2013 ATRS Global Airport Performance Benchmarking Project

Key Findings
Prof. Tae Hoon Oum, Dr. Yap Yin Choo, Prof. Chunyan Yu

ATRS Global Airport Benchmarking Task Force:
Asia Pacific: P. Forsyth, Xiaowen
A i P ifi P F th Xi F Y
Fu, Yeong‐Heok
H k Lee, Yuichiro
L Y i hi Yoshida, Japhet
Y hid J h t Law, Shinya Hanaoka
L Shi H k
Europe: Nicole Adler, Jaap de Wit, Hans‐Martin Niemeier, Eric Pels
North America: Tae Oum, Bijan Vasigh, Jia Yan, Chunyan Yu 
Middle East: Paul Hooper 
 OUTLINE
Objective of the ATRS Benchmarking Study

Airports Included and ATRS Database

Some Characteristics of Sample Airports

Methodology

Key Results on Efficiency and Costs

User Charge Comparisons

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 OBJECTIVE OF THE 
BENCHMARKING STUDY
BENCHMARKING STUDY
 To provide a comprehensive, unbiased 
comparison of airport performance focusing on
 Productivity and Operating/Mgt Efficiency
d d / ff
 Unit Cost Competitiveness
 Airport User Charges
 Our study does not treat service quality 
differentials across airports because of our
research resource constraints

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
2013 ATRS Global Airport Performance Benchmarking Project

Airport Database
 195 MAJOR AIRPORTS 
AROUND THE WORLD
Canada Oceania 
(12) Countries
(16)

United 
Asia 
States
(65)
Asia  ((35))

N. America,  Pacific, 51
77

Europe, 67
12 new 
airports

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 26 AIRPORT GROUPS
26 AIRPORT GROUPS

1 new 

Asia Pacific 
( 9)
( 9)

Europe (17)

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 ATRS AIRPORT DATABASE, 
FY 2002‐2011
 The ATRS Database contains historic information (since FY 2002) including 
p y j p p
financial data, traffic and capacity data for the major airports and airport 
groups in the following geographic regions:
 Asia Pacific including Oceania; Europe; North America
 Limited data on S. America and Africa
 The data in each continent is segregated into:
 Traffic statistics and composition
 Airport characteristics (runways, terminals, ownership form, etc)
 Aeronautical  Activities and Revenue
 Non‐Aeronautical Activities and Revenue
 Labor input and other Operating Expenses
 Financial info obtained from Balance Sheets
Fi i li f b i df B l Sh
 Visit http://www.atrsworld.org/Database.html for more details and to 
purchase.

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
2013 ATRS Global Airport Performance Benchmarking Project

Airport Characteristics
 ,

10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000

0
100,000
PEK
HND
H KG
DXB
CG K
SIN
BKK
CAN
PVG
KU L

Objective
DEL
SYD
ICN
N RT
SH A
BOM
MN L
SZX
MEL
TPE
BN E
G MP
XMN
KIX
AKL
SU B
MAA
PER
H AK
NGO
H KT
ADL
Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific
CMB
CH C

Data
O OL
W LG
PEN
MFM
CN S
CN X
GUM
DRW
N AN
PN H
H DY
REP
TSV
N TL
ZQ N
CEI
DU D

LH R
CDG
FRA
AMS
MAD
FCO
MU C
IST
BCN
LG W
ORY
ZRH
PMI
CPH
VIE
OSL
DU S

Airport 
MAN
MXP
ARN
BRU
DU B
STN

Characteristics
TXL
H EL
LIS
ATH
SAW
H AM
G VA
TLV
AG P
Europe

PRG
LPA
N CE
ALC
CG N
LED
LTN
EDI
W AW
LIN
BU D
BH X
LYS
BG Y
G LA
OPO
CRL
BLQ
N AP
BRS
H AJ
RIX
BSL
CIA
TRN
MLA
SOF

Methodology
BEG
ZAG
KEF
TLL
LU X
SZG
BTS
LJU

ATL
O RD
LAX
DFW
DEN
JFK
SFO
IAH
PH X
CLT
LAS
MIA
MCO
(IN ’000 PASSENGERS)

EW R
MSP
SEA
YYZ
DTW
PH L
BOS
LG A
FLL
IAD
BW I
SLC
MDW
DCA
H NL
SAN
YVR
TPA
PDX
YU L
STL
Efficiency & Cost

YYC
MCI
MEM
MKE
BN A
O AK
H OU
RDU
CLE
AU S
PASSENGERS TRAFFIC, FY2011 

SMF
SN A
MSY
PIT
SJC
SAT
DAL
RSW
IN D
CVG
North America
North America

CMH
YEG
PBI
ABQ
BDL
JAX
ONT
AN C
YOW
BU R
PVD
RN O
O KC
TU S
YH Z
YW G
User Charge

SDF
RIC
ALB
YYJ
YQ B
YYT
YQ R
 PASSENGER TRAFFIC (’000)-
TOP 10 AIRPORTS:
FY 2007, 2009, 2011
100,000
Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific Europe North America
North America
90,000

80,000

70,000

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10 000
10,000

2007 2009 2011

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
P EK
HND
C AN
C GK
P VG

Objective
HK G
SIN
DEL
BKK
SYD
K UL
B OM
SHA
IC N
SZX
M NL
M EL
NR T
B NE
TP E
AK L
XMN
GM P
M AA
K IX
SUB
P ER
W LG
HAK
NGO
ADL
C HC

Data
NAN
HK T
P EN
GUM
CMB
Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific

C NS
M FM
OOL
C NX
TSV
DR W
R EP
P NH
NTL
HDY
DUD
ZQN
C EI

C DG
FR A
LHR
M AD
AM S
M UC
FC O
IST
BCN
ZR H
CPH
LGW
V IE
BRU
OSL
OR Y
DUS
AR N
MXP

Airport 
HEL
PMI
ATH
TX L
M AN
DUB

Characteristics
GV A
HAM
NC E
PRG
LIS
STN
C GN
W AW
Europe

LYS
SAW
LED
LP A
B UD
AGP
EDI
TLV
LTN
LIN
B HX
B SL
C RL
LUX
HAJ
ALC
R IX
GLA
B GY
B LQ
BRS
NAP
OP O
C IA
SOF
B EG
TR N
ZAG
TLL
LJU
M LA

Methodology
B TS
K EF
SZG

ATL
(’000 ATM)

OR D
DFW
DEN
LAX
C LT
IAH
LAS
DTW
P HL
P HX
YYZ
JFK
EW R
M SP
SFO
M IA
LGA
B OS
SEA
M EM
MCO
SLC
YV R
IAD
DC A
HNL
BWI
FLL
YYC
YUL
P DX
M DW
C LE
STL
SAN
TP A
OAK
CVG
MKE
HOU
R DU
Efficiency & Cost

IND
SDF
MCI
P IT
YOW
YEG
AUS
SAT
DAL
YW G
CMH
SM F
AB Q
M SY
North America
North America

ANC
SJC
B DL
B NA
B UR
SNA
YHZ
JAX
ONT
R SW
YQB
YYJ
R IC
OK C
P VD
ALB
TUS
AIRCRAFT MOVEMENTS, FY 2010 

P BI
R NO
YYT
YQR
User Charge
 20
40
60
80

0
100
120
140
160
180
200
NR RT
HN ND
BKK
HK KG
SSIN
TTP E
ICCN
HK KT

Objective
P EEK
GMMP
OO OL
SHHA
CMB
CG GK
KU UL
C EI
M NL
M EL

i
HD DY
SUUB
CA AN
K IX
SZX
SZ
P EER
SYYD
HA AK
B OM
DEL
D
P VG
BN NE
CN NX
XMN
NG GO

Data
MA AA
M FFM
ifi
AD DL
ZQQN
P EEN
Asia Pacific
CN NS
AK KL
PN NH
DR W
NTL
N
R EEP
CH HC
DU UD
W LG
TSV
TS
GUM
NA AN

LHHR
LG W
ALLC
TTLV
STTN
PMI
I ST
CD DG
AG GP
OR RY
AM MS
BG GY
FRRA
MA AD
DU UB
SA W
FCCO
MA AN

Airport 
BCN
M LA
LLIS
MXP
OP PO
TX L

Characteristics
LTTN
LLIN
GLLA
LP
PA
AR RN
BH HX
MU UC
DU US
NA AP
OSL
O
CPH
EEDI
C IA
Europe

ZRRH
K EF
BRS
SZZG
HA M
V IE
B LLQ
TRRN
LEED
ATTH
BU UD
GV VA
BRU
PRG
WA AW
HEL
H
SO OF
CG GN
LYS
LY
R IX
B EEG
CRL
NC CE
HA AJ

Methodology
FY 2011

B TS
B SL
ZAAG
TTLL
LJU
LJ
LUUX

JFK
MCO
SEEA
PBI
AX
LA
BN NA
SFFO
SNNA
R SSW
MD DW
TP
PA
SAAN
FFLL
M IA
ATL
A
M SY
SSJC
PH HX
SMMF
BWI
DFFW
EWWR
DEEN
M SP
RN NO
IA
AD
BO OS
LAS
LA
YYZ
YY
OR RD
IA
AH
C LT
AU US
MCI
h

DTTW
JA
AX
Efficiency & Cost

PH HL
PD DX
SSLC
SA AT
DC CA
LGGA
DA AL
STL
ST
P VD
P IT
HN NL
RD DU
BD DL
YUL
YU
i

TUS
TU
ON NT
HO OU
MKE
VR
YV
North America

OK KC
CMH
AB BQ
YYC
YY
OA AK
IN
ND
BU UR
YEG
YE
AN NC
R IC
C LE
YHZ
YH
C VG
ALLB
YYT
YY
YOW
YQQR
PASSENGERS PER AIRCRAFT MOVEMENTS,,

M EEM
User Charge

YW
WG
SD DF
YYYJ
YQQB
 AIR CARGO TRAFFIC, FY 2010 
,
(’000 METRIC TONS)
4500
Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific Europe North America
North America
4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%

Objective
HKG
OOL
TSV
DUD
AKL
GMP
PER
CAN
CMB
ICN
NAN
BNE
SIN
SYD
CHC
MEL
HAK
GUM
ZQN
NRT
PEK
NTL
PVG
WLG

Data
ADL
BKK
CEI
HDY
HKT
CNX
Asia Pacific

SZX
DRW
XMN
NGO
KUL
KIX
CGK
PEN

FRA
OSL
BSL
CDG
ORY
NCE
TRN
HAJ
AMS
ATH
CPH
VIE
BUD
DUB
CIA
FCO
TLV
RIX
ZRH

Airport 
TLL
LIN
MXP
LTN
BHX

Characteristics
LYS
ZAG
MAN
HAM
Europe

LJU
GVA
GLA
ARN
NAP
MUC
SOF
LGW
EDI
BGY
STN
LIS
OPO
SAW
LHR
SZG
MLA
CGN
DUS
LPA
ALC
AGP
BLQ
TXL
WAW
BCN
BTS
HEL
PMI
MAD
LED

Methodology
BEG

OKC
TPA
BUR
MCI
RIC
JAX
PHX
FLL
YYJ
MCO
YQR
ATL
CMH
RNO
BNA
RDU
IND
MKE
DAL
MSP
YEG
TUS
YQB
SLC
YYC 
PBI
SMF
DFW
SNA
RSW
SJC
CLT 
YVR
AUS
ALB
ABQ
YYT
SAN
SAT
SDF
Efficiency & Cost

PVD
YHZ 
BOS
YUL
YOW
North America

LAS
DTW
HOU
CVG
HNL
OAK
DCA
SFO
PDX
ONT
BDL
% NON‐AERO REVENUE, FY 2011

MSY
LAX
SEA
DEN
YWG
BWI
PIT
IAD
MIA
IAH
MDW
ORD
PHL
YYZ
CLE
STL
EWR
LGA
User Charge

JFK
MEM
ANC
2013 ATRS Global Airport Performance Benchmarking Project

Methodology
 AIRPORT PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
AIRPORT PRODUCTIVITY INDEX

Outputs Inputs
• Aircraft movement • Labour
• Passenger • Other non
Other non‐capital
capital 
• {Cargo tonnes} (soft‐cost) input
• Non‐aeronautical  • [Runways, terminal 
revenue output size, # of gates]

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 METHODOLOGY: 
EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT
EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT 
Variable Factor Productivityy ((VFP) Index
)
 Impossible ‐ Total Factor Productivity (TFP) 
because of capital input cost accounting 
problem (comparable across different 
countries)
 Unit Operating Cost Competitiveness Index:    
Unit Operating Cost Competitiveness Index:
Combines VFP  and Input Price Index

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
MULTILATERAL AGGREGATION METHOD
• This multilateral output (input) index procedure 
uses the following revenue (cost) shares to
uses the following revenue (cost) shares to 
aggregate output (inputs)

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 GROSS VARIABLE FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY (VFP)
NORTH AMERICA LARGE AIRPORTS
NORTH AMERICA LARGE AIRPORTS
(YVR=1.0), FY 2011

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
CLT

LAX
SLC

IAH
IAD
LAS
EWR

SAN

JFK
SFO

BWI
PHL
DCA
TPA
MCO

BOS

ORD
MDW
FLL

DEN
PHX
LGA
ATL

MSP

DFW
YVR

SEA

MIA
DTW

HNL
M

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 POTENTIAL REASONS FOR THE MEASURED 
PRODUCTIVITY (GROSS VFP) DIFFERENTIALS
PRODUCTIVITY (GROSS VFP) DIFFERENTIALS

Factors Beyond Managerial Control:

Factors Beyond Managerial Control:

• Airport size (Scale of aggregate output)
• Average aircraft size using the airport
i f i i h i
• Share of international traffic
• Share of air cargo traffic
• Extent of capacity shortage ‐ congestion delay
• Connecting/transfer ratio

We compute residual (Net) Variable Factor Productivity 
id l ( ) i bl d i i
(RVFP) after removing effects of these Factors 

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 20
 GROSS VARIABLE FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY VS 
RESIDUAL VFP: NORTH AMERICA
RESIDUAL VFP: NORTH AMERICA
(YVR=1.0), FY 2011
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
CLT

SLC

IAH
IAD
LAS
EWR

SAN
JFK
SFO

BWI
PHL

DCA
TPA
MCO

BOS

ORD
MDW
FLL

DEN
PHX
LGA
ATL
MSP

DFW
YVR

SEA

DTW

MIA
HNL

Gross VFP Residual VFP

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
We explored Alternative approaches:
e e p o ed te at e app oac es:
 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
 Econometric Cost Function Approach including 
Stochastic Frontier methods (SFA)

 The rankings for top and bottom ranked airports
Th ki f t d b tt k d i t
are consistent despite using VFP, DEA or SFA.

Note:  Industry acceptance of our report using more 
advanced/sophisticated methods is one of our major concern
RESIDUAL RANKING COMPARISON OF 
TOP 15 AIRPORTS IN US
55
50
45
40
35
Rank

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
RDU

MKE
ATL

SAT
RNO

CLT

PBI

BNA

MSP

JAX

LGA

TPA

SNA

FLL
MCO
Residual VFP Ranking
Residual VFP Ranking Residual DEA Ranking
Residual DEA Ranking Residual SFA Ranking
Residual SFA Ranking
Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 23
RESIDUAL RANKING COMPARISON OF 
BOTTOM 15 AIRPORTS IN US
55
50
45
40
35
Rank

30
25
20
0
15
10
5
0
CLE

PHL

ONT
BOS

SJC

MSY
DFW

STL

LAX

BWI

MIA
ORD
CVG

ALB

PIT
Residual VFP Ranking
Residual VFP Ranking Residual DEA Ranking
Residual DEA Ranking Residual SFA Ranking
Residual SFA Ranking
Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 24
RESIDUAL RANKING COMPARISON OF 
MID‐RANKED 15 AIRPORTS IN US
55
50
45
40
35
Rank

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
OAK
SAN

JFK

PHX
IAD
LAS
MEM
HNL

SFO
PDX

RIC
ABQ

EWR

MDW

IAH

AUS

DTW
SLC

IND
SEA

DCA

SMF

SDF
DEN

MCI
Residual VFP Ranking
Residual VFP Ranking Residual DEA Ranking
Residual DEA Ranking Residual SFA Ranking
Residual SFA Ranking
Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 25
 2013 ATRS Airport Benchmarking 

Key Results on Efficiency & Cost
 RESIDUAL (NET) VARIABLE FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY 
(VFP): ASIA (HKG=1.0),
(VFP): ASIA (HKG 1.0), FY 2011
FY 2011
GMP

1.4

Gimpo, Incheon, Guam
1.2
GUM
ICN

HAK

Airports Airport Groups

HKG

KAC
SIN
CGK

AAI
0.8
PEK

CAN
HDY

CNX

APII
PVG

MAHB
AOT
XMN
PEN

HKT
0.6

BKK
H

SZX
X
NRTT
KUL
CMB
NGO
0.4

KIX
0.2

R id l VFP
Residual VFP M
Mean

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 RESIDUAL (NET) VARIABLE FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY 
(VFP): OCEANIA (SYD
(VFP): OCEANIA (SYD=1.0),
1.0), FY 2011
FY 2011
1.2
Sydney, Auckland, Townsville
Airports Airport Groups
p p
SYD
D

AKLL

TSV

APAC
1 DRW

QAL
MEL

ADG
OOL

CHC

DUD

BNE
0.8

N
ZQN
PER

ADL
0.6

WLG

NAN

NTL
0.4

0.2

Residual VFP Mean

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
RESIDUAL (NET) VARIABLE FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY (VFP): 
EUROPE LARGE AIRPORTS (CPH=1.0),
EUROPE LARGE AIRPORTS (CPH 1.0), FY 2011
FY 2011
1.2

Copenhagen Kastrup, Athens, Zurich
CPH
ATH

1
ZRH

Airport Groups
OSL
LIS

Sc hiphol
ANA
0.8
MS
AM
CDG
G

Swedavia
ADR
FCO
ARN
MXP

ADP

Avinor
PMI

MAN

LGW

MAG
VIE

0.6

DAA
IST

SEA
STN

Frraport
Berlin
AENA
DUB

Finaavia
ORY
HEL

BCN
H
O

MADD
D

A
B
TXLL
B

BAA
TAV
DUS

PPL
FRA
LHR
MUC
0.4

0.2

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 RESIDUAL (NET) VARIABLE FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY (VFP): 
EUROPE SMALL & MEDIUM AIRPORTS (CPH=1.0),
EUROPE SMALL & MEDIUM AIRPORTS (CPH 1.0), FY 2011
FY 2011
1

Geneva, Basel, Nice
0.9
GVA
A

NCEE
BSL

CIA

LJU

0.8
BHX

BLQ

SAW

HAJ

KEF

TLV

LPA
EDI
0.7

LTTN

TRN

TLLL

NAP
P
ALC
C

MLA
BGY
0.6

HAM
GLA

RIX

AGP

SZG

BUD
0.5

ZZAG

AW
SSOF

BTS
LLIN

WA
B

CGN
BEG
0.4

0.3

LED
0.2

0.1

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
RESIDUAL (NET) VARIABLE FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY (VFP): 
NORTH AMERICA LARGE AIRPORTS (YVR
NORTH AMERICA LARGE AIRPORTS (YVR=1.0),
1.0), FY 2011
FY 2011
1.8

Atlanta, Minneapolis St. Paul, Charlotte
ATL

1.6

1.4
MSP
CLT

1.2
TPA
A
MCO
O

SFO
YVR

FLL

1 MDW
LGA

SEA
SLC
HNL
EWR
PHX
BOS

DTW
JFK

PHL
AN
AS
08
0.8

DCA
A
WI
SA
LA
D

BW
IAD
D
P

DFW
ORD

DEN
IAH

MIA
LAX
0.6

04
0.4

0.2

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
RESIDUAL (NET) VARIABLE FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY (VFP): 
N. AMERICA SMALL & MEDIUM AIRPORTS (YVR
N. AMERICA SMALL & MEDIUM AIRPORTS (YVR=1.0),
1.0), FY 2011
FY 2011

1.6
OKC

Oklahoma City, Richmond, Raleigh‐Durham
1.4
RIC
RDU
YYJ
YYC

1.2
BNA
YQR
PVD
BDL
Y
P

PBI
TUS
RNO
YYT

MKE
YEG
JAX
1

SNA
ABQ
PDX

SAT
SJC

IND
MSY
RSW
DAL
YOW
SMF

MEM
AUS
YHZ

YWG
MCI
0.8

AK

CMH
SDFF

BURR
OA

ANC
ALB
CVG
YUL

ONT
PIT

HOU
STL
0.6

CLE
YQB
04
0.4

0.2

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 TOP EFFICIENCY PERFORMERS (2013)
(based on Net VFP index=operating/management efficiency)
based on Net VFP index=operating/management efficiency)

Asia Pacific: 
• Asian Airports:
A i Ai t
• Gimpo, Incheon, Guam

• Oceania Airports:
Oceania Airports:
• Sydney, Auckland, Townsville

Europe:
Europe: 
• Large Airports (> 15 million pax):
• Copenhagen Kastrup, Athens, Zurich

• Small/Medium Airports (< 15 millions Pax):
• Geneva, Basel, Nice

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 33
 TOP EFFICIENCY PERFORMERS (2013)
(based on Net VFP index=operating/management efficiency)
based on Net VFP index=operating/management efficiency)

North America: 

• Large Airports (> 15 million pax):
L Ai t ( 15 illi )
• {Atlanta  (Globally Most Efficient Airport)}
• Minneapolis St Paul, Charlotte, Tampa

• Small/Medium Airports (< 15 millions Pax):
• Oklahoma City, Richmond, Raleigh‐Durham

Global (10th Global Excellence Award)

• Hartsfield‐Jackson Atlanta International Airport

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) 34
 PAST AIRPORT EFFICIENCY EXCELLENCE 
TOP PERFORMERS, 2008 ‐ 2012
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
North  Hartsfield‐Jackson 
Atlanta International 
America Airport
Copenhagen Kastrup
Europe International Airport
Asia‐Pacific Hong Kong International 
Airport
Hong Kong International
Airport
Objective Data
Characteristics
Hartsfield‐Jackson 
Atlanta International 
Hartsfield‐Jackson 
Atlanta International 
Hartsfield‐Jackson 
Atlanta International 
Hartsfield‐Jackson 
Atlanta International 
Airport Airport Airport Airport
Large Airport Category:
Large Airport Category: 
Large Airport Category:  Oslo International  Large Airport Category: 
Oslo International  Airport Copenhagen Kastrup
Airport Copenhagen Kastrup International Airport
Copenhagen Kastrup
International Airport
Small/Medium Airport 
Category:
International Airport
Small/Medium Airport 
Small/Medium Airport 
Category:
Geneva Cointrin Category: Genève Aéroport
International Airport Genève Aéroport
Large Airport Category: Asian Airport Excellence  Asian Airport Excellence 
Hong Kong International  Award: Award:
Airport Hong Kong International  Seoul Gimpo
 
Airport
Small/Medium Airport 
Category:
Airport
Oceania Excellence 
International Airport
Oceania Excellence 
Seoul Gimpo Award: Award:
International Airport Sydney Airport Sydney Airport
 
Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
 COST COMPETITIVENESS = NET VFP AND INPUT PRICE EFFECT 
ASIA (HKG=0 0) – THE HIGHER THE BETTER
ASIA (HKG=0.0)
HAK
THE HIGHER THE BETTER
0.5
GMP

Airports Airport Groups

AAI
CGK
K

CMB

XMN
0 HKG

APII
HDY

ICN

CNX

PVG

PEN

AOT
PEK

SZX

MAHB
HKT

BKK

UL

AN

M
KU

GUM
M

KAC
C
CA

SIN
‐0.5

Haikou, Seoul Gimpo, 
Airport Authority of India
p y
‐1

‐1.5

NGO
O

KIX

NRT
‐2

Cost Competitiveness Mean

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 COST COMPETITIVENESS = NET VFP AND INPUT PRICE EFFECT 
OCEANIA (SYD=0.0)
(SYD=0 0)
0.3

QAL
Airport s Airport Groups
AKL

UD
A

DU

02
0.2 CHC

0.1
SYD

0
ZQN

‐0.1

APAC
MEL

02
‐0.2
WLG

DRW

ADG
BNE
‐0.3

Queensland Airport Limited (QAL),
PER

ADLL
04
‐0.4
Auckland, Dunedin (NZ) P

‐0.5

NTL
‐0.6
06

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 COST COMPETITIVENESS = NET VFP AND INPUT PRICE EFFECT 
EUROPE ‐ LARGE AIRPORTS (CPH=0.0)
EUROPE  LARGE AIRPORTS (CPH=0 0)
0.4

Airports Airport Groups
A TH

0.2
LIS

ANA
CPH

PPL
TAV
MAN
PMI

MAG
‐0.2

ADR
FCO
STN
MXP

Schiphol
BCN
AMS

FFraport
SEA
MAD

DAA
VIE
GW
A RN

Swedavvia
UB
RA
LG

S
04
‐0.4
DU
FR
LHR
DUS

AENA
BAA
ADP
Berlin
MUC
CDG
TXL
ZRH
ORY
HEL

Finavia
OSL
‐0.6

Athens Lisbon ANA (Aeroportos de Portugal)

Athens, Lisbon,  ANA (Aeroportos de Portugal)
‐0.8

Avinor
‐1

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 COST COMPETITIVENESS = NET VFP AND INPUT PRICE EFFECT 
EUROPE ‐ SMALL & MEDIUM AIRPORTS (CPH=0.0)
EUROPE  SMALL & MEDIUM AIRPORTS (CPH=0 0)
0.4
LJU
BSL

0.3
TLLL
RIX
SOF
0.2
MLA
BTS

SAW
0.1

BHX
CIA

BEG
BUD
ZAG
0

LPA
‐0.1

WAW
ALC
LTN
EDI
HAJ
NCE
KEF
‐0.2

BGYY
TRN
N
AGP
LED
‐0.3

GLA
NAP
HAM
TLV
Ljubljana(Slovenia), Basel, Tallinn (Estonia)
‐0.4

LIN
SZG
BLQ
GN
B
CG
‐0.5

‐0.6

GVA
‐0.7

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 COST COMPETITIVENESS = NET VFP AND INPUT PRICE EFFECT 
N AMERICA ‐ LARGE AIRPORTS (YVR=0.0)
N. AMERICA  LARGE AIRPORTS (YVR=0 0)
1
ATL

CLLT

0.5
MCO

MSP

FLL

SLC

PHX

YVR
0
LAS

DTW

SEA

IAH

DFW

BWI

HNL

MDW

SAN

ORD

DEN

PHL

BOS

MIA

DCA

IAD

SFO
‐0.5

LAX
Al
Atlanta, Charlotte, Orlando
Ch l Ol d
‐1

EWR

TPA
‐1.5

JFK

LGA
‐2

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 COST COMPETITIVENESS: = NET VFP AND INPUT PRICE EFFECT 
N AMERICA ‐ SMALL & MEDIUM AIRPORTS (YVR=0.0)
N. AMERICA  SMALL & MEDIUM AIRPORTS (YVR=0 0)
1
OKC
C

0.8

Oklahoma City, Richmond (Virginia), Raleigh‐Durham
RIC

0.6
RDU
R

0.4
BNA
TUS
ABQ
IND
RNO
PBI
YYC

YQR
JAX

SSAT

MSY
DAL
M
D

YYJJ

0.2
MKE

PVD
SDF

MEM
RSW
MCI
AUS
YEG
0

YYYT
MH
PDX
CM

BDL

ALB
BUR

SNA
CVG
HOU
YWG
PIT
‐0.2

STL
SMF
CLE
YHZ
YUL
SJC
YOW
YQB
ONT
NC
AN
‐0.4
04

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
2013 ATRS Airport Benchmarking 

User Charge Comparison
 US$

0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
GUM
KUL
DXB
CMB
TPE
SUB
BKK
CEI
CNX
HDY
HKT
CGK

Objective
MNL
BOM
DEL
MAA
PEN
PNH
REP
CAN

Asia Pacific
HAK
PEK
PVG
SHA
SZX
XMN
MFM
DUD
ICN
GMP
SIN
NAN
ZQN
PER
HKG
WLG

Data
AKL
NTL
TSV
NTLL‐Night
OOL
SYD
NGO
DRW
KIX
NRT
HND

NAP
BGY
DUS
ARN
STN‐off peak
BRU
LTN
MLA
STN‐peak
LGW‐offf‐peak
RIX
FRA
BLQ
LUX
MUC
TRN
FCO
MXP
LIN
CIA
BSL (France SSector) 
PRG
LIS
OPO

Airport 
VIE
ZAG
GLA
HEL
HAM
GVA

Characteristics
EDI
KEF

Europe
TXL
SOF‐ooffpeak
ALC
CPH
NCE
CGN
BSL (Swiss SSector)
SAW
MA N‐peak
IST
MAN‐o offpeak
SO
OF‐peak
OSL
LED
AGP
LPA
PMI
LYS
BCN
ZRH
BUD
BEG
HAJ
TLL
MAD

Landing Charges for Boeing 767
CRL
ATH
TLV
CDG
ORY
AMS
WAW
LHR
BHX
BTS

Methodology
LJU
LGWW‐peak
SZG

Mean
DUB
BRS

CLT
ATL
BUR
RIC
TUS
MEM
SAT
PBI
PHX
SLC
SAN
RNO
MCO
LANDING CHARGES 

PHL
MSY
RDU
IND
SDF
TPA
BNA
HOU
JAX
ABQ
MCI
FLL
ONT
SNA
*ANC
MSP
SJC
MIA
RSW
ALB
IAH
LAS
OKC
*YVR
Efficiency & Cost

SEA
AUS
CMH
DCA
OAK
DTW
FOR BOEING 767‐400 2012 (IN US$)
FOR BOEING 767‐400, 2012 (IN US$)

PDX
MDW
*YYJ
*YQR
North America

DFW
BDL
IAD
*YOW
DEN
*YEG
PIT
*YHZ
BWI
HNL
SMF
LAX
*YYC
MKE
*YWG
*YUL
BOS
SFO
*YYT
ORD
*JFK Off Peak
STL
*JFFK Peak
*YQB
*EWR Offf Peak
*EWWR Peak
*LGA Offf Peak
User Charge

*LGA A Peak
*YYZ
 ASIA PACIFIC:  COMBINED LANDING AND 
PASSENGER CHARGES FOR BOEING 767, 2012 (IN US$) 
16,000

14,000
Lowest charges: Taipei Taoyuan,
Taoyuan Dunedin (New Zealand)
Highest charges: Osaka Kansai, Tokyo Narita
12,000

10,000
US$

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0
WLG
XMN

OOL
ICN
DXB

CEI
PVG

HDY
CAN

PER
PEK

ADL
MFM
DUD

SYD
CGK

ZQN

NRT‐1N
SHA

HKT

HND
HKG
BOM

SIN

PEN

CNX
GMP
TPE

REP

NRT‐1S
DEL

KUL (LCCs)

HAK

TSV

AKL
CMB

NTL‐Night
PNH
BKK

KIX
MAA

SUB

BNE
CNS
NTL
SZX

NRT‐2
KUL
GUM

DRW
SSIN (LCCs)

MNL

MEL

BNE‐Peak
NGO
K

Combined Landing  and Passenger Charges  for Boeing 767 Mean

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 EUROPE:  COMBINED LANDING AND 
PASSENGER CHARGES FOR BOEING 767 2012 (IN US$)
PASSENGER CHARGES FOR BOEING 767, 2012 (IN US$) 
18,000

16,000
Lowest charges: Riga (Latvia), Luxembourg
Highest charges: London Heathrow, Ben Gurion (Tel Aviv)
14,000

12,000

10,000
US$

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0
ALC
ARN

LIN

TLV
LHR
LPA
PMI

HAM

LIS
CGN

MAD

OPO

AMS
BGY

NCE
CPH(LCCs)
AGP

LGW‐off‐peak

EDI

CDG
SOF‐peak

IST
TRN
LUX

KEF

OSL
NAP

MXP

MLA

BEG

LJU
ZRH
LTN

HAJ

DUB
RIX

ZAG

BTS
MAN‐peak

FRA

ORY
BUD
BSL (France Sector) 

BCN

CPH

TXL

LYS

PRG
FCO (LCCs)

BUD (LCCs)

LGW‐peak
LED

WAW
BLQ

BRU

ATH

SZG
SOF‐offpeak

BEG (LCCs)
TLL

SAW

BRS
GVA

FCO

GLA

BSL (Swiss Sector)

VIE
TLV(LCCs)
CRL

DUS
CIA

BHX
MUC
MAN‐offpeak

HEL

STN‐peak
STN‐off peak

Combined  Landing  and Passenger Charges  for Boeing 767 Mean

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
 NORTH AMERICA:  COST PER ENPLANED 
PASSENGER,  2011 (IN US$) 
( $)
40
Canada:
Lowest CPE: Victoria, Regina
35
Highest CPE:  Toronto, Montreal

30

25 Canadian 
US Airports
Airports
United States:
US$

20
Lowest CPE: Charlotte, California Bob Hope (Burbank,CA)
Highest CPE: New York JFK, Newark Liberty
Highest CPE:  New York JFK, Newark Liberty
15

10

0
ALB
CLT

LAX
SLC

PBI
HOU
OKC

IAD
IAH
RDU

MSY

ONT
MCI

EWR
JAX

LAS

ANC
SAN

SJC
SMF

JFK
SAT

SFO
RIC

PHL

BWI
MKE

OAK
TPA

PIT
MCO

RSW

DCA

YOW
BDL

IND

ORD

BOS

YYC
MDW
ABQ

YWG
FLL

YQR

YQB
PHX

SDF

AUS

DEN
CMH

PDX
BNA

LGA
PVD

YHZ
MSP

YYJ

YEG

YYT
BUR
ATL

MEM

YYZ
DFW

SEA
TUS

STL

YVR
RNO

DTW

SNA

MIA
HNL

YUL
M

CPE US Mean Canada Mean

Airport 
Objective Data Methodology Efficiency & Cost User Charge
Characteristics
ATRS AIRPORT BENCHMARKING REPORT
ATRS AIRPORT BENCHMARKING REPORT
 The ATRS Global Airport 
Performance Benchmarking Report : 
3 volumes, over 600 pages of 
valuable data and analysis.
l bl d t d l i

 Can be purchased by visiting  
C b h db i i i
www.atrsworld.org

 Report sale finances our annual 
b h
benchmarking research project
ki h j
47
© Air Transport Research Society (ATRS)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF APPRECIATION 
Gold Corporate Members

Houston Airport System

Corporate Members
p
•Vancouver Airport Authorityy p p
•Korea Airports Corporation
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Airport •Boeing
 Thank You
2014 ATRS World Conference 
(Bordeaux France July 17‐20 2014)
(Bordeaux, France, July 17‐20, 2014)