Economi

c,Taxat
ion,
Cooper
ati
ves,
andAgr
ari
anRef
orm

Economics-i
sthest
udyhowt
oef
fi
cientl
yuseandall
ocat
eofscar
cer
esour
cet
omeet
theunendi
ngneedsandmaxi
mum sati
sfact
ionofman.

Br
anchesofEconomi
cs

a.MacroEconomics-whi
chdealswit
ht hewhol
eeconomyItconcer
nedabout
gov
ernmenteconomicpoli
cy,
businessinmacroscal
eandsuchissuesas
GNP/GDP,Employment/Unemploymentetc.

b.MicroEconomi
cs-whi
chdeal
swi
tht
hesegmentofnat
ional
economysuchas
pr
ice,commodi
ti
esetc.

Di
vi
si
onofEconomi
cs

a.Pr
oduct
ion-actofpr
oduci
nggoodsneedbyt
hepeopl
e

b.Consumpt
ion-pr
operusageofeconomi
cgoods

c.Di
str
ibut
ion-
mar
ket
ingofgoodandser
vicest
oal
l
ocat
iont
oindi
vi
dual
consumer
s.

d.Exchange-t
ransf
err
inggoodsandser
vicest
ooneper
sont
oanot
her.

e.Publ
i
cFi
nance-deal
swi
thgov
ernmentt
axat
ionandf
iscal
pol
i
cy.

Fact
orsofPr
oduct
ion

a.Land

b.Labor

c.Capi
tal

d.Ent
repr
eneur

Suppl
yandDemand

Supply-i
sthefl
owofgoodsandservi
ceswhichthef
ir
msar
ewi
l
li
ngorcanmake
avai
lablei
nthemarketatagi
venpr
iceschedul
e

Demand-istherel
ati
onshi
pofmar ketandt
hequanti
tydemandedexpr
essi
nghowmuch
ofthesamecommodi tyorser
vicesoneconsumeroral
lconsumerwoul
dbuyatagi
ven
pri
ceschedule

TheLawofSuppl
yandDemand
Thesuppl
yisgreat
erthandemandthepri
ceofserv
icesorgoodsdecr
easesi
nother
handi
fthedemandisgr eat
ert
hansuppl
ythepri
ceofgoodsandservi
cesi
ncr
easesand
i
fthesuppl
yisequalt
ot hedemandthepr
icer
emainconstant
.

Mar
ketModel
s

Mar
ket
-apl
acewher
econsumerandpr
oducermeetbr
ingsuppl
yanddemand.

a.Pur
eCompet
it
ion-Ther
eisconsi
der
abl
enumberofsel
l
erof
fer
ingt
hesame
pr
oduct
.

b.Pur
eMonopol
y-Ther
eisonl
yonesel
l
erofapar
ti
cul
argoodsorser
vices.

c.Monopol
ist
icCompeti
ti
on-Ther
eisaf
air
lyl
argenumberofsmal
lsel
l
erof
fer
ing
si
mil
arbuti
denti
cal
products

d.Ol
i
gopol
y-Ther
efewsel
l
erof
fer
ingsameordi
ff
erent
iat
edgoodsandser
vices.

Economi
cSy
ast
em

1.Capit
ali
sm –thef
act
orsofpr
oduct
ionar
eownedandcont
rol
byapr
ivat
eent
it
y
orcorpor
ati
on.

2.Social
ism-thegover
nmentcont
rol
vit
ali
ndust
ryandr
esour
cesbutal
l
owssmal
l
pri
vateenterpr
ise

3.Communism-thegov
ernmentownedandcont
rol
all
aspectofpr
oduct
ionand
economi
cacti
vit
y.

Taxat
ion

Taxati
on-i
stheactoflevyi
ng,
theprocesswhicht
hegovernmentthr
oughitsl
aw
makingbody rai
sesrevenueto payit
snecessar
yexpensesofthegover
nment.

Char
act
eri
sti
cofTaxat
ion

1.Pr
opor
ti
onat
einchar
act
er

2.Per
sonorPr
oper
ty

3.Enf
orcedcont
ri
but
ion

4.Gener
all
ypay
abl
einmoney
 5.Lev
iedbyt
heSt
ate

6.Lev
iedbyt
hel
aw

7.Lev
iedbypubl
i
cpur
pose.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion

a.Ast
osubj
ectmat
terorobj
ect

Per
sonal

Pr
oper
ty

Exci
se

b.Ast
opur
pose

Gener
alFi
scal
orr
evenue

Speci
alorr
egul
ator
y

c.Ast
oscope

Nat
ional

Local

d.Ast
odet
ermi
nat
ionofaccount

Speci
fi
c

Adv
alor
em

e.Ast
owhobear
sthebur
den

Di
rect

I
ndi
rect

f
. Ast
ogr
aduat
ionorr
ate

Pr
opor
ti
onal

Pr
ogr
essi
ve

Regr
essi
ve

Cooper
ati
ve
Cooperati
ve-asdefi
nedbyR.A#6938, “
Acooper ati
veisdulyr egi
ster
edassociat
ionof
persons,
withacommonbondofi nterest,whohav evoluntar
il
yj oi
nedtoachiev
eal awf
ul
commonsoci aloreconomicendmaki ngequitablecontr
ibuti
ont oacapit
al
requi
rementsandaccepti
ngaf ai
rsahareofrisksandbenef it
soft heundert
akingin
accordancewit
htheuniver
sall
yacceptedcooper ati
veprinci
ples”

Cooper
ati
vePr
inci
ples

a.Openandv
olunt
arymember
shi
ps

b.Democr
ati
ccont
rol

c.Di
vi
sionofnetsur
plus

d.Cooper
ati
veeducat
ion

e.Cooper
ati
onamongcooper
ati
ves

Ty
pesofCooper
ati
ve

a.Cr
edi
tCooper
ati
ve

b.Pr
oducer
sCooper
ati
ve

c.Consumer
sCooper
ati
ve

d.Mar
ket
ingCooper
ati
ve

e.Ser
viceCooper
ati
ve

f
. Mul
ti
-pur
poseCooper
ati
ve

LandRef
orm

LandRef orm-r
eferst
otheful
lrangeofmeasur
esthatmaytakentoimprov
et hedefect
s
i
nt herealt
ionbetween:t
heti
ll
ers,l
andownerandemploy
eeinafarm wi
threspectt
o
theirl
and.

Compr
ehensi
veAgr
ari
anRef
orm Lawof1988(R.
A#6657)

“Theredist
ributi
onoflands, regardlessofcropsorf ruit
spr oduced, t
of armerworker
whoar elandless,
irr
espectiveoftenur i
alarr
agemnett oincludethet otali
tyoffact
ors
andsuppor tservi
cesdesi gnedtol i
fttheeconomi sst at
usoft hebenef i
ciar
iesandall
otherarr
angement sal
ternati
v etothephy si
calredistri
butionofl and,suchaspr oduct
ion
orprofi
tshar i
nglaboradmi nistr
ationanddi st
ri
butionofshar esofst ockwhi chal
lows
benefi
ciari
est orecei
vesaj ustshar eoffrui
tofthel andt heywor k”
Agr
ari
anRef
orm Measur
es

a.Publ
i
cheal
thpr
ogr
ams

b.Fami
l
ypl
anni
ng

c.Educat
ionandt
rai
ningoff
armer
s

d.Reor
gani
zat
ionofl
andr
efor
m agenci
es

e.Appl
i
cat
ionofl
aborl
awst
oagr
icul
tur
alwor
ker
s

f
.Inf
rast
ruct
uref
aci
l
iti
es

g.Or
gani
zat
ionofv
olunt
aryassoci
ati
on

h.Pr
ovi
dingempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
es

i
. Ot
herser
vicesofacommuni
tydev
elopmentnat
ure.

Cov
erageofAgr
ari
anr
efor
m

I
ngeneral
-TheCompr ehensi
veAgrar
ianRef or
m Lawof1988cov ers,
regar
dlessof
t
enur
ialagr r
ementandcommodi t
ypr oduced,al
lpubl
icandpri
vateagri
cul
turall
and
i
ncl
udingotherl
andsofthepubl
icdomai nsuit
abletoagr
icul
tur
e.

I
nparti
cul
ar-Morespeci
fi
cal
l
ythef
oll
owi
ngl
andcov
eredbyt
heCompr
ehensi
ve
agr
ari
anReform pr
ogram

a.All
ali
enabl
eanddi
sposabl
elandsoft
hepubl
i
cdomai
ndev
otedt
oorsui
tabl
efor
agri
cul
tur
e

b.Alll
andsofpubl i
cdomai n(incl
udi
ngf or
estorminerall
andsrecl
assif
iedt
o
agri
culturall
andsaf
tertheappr ov
aloftheAct)inexcessofthespeci
ficl
i
mitsas
deter
mi nedbycongresst aki
ngintoaccountecol
ogicaldev
elopmentandequit
y
considerati
on

c.Al
ll
andsownedbyt
heGov
ernmentdev
otedt
oorsust
ainabl
eforagr
icul
tur
e.

d.Al
lpr
ivat
elandsdevot
edt oorsuitableforagri
cul
turer
egar
dlessofagr
icult
ural
pr
oductrai
sedorthatcanberaisedt hereon.Fi
shpondofl
andinwhichfishis
pr
oducedorrai
sedtareagri
cul
turalland.

e.Schedul
eofimpl
ementat
ion-
Thedi
str
ibuti
onofal
llandscov
eredbytheActshal
l
i
mplementedimmedi
atel
yandcompletedwit
hint
eny ear
sfr
om theeff
ect
ivel
y
 t
her
eof
.

Ret
ent
ionLi
mit
s

Generalr
ule-Thesizeofanypubli
corpri
vateagri
cul
tur
all
andwhi
chaper
sonmayown
orret
aindirect
lyorindi
rect
lyshal
lvar
yaccordi
ngto:

a.Factor
sgov erningav i
ablefamily-si
zedfarm suchacommodi typroducedterr
ain,
i
nfrastructureandsoi lf
erti
l
ityasdet er
mi nedbyPr esi
denti
alAgrari
anreform
Council (PARC)Thecoder ecogni zedthatdif
ferentcropsrequi
rediff
erenti
nputs
andy i
elddi f
ferentret
urn,hencet heretenti
onlimitshavetobef l
exibl
eInnocase
howev ershallretenti
onbyt helandownerexceedf i
vehectares

b.The3hect ar
esmaybeawar dedtoeachchi
ldoft
helandownersubjecttot
he
qual
i
ficat
ion:Thati
satleast15y ear
sofageandThatheisactual
l
yt i
ll
ingt
he
l
andordirectl
ymanagingthef ar
m.

Except
ion

a.Landownerwhosel
andhavebeenbyPresi
dent
ial
DegreeNo.
27shal
lbeal
l
owed
tokeepthear
eaori
ginal
l
yret
ainedbyt
hem t
her
eunder

b.Or
igi
nalhomest
eadgranteesorthei
rdirectcompulsor
yheir
swhost i
l
l ownt
he
or
igi
nal
homesteadatthetimeoftheappr ovaloft
heActshall
ret
ainthesame
ar
easaslongastheyconti
nuetocult
ivatesaidhomestead.

Chooset
hel
ett
eroft
hebestanswer
sandwr
it
ethel
ett
eri
nthespacepr
ovi
ded
1.Whatisthepr
ocessbywhi
chthest
ater
aisesi
ncomenecessar
yfort
he
expensesoft
hegover
nment?
a.Taxpay
ment cTaxat
ion
b.Tax d.Taxexempt
ion
2.BI
R:i
nter
nalcol
l
ect
ion,
BOC:
___
_
a.Exci
secol
l
ect
ion c.For
eignGoods
b.Local
tax d.I
ndi
rectTax
3.I
ndi
rectt
ax:VAT,
Dir
ectt
ax:
___
___
___
___
_
a.I
ncomeTax c.Exci
seTax
b.Si
nTax dRev
enueTax
4.Whi
chbestdescr
ibeacauseofAgr
ari
anr
elat
edi
nsur
genci
es?
 a.Landl
essf
armeroppr
essbyr
ichl
andl
ord
b.Landr
efor
misi
nadequat
eforl
andl
essf
armer
s
c.Rur
alpeopl
etendt
oacceptt
hei
rsi
tuat
ion.
d.Poori
mpl
ement
ati
onofagr
ari
anr
efor
mlaw
5.Dur
ingt
heSpani
sht
ime,
whoownedmuchoft
hel
ands?
a.Enconmi
ender
o b.Ti
mawa/
Freemanc.Babay
lan d.I
ndi
o
6.Nat
ional
tax:
Nat
ional
Gov
ernment
,Local
tax:
___
___
___
_
a.Muni
ci
pal
i
ty bDi
str
ict cBar
angay dBI
R/BOC
7.P.D27wasknownas_
___
___
_
a.Aqui
noLandRef
orm b.Macapagal
landRef
orm c.Mar
cosl
andRef
ormd
RamosLandRef
orm
8.Whati
stheager
equi
rementt
oinher
itl
andundert
heCARLof1988?
a.17 b.18 c.14 d.15
9.CARP:
Far
mer
s,Encomi
enda:
___
___
___
_
a.Ki
ng’
srewar
d b.For
m ofTax c.Gov
ernmentd.
St
ate
10.
Mai
ngoal
ofCARP
a.Landforal
l bLandf
ort
hepoorcLandf
ort
hel
andl
ess d.l
andf
or
devel
opment
11.
Whati
stheeconomi
csy
stem whi
chi
sthemi
xtur
eofcapi
tal
i
stand
communist
a.Bar
terbCapi
tal
i
st cOl
i
gapol
y dSoci
ali
st
12.
Whati
sthebr
anchofeconomi
cthatdeal
swi
tht
hewhol
eeconomy
?
a.Mi
croeconomi
cs bEmpl
oyment c.Macr
oeconomi
cdPr
oduct
ion
13.
Thel
andr
efor
m undert
heMar
cosadmi
nist
rat
ion.
a.PD26bPD27 cPD28 dPD29
14.
Stapl
efoodamongFi
l
ipi
nos_
___
_
a.Sweetpot
atobSugar
canecCor
nd.Ri
ce
15.
Ret
ent
ionsi
zef
orl
andownerunderCARL
 a.8hect
ares b7hect
aresc5hect
aresd6hect
ares

16.
Whi
chi
snotaAgr
ari
anRef
orm measur
es
b.PeaceandOr
der b7I
nfr
ast
ruct
uref
aci
l
iti
escf
armereducat
ion d
Healt
h
17.
Whowast
hePhi
l
ippi
nepr
esi
dentwhoabol
i
shedshar
etenancy
?
a.F.Mar
cos bR.Magsay
say cC.Aqui
no dD.Macapagal
18.
Whi
chi
snotat
ypeofcooper
ati
ve
a.Ser
vice b.Cr
edi
t cCommon DMul
ti
pur
pose
19.
Underwhatar
ti
clei
nthe1987Const
it
uti
ondoesAgr
ari
anRef
orm st
ated?
aAr
tX bAr
tXI cAr
tXI
I d.Ar
tXI
II
20.
Mai
ngov
ernmentagencyov
erseet
hel
andr
efor
m
a.DA bDENR cDARdDARAB
21.
Chi
na:
CommmandEconomy
,Phi
l
ippi
nes:
___
___
___
_
a.MixedEconomy b.Mar
ketEconomyc.Pr
ivat
eEconomyd.
l
aboreconomy
22.
Whati
saexampl
eofi
ndi
rectt
axat
ionas_
___
___
_
a.Cust
om Dut
ies
b.E-
VAT
c.Pol
lTax
d.I
ncomeTax
23.
Cooper
ati
ver
evol
vear
ound_
___
___
__
a.Cooper
ati
onVal
uesbChr
ist
ianVal
ues c.Fami
l
yVal
ues d.Company
Val
ues
24.Whi
chbestdescr
ibe“
Soci
alJust
icef
orl
andl
essf
armer
”
a.Upl
i
fti
ngt
hel
i
vesoff
armer
sfr
om t
hecent
uryol
dagr
ari
anpr
obl
em
b.Suppor
tfar
mer
’sr
ightf
ordev
elopmentoff
arml
and
c.Pr
omot
ionofcooper
ati
veandl
andr
efor
m
25.
Themai
nbenef
ici
ari
esofl
andr
efor
m__
__
a.Farmer/l
andl
ord bLandl
ord/
tenant cTi
l
ler
s/Landl
ordd.al
loft
he
above
26.
Compr
ehensi
veagr
ari
anr
efor
mlawwasknownas_
___
___
__
a.RA6657 bRA6675 cRA6677 dRA6765
27.
DAR:
PreCor
yAqui
no,
EDCOR:
___
___
___
_
b.Pr
esF.Ramos b.Pr
esFMar
cos c.Pr
esRMagsay
say d.
Pr
esDMacapagal
28.Whi
chbestdescr
ibedMar
ketEconomydef
inedas_
___
___
_
e.Gov
ernmentownsmostt
hepr
oper
ty
f
. Combi
nat
ionofgov
ernmentownandpr
ivat
esect
or
g.Mi
xedeconomi
csy
stem
h.Pr
ivat
eowner
shi
pofeconomi
cresour
ces
29.
Whati
stheactofusi
nggoodsandser
vicest
osat
isf
ywant
s?”
a. Consumpt
ion cl
abor
b.Pr
oduct
ion dCapi
tal
30.
Whatt
axesi
mposedongoodsexpor
tedf
rom ori
mpor
tedi
ntoacount
ry
cal
l
ed__
__
b.Speci
alt
ax bPol
lTax cCust
om dut
iesd.Real
proper
tyt
ax