. Is there a significant effect of Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) in O. sativa

straw on the adsorption of Copper and Nickel heavy metals?

Objectives of the Study Formatted: Font: 12 pt

This study entitled “Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Nanoparticle

Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) Heavy Metals” aimed to:

2. Examine the morphological analysis of the Silica Nanoparticle (SiO 2NPs)

in Oryza sativa straw.

Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) from O. sativa straw Formatted: Font: 12 pt

4. Determine whether the amount of concentration of Silica nanoparticle

5. Determine if the Silica nanoparticle from O. sativa straw is effective in

adsorption of Copper and Nickel Heavy Metals;

Hypotheses of the Study

This study was conducted to validate the following hypotheses:

1.) There is no significant difference between the rate of adsorption of the

Nickel heavy metals.

2.) There is no significant difference between the percentage of adsorption of

Silica nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) from Oryza sativa straw in Nickel and

Copper heavy metals at different concentration.

3.) There is no significant effect of Silica Nanoparticle (SiO2NPs) from Oryza

sativa straw on Copper and Nickel heavy metals.

Scope and Limitation

in Philippine-Sino Center for Agricultural Technology at Central Luzon State

University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. The characterization of Silica

Nanoparticle was examined at De La Salle University, Science and Technology

Philippine Rice Research Institute, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will benefit the following:

waters or land areas before disposing it to natural resources.

of adsorbent such as this study and producing large amount of nanostructured

silica to adsorb heavy metals.

This will serve as a learning resource information as they teach their

information about the applications of nanotechnology. Formatted: Font: 12 pt

encourages them to enhance their knowledge about nanotechnology.