Practical handbook for relay protection engineers

The norms of protection of generators, transformers, lines and capacitor

banks are also given. The procedures of testing switchgear, instrument
transformers and relays are explained in detail. The close and trip, indication
and alarm circuits for variety of circuit breakers indicating ferrule numbers
are also included.

All relevant information and circuit diagrams necessary for troubleshooting

are also given.
Relay protection
The objective of relay protection is to quickly isolate a faulty section from
both ends so that the rest of the system can function satisfactorily.

The functional requirements of the relay:

Reliability
The most important requisite of the protective relay is reliability since they
supervise the circuit for a long time before a fault occurs. If a fault then
occurs, the relays must respond instantly and correctly.

Selectivity
The relay must be able to discriminate (select) between those conditions for
which prompt operation is required and those for which no operation, or time
delayed operation is required.

Sensitivity
The relaying equipment must be sufficiently sensitive so that it operates
reliably when required under the actual conditions that produces least
operating tendency.

Speed
The relay must operate at the required speed. It should neither be too slow
which may result in damage to the equipment nor should it be too fast which
may result in undesired operation.
Basic connections of protectiverelay
Important elements used in protection
relaying

Switchgear
Circuit breaker bulk oil, minimum oil, SF6, airblast, vacuum etc. depending
on medium used for quenching the arc. Different operating mechanisms such
as solenoid, spring, pneumatic, hydraulic etc. are employed.

Protective gear
Relays (current, voltage, impedance, power, frequency, etc.) based on
operating parameter, definite time, inverse time, stepped etc. as per
operating characteristic, logic wise such as differential, over fluxing etc.

Station Battery
A Station battery containing a number of cells accumulate energy during the
period of availability of A.C supply and discharge at the time when relays
operate so that relevant circuit breaker is tripped.

Station battery
connection scheme