94

Qly dh fdLeksa esa lq/kkj Qly mRiknu esa lq/kkj Qly lqj{kk izca/ku

1- mPPk mRiknu 1- iks"kd izcU/ku eSnku esa lqj{kk

2- tSfod rFkk vtSfod izfrjks/kdrk
3- ifjiDork dky esa varj [kkn moZjd chekjh ls cpko
4- O;kid vuqdwyrk
5- fdLeksa esa lq/kkj 2- flapkbZ [kjirokj ls cpko

dq,¡] unh mUu;u iz.kkyh dhV ls cpko

3- Qly izØe laxzg.k esa lqj{kk

fefJr varjk Qly tSfod vtSfod

[ksrh Qlyhdj.k pØ dkjd dkjd
 95

 lHkh thfor izkf.k;ksa dks vius fodkl ,oa LokLF; ds fy;s Hkkstu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 Hkkstu ds }kjk gesa iks"kd rRo tSls dkcksZgkbMªsM] izksVhu] olk] foVkfeu] [kfut inkFkZ izkIr
gksrs gSaA
 isM+] ikS/ks rFkk tkuoj Hkkstu ds eq[; lzksr gSaA
 Hkkjr dh tula[;k yxHkx lkS djksM+ ls Hkh T;knk gS tks yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA
 bl c<+rh tula[;k gsrq vUu ds mRiknu ds fy;s Qly rFkk i'kq/ku ds mRiknu dh {kerk
c<+kuk vfr vko';d gSA
 Hkkjr esa 1904 ls 1969 rd vUu mRiknu esa pkj xquk o`f) gqbZ gSA ijUrq blesa lq/kkj dh vHkh
Hkh vko';drk gSA
 Qly dh fdLeksa esa lq/kkj
 Qly mRiknu esa izcU/ku
 Qly lqj{kk izcU/ku
blds vykok vf/kd Hkwfe dks [ksrh ;ksX; cukukA
(Green Revolution) gfjr Økafr dk;ZØe
dks ubZ ns'kksa esa vUu mRiknu c<+kus esa pkyk;k x;kA blesa
mRiknu c<+kus ds fy;s ubZ rduhd] mi;qDr flapkbZ fodflr
tkfr ds chtksa dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA
(White Revolution)&'ossr Økafr dk;ZØe dks
Hkkjr esa nqX/k mRiknu dks c<+kus ds fy;s pyk;k x;kA bldk
mn~n's ; Hkkjr dks nqX/k ds mRiknu {ks= esa vkRefuHkZj cukuk gSA

(Improvement in crop yeild)

Type of Crops

Which yeild–Qlyksa ds izdkj ftuesa ge fuEufyf[kr phtsa izkIr djrs gSa&

(Cereals) buesa xsgw¡] pkoy] eDdk] cktjk vkfn lfEefyr gSaA ;s gesa dkcksZgkbMªsV
iznku djrs gSaA
(Seeds) ikS/kksa esa ik;s tkus okys lHkh cht [kkus ;ksX; ugha gksrs] tSls&lsc dk cht] rFkk
psjh dk chtA [kkus okys chtksa esa vukt] nkysa] cht rFkk ew¡xQyh ;s gesa olk iznku djrs gSaA
(Pulses) buesa puk] eVj] ¼dkyk puk] gjk puk½ rFkk elwj ;s gesa izksVhu iznku djrs
gSaA
 96
(Vegetables, spices & fruit)&;s gesa foVkfeu rFkk [kfut yo.k
iznku djrs gSa; tSls&lsc] vke] psjh] dsyk] rjcwt] lfCt;k¡ tSls&ikyd] iÙkhnkj lfCt;k¡] ewyhA
elkys; tSls&fepZ] dkyh fepZ] pkjk] Qly] tbZ] lwMku ?kkl i'kq/ku ds pkjs ds :i esa mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA

(Crop Season)

lHkh Qlyksa dks viuh o`f) rFkk thou-pØ djus ds fy;s vyx&vyx ifjfLFkfr;ksa ¼rkieku]
ueh½ rFkk vyx&vyx nhfIrdky ¼lwjt dh jks'kuh½ dh t:jr gksrh gSA
Qlyksa dk ekSle nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA
(Kharif Season)&;s Qly cjlkr ds ekSle esa mxrh gSA ¼twu ls vDVwcj
rd½
mnkgj.k&dkyk puk] gjk puk] pkoy] lks;kchu] /kkuA
(Rabi Season)&;s Qlysa uoEcj ls vizSy rd ds eghus esa mxkbZ tkrh gSA
blfy;s bUgsa lnhZ dh Qly Hkh dgrs gSaA
xsgw¡] puk] eVj] ljlksa] vylh] jch Qlysa gSaA
 97
Qly mRiknu esa lq/kkj dh izfØ;k esa iz;qDr xfrfof/k;ksa dks fuEu izeq[k oxks± esa ckaVk x;k gSA
1- Qly dh fdLeksa esa lq/kkj
2- Qly mRiknu izcU/ku
3- Qly lqj{kk izca/ku
Qly dh fdLe esa lq/kkj ds dkjd gSa vPNs vkSj LoLFk cht
(Hydridization)&fofHkUu vkuqoaf'kd xq.kksa okys ikS/kksa ds chp ladj.k djds mUur
xq.k okys ikS/ks rS;kj djus dh izfØ;k dks ladj.k dgrs gSaA

(i) (Higher Yield) izfr ,dM+ Qly dh mRikndrk c<+kukA

(ii) (Improved Quality) mUur fdLesa] Qly mRiknu dh xq.koÙkk] izR;sd
Qly esa fHkUu gksrh gSaA nky esa izksVhu dh xq.koÙkk] frygu esa rsy dh xq.koÙkk vkSj Qy rFkk
lfCt;ksa dk laj{k.k egRoiw.kZ gSA

(iii) (Biotic and Abiotic resistance)&tSfod ¼jksx] dhV

rFkk fuesVksM½ rFkk vtSfod ¼lw[kk] {kkjrk] tykØkafr] xehZ] BaM rFkk ikyk½ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k
Qly mRiknu de gks ldrk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lgu dj ldus okyh Qly dh gkfu de
gks tkrh gSA
(iv) (Wide Adaptability) O;kid vuqdwyrk okyh fdLeksa dk fodkl
djuk fofHkUu i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Qly mRiknu dks LFkk;h djus esa lgk;d gksxkA ,d
gh fdLe dks fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fofHkUu tyok;q esa mxk;k tk ldrk gSA
(v) (Desired agronomic Traits) pkjs okyh Qlyksa ds fy;s yEch
rFkk l?ku 'kk[kk,¡ ,sfPNd xq.k gSA bl izdkj lL; foKku okyh fdLesa vf/kd mRiknu izkIr djus
esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA
(Crop production Improvement)
fdlkuksa ds }kjk dh xbZ fofHkUu izdkj dh rduhd bLrseky dh tkrh gSa ftlls Qly ds
mRiknu esa o`f) gksrh gSa; os fuEu gSa&
(1) iks"kd izcU/ku (Nutrient management)
(2) flapkbZ (Irigation)
(3) Qly dks mxkus ds rjhds ;k Qly iSVuZ (Cropping pattern)
 98

(Nutrient Management) nwljs thoksa dh rjg] ikS/kksa dks Hkh o`f) gsrq dqN
rRoksa ¼iks"kd inkFkks±½ dh bUgsa gh ge iks"kd rRo dgrs gSaA
dkcZu] vkWDlhtu ikuh esa gkbMªstu] vkWDlhtu rFkk 13 iks"kd rRo
Sources
tgk¡ ls iks"kd inkFkZ izkIr gksrs gSa og gS&
gok (Air) ikuh (Water) feV~Vh (Soil)
1. (Macro nutrients) ukbVªkstu ok;q o Hkwfe ls izkIr gksrh gSA tks fd vf/kd
ek=k esa ikSèkksa dks vko';drk gksrh gSA
vU; gSaA QkWLQksjl] iksVsf'k;e] dsfYl;e] eSXuhf'k;e] lYQj
2. (Micro nutrients) ykSg rRo] eSXuht (Mn) de ek=k esa vko';drk gksrh gSA
vU; gSa cksjksu] ftad] dkWij eksfyfcMue] DyksjhuA

(Manure and Fertilizer)

feV~Vh dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus ds fy;s [kkn rFkk moZjd dh vko';drk gksrh gSA QyLo:i
Qly dh mit esa o`f) gksrh gSA
(Manure) (i) ;s ,d dkcZfud inkFkZ dk vPNk lzksr gSA ;g FkksM+h ek=k esa feV~Vh dks
iks"kd rRo iznku djrk gSA
(ii) ;g izk.kh ds mRlftZr inkFkZ ;k vif'k"V ls curk gS rFkk ikS/kksa ds vif'k"V }kjk vi?kVu
ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

(Various forms of Manure)

1. (Compost) ikS/kksa o muds vo'ks"k inkFkks±] dwM+s] djdV] i'kqvksa ds xkscj] euq";
ds ey ew= vkfn dkcZfud inkFkks± dks thok.kq rFkk dodksa dh fØ;k ds }kjk [kkn :i esa
cnyuk dEiksfLVax dgykrk gSA
2. (Vermi compost) tc dEiksLV dks dspq,¡ ds mi;ksx ls rS;kj djrs
gSa ftls oehZ dEiksLV dgrs gSaA
 99
3. (Green Manure) Qly mxkus ls igys [ksrksa esa dqN ikS/ks] tSls iVlu] ew¡x]
vFkok Xokj mxk nsrs gSa vkSj rRi'pkr~ mu ij gy pykdj [ksr dh feV~Vh esa feyk fn;k tkrk
gSA ;s ikSèks gjh [kkn esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSa tks feV~Vh dks ukbVªkst u rFkk QkLQksjl ls
ifjiw.kZ djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA

(Fertilizers)
moZjd dkj[kkuksa esa rS;kj fd;s tkrs gsaA ;s jklk;fud inkFkks± ds bLrseky ls cuk;s tkrs gSaA
buesa vR;f/kd ek=k esa iks"kd rRo; tSls&ukbVªkstu] QkLQksjl rFkk iksVSf'k;e ik;s tkrs gSaA
moZjd vklkuh ls ikS/kksa }kjk vo'kksf"kr dj fy;s tkrs gSa rFkk ;s ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs gSaA

1. ;s eq[; :i ls dkcZfud inkFkZ gksrs gSaA 1- ;s vdkcZfud inkFkZ gksrs gSaA

2. ;s izkd`frd inkFkZ ds cus gksrs gSaA
3. [kkn esa de ek=k esa iks"kd rRo gksrs gSaA
4. [kkn lLrh gksrh gS rFkk ?kj rFkk [ksr
¼eSnku½ esa cuk;h tk ldrh gSA
5. [kkn /khjs&/khjs ikS/ks }kjk vo'kksf"kr dh
tkrh gSA D;ksafd ;s ikuh esa v?kqyu'khy
gksrs gSaA
6. bldk vklkuh ls HkaMkj.k rFkk LFkkukUrj.k
gSA
2- ;s jklk;fud inkFkks± ls feydj curs gSaA
3- moZjd esa vR;f/kd ek=k esa iks"kd rRo
ik;s tkrs gSaA
4- moZjd eg¡xs rFkk QSfDVª;ksa esa rS;kj fd;s
tkrs gSaA
5- vklkuh ls Qly dks miyC/k gks tkrs gSaA
ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs gSaA
6- bldk HkaMkj.k rFkk LFkkukarj.k fof/k ljy
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

(Irrigation)
 100
Qlyksa dks ty iznku djus dh izfØ;k dks flapkbZ dgrs gSaA

(a) (Wells) ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

(Dug well) ikuh cSyksa ds mi;ksx }kjk fudkyk tkrk gS
;k iEi }kjkA
(Tube well) bl uydwi esa cgqr uhps ikuh gksrk gSA ftlls flapkbZ gksrh gSA
eksVj iEi ds bLrseky ls ikuh Åij yk;k tkrk gSA
(b) (Canals) buesa ikuh ,d rFkk vf/kd tyk'k;ksa vFkok ufn;ksa ls vkrk gSA
(c) (River lift system) bl iz.kkyh esa ikuh lh/ks ufn;ksa ls gh iEi }
kjk bdV~Bk dj fy;k tkrk gSA bl flapkbZ dk mi;ksx ufn;ksa ds ikl okyh [ksrh esa ykHknk;d
jgrk gSA
(d) (Tanks) vkifÙk ds le; iz;ksx esa vkus okys os NksVs rkykc] NksVs tyk'k; gksrs
gSa] tks NksVs ls {ks= esa ikuh dk laxzg djrs gSaA
(e) (Rain water harvesting) o"kkZ ds ikuh dks lh/ks fdlh VSad esa lqjf{kr
bdV~Bk dj fy;k tkrk gS ckn esa bLeseky ds fy;s] ;s e`nk vijnu dks Hkh nwj djrk gSA
s
(Crop Pattern)
Qly dh o`f) gsrq vyx&vyx izdkj ds rjhds viuk;s tkrs gSa ftlls fd uqdlku de ls
de rFkk mit vf/kd ls vf/kd gksA
1. fefJr [ksrh (Mixed cropping)
2. varjQlyhdj.k (Inter cropping)
3. Qly pØ (Crop rotation)
(Mixed cropping) nks ;k nks ls
vf/kd Qly dks ,d lkFk mxkuk ¼,d gh Hkwfe½ esa
fefJr [ksrh dgykrh gSA
xsgw¡ vkSj puk
xsgw¡ vkSj ljlksa
ew¡xQyh rFkk lwjteq[kh
(Inter Cropping)
varjkQlyhdj.k esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Qlyksa dks ,d lkFk ,d gh [ksr esa fufnZ"V iSVuZ
ij mxkrs gSaA dqN iafDRk;ksa esa ,d izdkj dh Qly rFkk muds ,dkarj esa fLFkr nwljh iafDr;ksa esa
nwljh izdkj dh Qly mxkrs gSaA
lks;kchu $ eDdk] cktkjk $ yksfc;k
 101
(Crop Rotation) fdlh [ksr esa Øeokj iwoZ fu;ksftr dk;ZØe ds vuqlkj fofHkUu
Qlyksa ds mxkus dks Qly pØ dgrs gSaA
vxj ckj&ckj ,d gh [ksr esa ,d gh izdkj dh [ksrh dh tkrh gS rks ,d gh izdkj ds iks"kd
rRo e`nk ls Qly }kjk izkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA ckj&ckj e`nk ls iks"kd rRo Qly }kjk izkIr djus
ij ,d gh izdkj ds iks"kd rRo lekIr gks tkrs gSaA
vr% gesa vyx&vyx izdkj dh [ksrh djuh pkfg;sA
(Advantages)
1- feV~Vh dh xq.koÙkk cuh jgrh gSA
2- ;s dhV rFkk [kjirokj dks fu;fU=r j[krs gSaA
3- ,d ckj feV~Vh dks mitkÅ cukus ds ckn dbZ izdkj dh Qly lqPkk# :i ls mxkbZ tk
ldrh gSA

(Crop Protection Management)

jksx dkjd thoksa rFkk Qly dks gkfu ig¡qpkus okys dkjdksa ls Qly dks cpkuk gh Qly
laj{k.k gSA
uhps fn;s x;s rjhds bLrseky fd;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj dh dfBukb;ksa ls cpus ds fy;s&
1- dhV o ihM+d uk'kh Qly dks o`f) ds le; (Pest control during growth)
2- vukt ds Hk.Mkj.k esa (Storage of Grains)
(Pest Control During Growth) tho tks Qly dks [kjkc dj nsrs gSaA
ftlls og ekuo mi;ksx ds yk;d ugha jgrh] ihM+d dgykrs gSaA
ihM+d dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa&
(Weeds) Qly ds lkFk&lkFk mxus okys vokaNuh; ikS/ks ^[kj&irokj* dgykrs
gSaA mnkgj.k&tsfUFk;e] ikjFksfu;eA
(Insects) dhV fHkUu izdkj ls Qly rFkk ikS/kksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkrs gSaA os ¼dhV½
tM+] ruk rFkk ifÙk;ksa dks dkV nsrs gSaA ikS/kksa ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds dks'kk jl dks pwldj u"V dj
nsrs gSaA
(Pathogens) dksbZ tho tSls cSDVhfj;k] Qaxl rFkk ok;jl tks ikS/kksa esa chekjh
iSnk djrs gSaA jksxk.kq dgykrs gSaA
;s ikuh] gok] rFkk feV~Vh }kjk ig¡qprs gSaA ¼Qly esa½

(Storage of Grains)
iwjs lky ekSle ds vuqdwy Hkkstu izkIr djus ds fy;s] vukt dks lqjf{kr LFkku ij j[kuk
vfuok;Z gS] ijUrq Hk.Mkj.k ds le; vukt fdrus gh dkj.kksa ls [kjkc vkSj O;FkZ gks tkrk gS; tSls&
 102

(Biotic problem) thfor izkf.k;ksa ds }kjk; tSls&dhV] fpfM+;k] fppMh]

cSDVhfj;k] Qaxl ¼dod½A
(Abiotic problem)&futhZo dkjdksa }kjk tSls ueh] rkieku eas vfu;ferrk
vkfnA
;s dkjd Qly dh xq.koÙkk rFkk Hkkjr esa deh] jax esa ifjorZu rFkk vadqj.k ds fuEu {kerk
ds dkj.k gSaA
Organic Farming
dhVuk'kd rFkk moZjd dk iz;ksx djus ds buds vius gh nq"izHkko gSaA ;s iznw"k.k QSykrs gSa
yEcs le; ds fy;s feV~Vh dh mitkÅ xq.koÙkk dks de djrs gSaA
tks ge vukt] Qy rFkk lfCt;k¡ izkIr djrs gSa muesa gkfudkjd jlk;u feys gksrs gSaA
vkWjxsfud [ksrh esa u ;k u ds cjkcj dhVuk'kd rFkk moZjd dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
vukt dks lqjf{kr HkaMkjxzg rd ig¡qpkus ls igys vukt dks lqjf{kr j[kus dk fofHkUu mik;
tks fd Hkfo"; esa bLrseky gks os fuEufyf[kr gSa&
(Drying) lwjt dh jks'kuh esa vPNh rjg ls lq[kk ysus pkfg;sA
(Maintance of hygiene) vukt esa dhM+s ugha gksus pkfg;s]
xksnkeksa dks vPNh rjg ls lkQ dj ysuk pkfg;sA Nr] nhokj rFkk Q'kZ esa dgha vxj njkj gS rks
mudh vPNh rjg ls ejEer dj nsuh pkfg;sA
(Fumigation) xksnke rFkk HkaMkj.k x`g ij ftl cht esa dod uk'kh o dhVuk'kh
dk iz;ksx djuk vko';d gksrk gSA
(Storage Devices) dqN HkaMkj.k midj.k tSls iwlk/kkuh] iwlk dksBkj]
iar dqByk vkfn midj.k ,oa lajpuk,¡ viukuh pkfg;sA lkQ rFkk lw[ks nkus dks IykfLVd cSsx
esa lqjf{kr j[kuk pkfg;sA rks buesa ok;q] ueh] rkiØe dk izHkko ugha gksrk ckgj ds okrkoj.k dk
dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrkA
(Animal Husbandary) ?kjsyw i'kqvksa dks oSKkfud <ax ls ikyus dks i'kqikyu dgrs
gSaA ;s i'kqvksa ds Hkkstu] vkokl] uLy lq/kkj] rFkk jksx fu;a=.k ls lEcfU/kr gSA
i'kqikyu ds izdkj&
(Cattle Farming) i'kq d`f"k dk eq[; mn~ns';&
¼1½ nqX/k izkIr djus ds fy;s
 [ksr dks tksrus ds fy;s
 ;krk;kr esa cSy ds iz;ksx gsrq
 103
(Types of Cattle) i'kq d`f"k ds izdkj

¼1½ xk; (Cow) & ckWl bafMdl (Bos indicus)

¼2½ HkSal (Buffalo) & ckWl cqcsfyl (Bos bublis)
(Milk Animals) buesa nw/k nsus okys tkuoj lfEefyr gksrs gS;a tSl&
s eknk i'kq
(Drought Animals)& ;s tkuoj tks nqX/k ugha nsrs rFkk d`f"k
esa dk;Z djrs gSa; tSls&gy pykuk] flapkbZ] cks>k <ksukA
(Lactation Period) tUe ls ysdj vxyh xHkZ/kkj.k ds chp ds le; ls
tks nqXèk mRiknu gksrk gS] mls nqX/k L=o.k dky dgrs gSaA
(Care of Cattle)
(Cleanliness)  i'kqvksa dh lqj{kk ds fy;s goknkj rFkk Nk;knkj LFkku gksuk pkfg,A
 i'kqvksa dh peM+h dh yxkrkj da?kh czf'kax gksuh pkfg;sA
 ikuh bdV~Bk u gks blds fy;s <yku okys i'kq vkJ; gksus pkfg;sA
(Food) Hkwls esa eq[; :i ls Qkboj gksuk pkfg;sA
 xk<+k izksVhu gksuk pkfg;sA
 nw/k dh ek=k c<+kus ds fy;s [kkus esa foVkfeu rFkk [kfut gksus pkfg;sA

i'kqvksa dh e`R;q gks ldrh gSA tks nqX/k mRiknu dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA ,d LoLFk i'kq
fu;fer :i ls [kkrk gS vkSj Bhd <ax ls cSBrk o mBrk gSA i'kq ds cká ijthoh rFkk var%i-
jthoh nksuksa gh gksrs gSaA cká ijthoh }kjk Ropk jksx gks ldrs gSaA vr% ijthoh] vek'k;] vk¡r
rFkk ;d`r dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
jksxksa ls cpkus ds fy;s i'kqvksa dks Vhdk yxk;k tkrk gSA ;s jksx cSDVhfj;k rFkk okbjl
ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA
(Poultry Farming)&v.Ms rFkk dqDdqM ekl ds mRiknu dks c<+kus ds fy;s eqxhZ
ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA nksuksa gekjs Hkkstu esa izksVhu dh ek=k c<+krs gSaA
(Broilers) tc czksylZ pwtksa dks ek¡l ds fy;s ikyk tkrk gS] rks mls czksylZ dgrs gSaA
;s tUe ds 6-8 g¶rksa ds vUnj bLrseky fd;s tkrs gSaA
(Layers) tc dqDdqV dks v.Mksa ds fy;s ikyk tkrk gS mls ysvj (Layers) dgrs gSaA
;s tUe ds 20 g¶rks ckn bLrseky fd;s tkrs gSaA tc fd ;s ySafxd ifjiDork ds yk;d gks tkrs
gSaA ftlds QyLo:i v.Ms izkIr gksrs gSaA
 104
eqfxZ;ksa dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k tuu djds ubZ&ubZ fdLesa fodflr dh tkrh
gSa&
pwtksa dh la[;k vf/kd o fdLe vPNh gksrh gSA
 de [kpZ esa j[k&j[kko
 NksVs dn ds czksyj ekrk&firk }kjk pwtksa ds O;kolkf;d mRiknu gsrqA
 xehZ vuqdwyu {kerkA mPp rkieku dks lgus dh {kerkA
vaMs nsus okys rFkk ,slh {kerk okys i{kh tks d`f"k ds miksRikn ls izkIr lLrs js'ksnkj vkgkj dk
mi;ksx dj ldsaA

(Fish production)&gekjs Hkkstu esa izksVhu dk eNyh eq[; lzksr gSA eNyh
dk mRiknu nks izdkj ls gksrk gSA

(Finned Fish production or True Fish production)&LoPN ty esa

dVyk] jksgw] e`xy] dkWeu dk;Z dk lo/kZu fd;k tkrk gSA
(Unfinned fish production)&tSls&izkWu] eksyLdk lfEefyr gSA
eNfy;ksa dks idM+us ds fofHkUu rjhdksa ds vk/kkj ij eNfy;k¡ izkIr djus ds nks izdkj gSa&
izkd`frd lzksr ¼ftls eNyh idM+uk dgrs gSa½ fofHkUu izdkj ds tyh; lzksrksa ls izkd`frd
thfor eNfy;k¡ idM+h tkrh gSaA
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(Culture fishing)

(Acqua culture)&leqnzh lao/kZu esa eNyh izkIr djukA ;g leqnz rFkk ySxwu esa
fd;k tkrk gSA de [kpZ djds vf/kd ek=k esa bfPNr eNfy;ksa dk ty esa lao/kZu fd;k tkrk gS]
bl ty lao/kZu dgrs gSaA
Hkfo"; esa leqnzh eNfy;ksa dk HkaMkj (store) de gksus dh voLFkk esa bu eNfy;ksa dh iwfrZ
laoèkZu ds }kjk gks ldrh gSA bl iz.kkyh dks leqnzh lao/kZu ¼esjhdYpj½ dgrs gSaA
(i) (Marine Fishing)—
leqnzh eRL;dh ds varxZr eNyh lao/kZu] rkykcksa] ufn;ksa rFkk ty Hkjko esa fd;k tk ldrk
gSA lokZf/kd leqnzh eNfy;k¡ izkWeÝsV eSdlZ] Vquk lkjtbu rFkk ckscsMd gSA dqN vkfFkZd egRo
okyh leqnzh eNfy;ksa dk leqnzh ty esa lao/kZu Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA buesa izeq[k gS] eqysV] HksVdh]
iyZLikV ¼ia[k;qDr eNfy;k¡½] doph; eNfy;k¡ tSls >haxk (Prawn) eLly rFkk vkW,LVjA
lSVsykbV rFkk izfr/ofu] /ofu= ls [kqys leqnz esa eNfy;ksa ds cM+s lewg dk irk yxk;k tk
ldrk gSA
(ii) (Inlant Fishing)—
eNyh lao/kZu rkts ty esa gksrk gS tSls rkykc] ufn;k¡] ukys rFkk ty Hkjko LFky ij
(Composite fish Culture)
,d gh rkykc esa yxHkx 5 ls 6 izdkj dh eNfy;ksa dk lao/kZuA
budk p;u bl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd ;s Hkkstu ds fy;s izfrLi/kkZ ugha djrhaA D;ksafd buds
vkgkj fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSaA
dVyk (Catle)&ty dh lrg ls Hkkstu ysrh gSA
(Rohu) rkykc ds e/; {ks= ls viuk Hkkstu ysrh gSA
(Mrigals) dkWeu dkiZ rkykc dh ryh ls Hkkstu ysrh gSA
vf/kd iSnkokjA
leL;k ;g gS fd buesa dbZ eNfy;k¡ dsoy o"kkZ _rq esa gh tuu djrh gSaA ftlds
QyLo:i vf/kdrj eNfy;k¡ rsth ls o`f) ugha dj ikrhA bl leL;k ls cpus ds fy;s gkeksZu
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rkfd fdlh Hkh le; eNyh tuu ds fy;s rS;kj gksA
(Bee Keeping)
;g og vH;kl gS ftlesa e/kqefD[k;ksa dh dkWyksuh dks cM+s iSekus ij j[kk o laHkkyk tkrk gS
vkSj mudh ns[kHkky djrs gSa] rkfd cM+h ek=k esa 'kgn rFkk ekse izkIr gks ldsA
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vf/kdrj fdlku e/kqeD[kh ikyu vU; vk; lzksr ds fy;s bLrseky djrs gSaA e/kqD[kh ikyu
;k ,sfivjhl cgqr cM+h izdkj gSA
(Apiary) ,sfivjh ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftlls vf/kd ek=k esa e/kqeD[kh ds NÙks eu-
pkgh txg ij vuq'kkflr rjhds ls bl izdkj j[ks tkrs gSa fd blls vf/kd ek=k esa edjan rFkk
ijkx ,d= gks ldsAa
dqN Hkkjrh; e/kqeD[kh ds izdkj bl izdkj gSa&
¼1½ ,fil lsjsuk] bufMadk (Indica), lkekU; Hkkjrh; e/kqeD[khA
¼2½ ,fil MksjlVk ¼,d 'kSy e/kqeD[kh½] ,fil ¶yksjh ¼NksVh e/kqeD[kh½
;wjksfi;u e/kqeD[kh Hkh Hkkjr esa bLrseky dh tkrh gS bldk uke gS ,fil esfyQsjk (Apis
mellifeera) bl e/kqeD[kh ds fuEu ykHk gSa&
¼1½ T;knk 'kgn ,df=r djus dh {kerk
¼2½ tYnh iztuu {kerk
¼3½ de Mad ekjrh gSA
¼4½ os yEcs le; rd fu/kkZfjr NÙks esa jg ldrh gSA
(Honey)
 ;g ,d xk<+k] ehBk rjy inkFkZ gSA
 ;g vkS"k/kh; iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS rFkk 'kdZjk ds :i esa Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
 bls rkdr ¼ÅtkZ½ izkIr djus ds fy;s Hkh bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
(Pasturage)
e/kqefD[k;k¡ ftu LFkkuksa ij e/kq ,df=r djrh gSa; mls e/kqeD[kh dk pjkxkg dgrs gSaA
e/kqeD[kh iq"iksa ls edjUn rFkk ijkx ,d= djrh gSaA
pjkxkg ds iq"iksa dh fdLesa 'kgn ds Lokn rFkk xq.koÙkk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
d'ehj dk cknke 'kgn cgqr Lokfn"V gksrk gSA

Improvement in Food Resources

1- Hkkstu dh gesa D;ksa vko';drk gksrh gS \

2- dqN nkyksa ds uke crkvks tks gesa izksVhu iznku djrh gSaA
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3- [kjhQ Qly fdls dgrs gSa \ mnkgj.k nhft;sA
4- [kkn D;k gS \ bls dSls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
5- Hkkjr esa flapkbZ ds eq[; lzksr D;k gSa \
6- iSFkkstu D;k gS \ ;s dSls QSyrs gSa \
7- i'kq d`f"k ds nks eq[; rjhds D;k gSa \
8- ladj.k (hybridization) D;k gS \
9- fefJr eNyh lao/kZu ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
10- e/kqeD[kh ikyu ds ykHk crkb;sA
11- czksylZ rFkk ys;lZ esa vUrj le>kb;sA
12- fefJr [ksrh ds D;k Qk;ns gSa \
13- [kkn rFkk moZjd esa vUrj Li"V dhft;s \
14- Hkfo"; esa bLrseky gksus okys [kk| inkFkZ dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds D;k rjhds gSa \ O;k[;k dhft,A