15 Millares, Jayson Rafael M.

December 9, 2019; M
BSCE – 5 12:00 – 1:30 TTH ASSIGNMENT

1. ADMIXTURES
a. Concrete Admixtures

a.1. Concrete Admixtures: Set-Retarding

Set retarding concrete admixtures are used to delay the chemical reaction that takes place when the
concrete starts the setting process. These types of concrete admixtures are commonly used to reduce the effect
of high temperatures that could produce a faster initial setting of concrete. Set retarding admixtures are used in
concrete pavement construction, allowing more time for finishing concrete pavements, reducing additional costs
to place a new concrete batch plant on the job site and helps eliminate cold joints in concrete. Retarders can also
be used to resist cracking due to form deflection that can occur when horizontal slabs are placed in sections.
Most retarders also function as water reducers and may entrain some air in concrete.
a.2 Concrete Admixtures: Air-Entrainment
Air entrained concrete can increase the freeze-thaw durability of concrete. This type of admixture
produces a more workable concrete than non-entrained concrete while reducing bleeding and segregation of
fresh concrete. Improved resistance of concrete to severe frost action or freeze/thaw cycles. Other benefits from
this admixture are:
High resistance to cycles of wetting and drying
High degree of workability
High degree of durability
The entrained air bubbles act as a physical buffer against the cracking caused by the stresses due to
water volume augmentation in freezing temperatures. Air entrainers admixtures are compatible with almost all
the concrete admixtures. Typically for every one percent of entrained air, compressive strength will be reduced
by about five percent.
a.3 Water-Reducing Concrete Admixtures
Water-reducing admixtures are chemical products that when added to concrete can create a desired
slump at a lower water-cement ratio than what it is normally designed. Water-reducing admixtures are used to
obtain specific concrete strength using lower cement content. Lower cement contents result in lower CO2
emissions and energy usage per volume of concrete produced. With this type of admixture, concrete properties
are improved and help place concrete under difficult conditions. Water reducers have been used primarily in
bridge decks, low-slump concrete overlays, and patching concrete. Recent advancements in admixture
technology have led to the development of mid-range water reducers.
a.4 Concrete Admixtures: Accelerating
Accelerating concrete admixtures are used to increase the rate of concrete strength development or to
reduce concrete setting time. Calcium chloride could be named as the most common accelerator component;
however, it could promote corrosion activity of steel reinforcement. Nonetheless, concrete best practices, such
as proper consolidation, adequate cover and proper concrete mix design could prevent these corrosion issues.
Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for modifying the properties of concrete in cold weather.
a.5 Concrete Admixtures: Shrinkage Reducing
Shrinkage-reducing concrete admixtures are added to concrete during initial mixing. This type of
admixture could reduce early and long-term drying shrinkage. Shrinkage reducing admixtures can be used in
situations where shrinkage cracking could lead to durability problems or where large numbers of shrinkage
joints are undesirable for economic or technical reasons. Shrinkage reducing admixtures can, in some cases,
reduce strength development both at early and later ages.
a.6 Concrete Admixtures: Superplasticizers
The main purpose of using superplasticizers is to produce flowing concrete with a high slump in the
range of seven to nine inches to be used in heavily reinforced structures and in placements where adequate
consolidation by vibration cannot be readily achieved. The other major application is the production of high-
strength concrete at w/c's ranging from 0.3 to 0.4. It has been found that for most types of cement,
superplasticizer improves the workability of concrete. One problem associated with using a high range water
reducer in concrete is slump loss. High workability concrete containing superplasticizer can be made with a
high freeze-thaw resistance, but air content must be increased relative to concrete without superplasticizer.
a.7 Concrete Admixtures: Corrosion-Inhibiting
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty admixture category and are used to slow corrosion of
reinforcing steel in concrete. Corrosion inhibitors can significantly reduce maintenance costs of reinforced
concrete structures throughout a typical service life of 30 – 40 years. Other specialty admixtures include
shrinkage-reducing admixtures and alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors. Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures have little
effect on strength at later ages but may accelerate early strength development. Calcium nitrite based corrosion
inhibitors do accelerate the setting times of concretes over a range of curing temperatures unless they are
formulated with a set retarder to offset the accelerating effect.

b. Mortar Mixture
Stela
Plasticizer for cement mortar admixtures fully replacing lime. Use as an
additive at a very small amount during mixing of mortars with water for plasters,
building mortars, mortars for laying marble, masonry mortars, decorative stone
mortars etc. Properties and advantages: • Completely eliminates lime and its
disadvantages • Improved adhesion • Superior plasticity • Longer setting time •
Increased mortar strength • Eliminates plaster sagging • Improves the finished
surface of mortars • Significantly improves water resistance and strength. STELA
is free of chloride ions and corrosive ingredients.

Superlat Latex
Multi-purpose copolymeric emulsion specially designed to multiple
improvements and enhancements of cement mortar properties.
For development of waterproof, durable and crack-resistant renderings and
mortars.
Ideal for :
Waterproof and adhesion promoter agent for plastering mortars.
Mechanical increase and flexibility in masonry mortars and bricks
Repair mortars of damaged concrete structures & corrosion protection of steel.
Floors with increased mechanical and chemical properties such as garages,
industrial, heated floors etc.
Primer for better adhesion of mortars.
Mortars with water impermeability and improving agent to paints for indoor or
outdoor uses.
 Baulat
High-density, multi-purpose copolymeric emulsion specially designed for
multiple improvements and enhancements of cement mortar properties. For
development of waterproof, durable and crack-resistant renderings and mortars.
Ideal for :
Waterproof and adhesion promoter agent for plastering mortars.
Mechanical increase and flexibility in masonry mortars and bricks.

Betolax
Plasticizer for concrete and mortar (type A). The chemical composition
creates great fluidity in concrete and mortars offering improved workability,
especially in cases of dense concrete reinforcement. Reduces the water requirement
of concrete during the application and increases its final strength while at the same
time reduces the porosity of concrete and mortars achieving low-mass absorbency
and extremely smooth surface. Used in structures requiring high-strength concrete,
exposed concrete as well as concrete castings that are in continuous or temporary
contact with water.

Baucolor
Mineral oxide, powder pigment for coloring plaster, concrete and mortar.
Add to dry cement mix with aggregate before mixing with water. For indoor and
outdoor areas, grouting and pavers.

2. FORMWORS
a. Metal Column Forms and Clamps

Clamp Number Column Size Weight/kg

No. 1 150mm - 450mm 3.0

No. 2 150mm - 600mm 3.4

No. 3 300mm - 800mm 4.4

No. 4 350mm - 500mm 3.2

No. 5 500mm - 800mm 5.4

No. 6 800mm - 1200mm 6.0

For rapidly and rigidly clamping of temporary concrete column formwork the use of column clamps is
standard practice throughout the building industry. Six sizes are available and the Column Clamps are
interchangeable which allows for narrow, rectangular, square or polygon columns to be clamped. The punched
slots are staggered and lap each other to provide infinitely variable adjustments to cover all sizes of columns.
Column Clamps save time and labour by reducing time taken to fit and dismantle the normal timber type
clamp. This also reduces timber wastage. Only a hammer is required for speedy fixing of the Column Clamp
Wedge
 b. Metal Slab Form

Slab formwork essentially supports the weight of the concrete during the curing process and when the
concrete slab is positioned on permanent supports. Bases (also known as sills) are required that are made from
wood or metal and these bases support the vertical stringers which in turn support the horizontal joists. The
horizontal joists create a flat surface where timber, plywood, steel sheets, aluminium or fibreglass can be used
as a base onto which the concrete is poured.
In most cases, formwork can be re-used and the method of removing the formwork once the concrete
has been set is known as stripping. After the formwork has been stripped, it must be cleaned to ensure the faces
of the panels remain straight and there is no built-up of concrete. Reusable forms are known as ‘panel forms’
while non-usable forms are known as ‘stationary forms’.

c. Metal Scaffolds
c.1. G.I Pipes and C-Clamps
Pipe clamps, or pipe fixings, are best defined as the support
mechanism for suspended pipes, whether that be horizontal
overhead or vertical, adjacent to a surface. They are vital in
ensuring all pipes are fixed securely while also allowing for any
pipe movement or expansion that may occur.
Pipe clamps come in many variations as the requirements
for pipe fixing can range from simple anchoring in place, to more
complex scenarios involving pipe movement or heavy loads. It is
essential that the right pipe clamp is used to ensure the integrity of
the installation. Pipe fixing failure can cause significant and costly
damage to a building so it is important to get it right.

c.2. H Frames
This Scaffolding H Frame is available in the market at
reasonable rates. Customers can avail this Scaffolding H Frame in
various sizes, designs and colours.
Features:
 User friendly operation
 High performance
 Low maintenance
3. CEILING FRAMEWORKS (Metal Materials)
a. Wall Angle, Double Furring, Carrying Channel
Metal furring refers to a non-structural metal attachment that is used to hold a finish material. In metal-
framed construction, the furring pieces are long, light gauge materials of various shapes.

b. Aluminum T-Runners
It is an alternative for traditional gypsum board ceilings, for interior use such as office, residential,
commercial Buildings.

SPECIFICATIONS:

4. DRY-WALL PARTITION

a. C-Tracks

The SFS Partitioning System is suitable for use in commercial

and domestic buildings where it is necessary to provide strong non-load-
bearing partitions. There is a wide range of partition thickness available
for heights of up to 12m. The system is economical and can be erected
easily. When installing the system, it is advisable to use and electrically
or battery-operated screw gun. It is necessary to ensure that electric
cables can pass through the studs that are protected by grommets.
 b. C-Studs
Designed to be not only stronger, but safer, our range of
Hemmed Stud and Track sections help reduce handling injuries on
site. The hemmed return lip increases rigidity, preventing
unwanted rotation as well as eliminating sharp edges.
The vertical rib in the stud face allows the wall linings to
be placed centrally, ensuring easier and faster fixing, while the
deeper knurling provides better screw location and retention.
What’s more, our studs lock perfectly into each other, creating the
best boxed stud profile in the market.

5. CEILING MATERIALS
a. Spandrel – Metal
Spandrel panels are also known as infill panels,
or insulated aluminum composite panels. They are
commonly used to infill areas of glazing curtain walls
or storefronts. They take the place of 1″ or 1/4″ thick
glass units. Spandrel panels are useful to hide areas in
glazing systems exposing slab edges and ceiling
details. They are also used at the ground level where
high likelihood of impact is present.
Spandrel panels should provide insulation
value in addition to moderate impact resistance. Our
spandrel panels utilize aluminum skins, with MDF
core for impact resistance and stiffness. The 1″ panels
utilize an XPS foam core to allow for maximum R
value. Panels can be used in both exterior and interior
applications, and come in a variety of colors.

b. Metal Ceilings (Tiles/Perforated)

Metal ceilings offer excellent performance levels all
round. Our design and manufacturing expertise provides
architects and designers with the flexibility to create almost any
finish to the ceiling void. We understand the properties of the
metals we use, and how best to work them to achieve your visual
goals.
High performance interior metal ceilings are available in
a wide range of variations. These include linear, tiled, open and
closed cell systems all of which can be specified in a range of
shapes and curves depending on the carrier system used. Be sure
to browse the full range to fully appreciate the choice of ceiling
systems we have to offer.
6. WALL/CEILINGS
a. Acoustical Board
Acoustic material play a vital role in the various area of building
construction. In studio, class room, reading hall, cinema theatre, more
concentration is required to listen, hence the acoustics treatment is
provided so as to control the outside as well as inside sound of the various
building until such that sound will be audiable without any nuisance or
disturbance.
An acoustic board is a special kind of board made of sound
absorbing materials. Its job is to provide sound insulation. Between two
outer walls sound absorbing material is inserted and the wall is porous.
Thus, when sound passes through an acoustic board, the intensity of sound
is decreased. The loss of sound energy is balanced by producing heat
energy.

b. Gypsum Board
Gypsum board is the technical product name used by manufacturers for a specific board with a gypsum
core and a paper facing and may be further described as follows:
 Regular Gypsum Board – a gypsum board with
naturally occurring fire resistance from the gypsum in
the core;
 Type X Gypsum Board – a gypsum board with
special core additives to increase the natural fire
resistance of regular gypsum board.
Gypsum board is one of many gypsum panel
products, defined in ASTM C11, Standard
Terminology Relating to Gypsum and Related
Building Materials and Systems, as “the general name
for a family of sheet products consisting essentially of
gypsum.” This term includes gypsum board, glass mat
gypsum panels, abuse-resistant, and impact-resistant
gypsum panels and gypsum shaftliner panels.

c. Hardieflex Board
It is a known fact company are increasingly using
green technologies in different industries. The same goes
for construction domain as the Hardiflex boards have
become integral parts of lives. It is, in fact, a mixture of
sand, cement and cellulose fibers that are not only
sustainable but can also survive in an easy and hassle-free
manner.There are many advantages of using the board and
some of them are as follows.
Hardiflex lasts for a very long time as it is very
strong and can last for a long time. The cost is quite like
installing the vinyl however cemented fabric sustains
changing seasons successfully. It is also resistant to insects
and goes a long way in protecting the environment to a
great extent.
7. ENGINEERED WOOD
a. Laminated Floor Plans
It’s an amazing manufacturing process by which four layers are fused
together in a single press operation at high heat at over 300˚F using direct-
pressure laminate (DPL) construction. DPL is the most typical fusing method
used to manufacture residential laminate flooring.

b. Stair Treads
The stair treads are the horizontal steps of the staircase upon which
individuals step or thread (i.e., to walk). (See illustration below.) The tread
absorbs thousands of footsteps that are normally funneled into the middle of
the staircase. In fact, few (if any) places in a home or public building are
subjected to the volume of intense foot traffic as the treads of a stairwell. As
a result, we give careful attention, especially in commercial environments,
to recommend or specify flooring products that can endure the impact. The
key, for us, is durability and safety over years of use.

c. Exterior Sidings (Lap Sidings)

Wood siding comes in clapboard (also known as lap or bevel siding)
as well as shakes and shingles. Clapboard siding uses planks of wood
installed horizontally with an upper piece that overlaps the lower piece.
Western red cedar and redwood, woods known for being attractive and
durable, are considered the best choices.
More uniform in appearance but thinner than shakes, shingles give
you a smooth and consistent look. They can be cut into different shapes to
add visual interest to your exterior. Some manufacturers also offer shingles
treated with fire-retardant chemicals, often a requirement in high-risk
locations. Be sure to check into the local rules in your area.

d. Baseboard
In architecture, a baseboard (also called skirting
board, skirting, mopboard, floor molding, or base molding) is
usually wooden or vinyl board covering the lowest part of an
interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint between the wall
surface and the floor. It covers the uneven edge of flooring
next to the wall; protects the wall from kicks, abrasion, and
furniture; and can serve as a decorative molding.
At its simplest, baseboard consists of a simple plank
nailed, screwed or glued to the wall; however, particularly in
older houses, it can be made up of a number of mouldings for
decoration. A baseboard differs from a wainscot; a wainscot
typically covers from the floor to around 1-1.5m high (waist
or chest height), whereas a baseboard is typically under 0.2m
high (ankle height).
 e. Fascia Board
The fascia board is the long, straight board that
runs along the lower edge of the roof. The fascia is fixed
directly to the lower ends of the roof trusses and usually
does all the work of supporting the lower edge of the
bottom row of tiles. The fascia board also carries all the
guttering.
This is no mean feat, especially when it is raining
hard. In a downpour the roof of a 3-bed semi could be
washing several gallons of water per second into its
gutters.

f. Finger-Jointed Wood
Sawn timber is extended using finger joints when
there is a need for pieces of timber that are longer than
normal or certain properties are required of the timber. By
using finger joints, it is possible to produce, for example,
pieces of sawn timber that are made completely of
heartwood, completely knotless and very straight. Such
special products are usually used in the furniture and
window industries.
Finger-jointed sawn timber is available with a sawn
surface, dimensioned and planed. The maximum length
varies between different manufacturers, but is usually 12 –
14 metres.

8. CORNICES
A cornice is decorative trim located at the meeting point between
walls and a roof or ceiling. Cornices are used on building exteriors and
interiors. On the outside of structures, a cornice is located where the wall
meets the roof. When you look up, it's the horizontal area that sticks out
at the top of the wall, right below the roofline. Think of it like a crown.
In room interiors, the cornice is the decorative wood or plaster
molding, a surface with raised designs (sometimes made of plaster, hence
the name molding) that circles a room right below the ceiling.
Cornices had a basic utilitarian purpose, because they directed
rainwater away from the sides of a building, but they quickly became a
decorative element as well. Greek architecture had three orders:
 Doric - with very simple and geometric lines
 Ionic - a little more decorative with scroll elements
 Corinithian - the most elaborate with leaves and other elements.

9. EXPANSION BOLTS
 Expansion bolts can be used to secure heavy
objects to walls or floors.
 Can handle vertical and horizontal loads.
 By tightening the bolt, the nut on the opposite
end pulls into the shell, expanding it outward and
wedging it inside the hole in the wall or floor.
  Yellow passivation coating makes Expansion bolts rust resistant.
 Requires a spanner or socket wrench to fasten or undo the bolt.
 Ideal for heavy duty fastening of steel and wood structures walls and floors.

10. WATERPROOFING
Waterproofing in buildings is the formation of an impervious barrier over surfaces of foundations, roofs,
walls and other structural members of building to prevent water penetrations through these surfaces. The
building surfaces are made water-resistant and sometimes waterproof.

1. Cementitious Waterproofing Method- is the easiest

method of waterproofing in construction. The materials for
cementitious waterproofing is easily available from suppliers of
masonry products, and they’re easy to mix and apply.

2. Liquid Waterproofing Membrane Method- is a thin

coating which consists of usually a primer coat and two coats of
top coats which are applied by spray, roller, or trowel. It offers
more flexibility than the cementitious types of waterproofing.
The liquid cures into a rubbery coating on the wall. The
elongation properties of the coating can reach as high as 280%.
The durability of the waterproofing coating depends on what
type of polymer the manufacturer use for the making of the
liquid waterproofing.

3. Bituminous Coating Waterproofing Method- is

a type of coating used for waterproofing and flexible
protective coat in accordance with its formulation and
polymerization grade. Its flexibility and protection against
water can be influenced by the polymer grade as well as
reinforcement of fiber.
4. Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing
Method- is a popular method used for low-sloped roofs due
to their proven performance. Bituminous waterproofing
membrane have torch on membrane and self-adhesive
membrane.

5. Polyurethane Liquid Membrane Waterproofing

Method- is used for the flat roof area and exposed to
weathering. This waterproofing method is expensive.
Polyurethane Liquid Membrane can offer higher
flexibility. Polyurethane is very sensitive to moisture content
present, therefore before application, one has to be very careful
evaluating the moisture content of the concrete slab, otherwise
peeling or de-bonding of membranes may happen after some
time.
11. SOIL POISONING PROCEDURE

Soil poisoning, also known as subterranean termite control, is one of the most crucial factors to consider
when building a new structure. Unbeknownst to many South Africans, subterranean termites cause millions of
rands in damage annually, compromising the structural integrity of homes built on erf that’s either been
untreated or undergone inefficient treatment. These silent pests are able to chew their way through wooden
structures and, if left to their own devices, eventually cause the collapse of eaves, beams and other supporting
structures.
Soil poisoning is one of the very first steps in the building process. Prior to the laying of your
foundations, the ground beneath your future home needs to be treated for subterranean termites. The soil
poisoning process involves the drilling of holes – one meter apart – around the perimeter of the foundations.
Termiticides are then pumped into the soil in order to saturate the ground.It’s crucial that this is done by a pest
control company that’s registered with the South African Pest Control Association (SAPCA). This will ensure
that the treatment is done thoroughly, is effectively carried out and that chemicals that are non-toxic to humans
and animals are used.
Many building contractors who attempt to conduct soil poisoning themselves use banned chemicals
which are incredibly toxic. Frighteningly, chemicals like DDT and Chlordane are still being used by builders.
These toxic substances, banned due to their hazardous nature, can cause cancer, leukemia, neurological
disorders and chronic respiratory problems. Even if a contractor uses a termiticide that’s registered with the
South African Bureau of Standards, many use much more than the recommended amount. It’s therefore
essential that you make use of a registered pest control service in order to avoid putting the health of your
family and neighbours at risk..
Since the use of Chlordane was banned, termiticides approved by the SABS are only guaranteed for five
years. Any one claiming to offer soil poisoning services that last longer than this is either using banned
substances, using dangerously high levels of approved termiticides or downright lying. Once your property has
undergone subterranean termite control, a registered company will provide you with a certificate that guarantees
the poisoning of your soil for five years. Once this period is up, it’s advisable to conduct the process again in
order to prevent your home from falling prey to these wily creatures.
REFERENCES:

https://www.thebalancesmb.com/common-used-concrete-admixtures-845036
https://www.netbauer.com/product_category/mortar-and-concrete-admixtures/
https://buildequip.co.za/product/column-clamps/
https://uni-span.com.au/news/what-is-slab-formwork/
https://www.walraven.com/en/pipe-clamps-complete-guide/
https://www.scaffoldingmanufacturerindia.com/h-frame-scaffolding-system.html
https://www.steelformedsections.ie/services_pt/stud-and-track/
https://www.rondo.com.au/products/walls/steel-stud-track-wall-framing-system
https://h-hmetals.com/products_and_services-item/spandrel-panels/
https://www.hunterdouglasarchitectural.eu/en-CZ/ceilings/interior-metal/index.jsp
https://civilengineeringnotes.com/acoustic-material-types/
https://gypsum.org/what-is-gypsum-board/
https://aussiebizblog.wordpress.com/2018/02/09/how-hardiflex-board-is-beneficial-for-the-builders/
https://swisskronousa.com/planning/laminate-flooring-made/
https://www.wolfeflooring.com/glossary/stair-tread/
https://www.hgtv.com/remodel/outdoors/top-six-exterior-siding-options
https://www.swishbp.co.uk/design/what-are-fascias/
https://www.woodproducts.fi/content/finger-jointed-sawn-timber
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-cornice-in-architecture-definition-styles.html
https://www.eureka.co.za/eureka-fastener-finder/expansionbolts.php?cat=masonry
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-waterproofing-methods-buildings/10856/
https://thespecialists.co.za/2014/11/25/introduction-soil-poisoning-first-time-home-builders/