Interpret working drawing &sketch

Unit
information
sheet 1 Interpreting working drawing &sketch
Module

LO1:- Identify technical drawing

1.1 Check the drawing validity against job requirements
1.2 Check &validate drawing version
1.3 Follow &confirm instructions
INTRODUCTION
Technical drawing is a universal language by means of which the form, size, finish,color, and construction of an
object can be described accurately and clearly.Therefore it is the language used by engineers and architects to
develop and recordtheir ideas and to transmit them to those who are to execute their designs.
There are two basic types of drawings: artistic and technical. The artistic drawingsare used to express the feelings,
beliefs, philosophies, or abstract ideas of the artist. Technical drawing, on the other hand, is not subtle or abstract.
Drawing is used by engineers, technicians, and skilled craftsmen. Whether this drawing is made freehand
(sketching) or by the use of drawing instruments(mechanical drawing), it is needed to convey all the necessary
information to theindividual who will fabricate and assemble the object be it a building, ship, aircraft, or mechanical
device.

Importance of Drafting

Technical Drawing or drafting is known to be one of the basic languages of technology, namely math, science
and drawing. Through this application a technology task can be performed correctly. Examples of it is the
schematic diagram of a circuit for electronics technician & electrician, detailed plan of an object for carpenters
and machinist, technical and floor plans for carpenters and construction workers.

Although drafting is sometimes accomplished by a project engineer, architect - or even by shop personnel
such as a machinist - skilled drafters (and/or designers) usually accomplish the task and are always in demand
to some level. But basically it must be a common competency for all technical workers in order to interpret
the task to be performed and could prepare one to describe other details of the task to be performed to other
co-workers
 Drawing Tools & Equipment
After completing these learning outcome you should be able to:
 Identify the basic drawing tool.
 Explain the importance of the tools.
 Discuss the use of each drawing tools.
 Explain the safety of using drawing tools.
 Identify the different category of drawing tools.
 Apply the 5S principles at the workplace.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

UNIT OBJECTIVE

After completion of this unit, you should be able to identify basic drafting tools, use and care for various
drafting tools.

Competencies will be demonstrated by completing the assignment sheets, job sheets, and the unit tests with a
minimum score of 85 percent.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

After completion of this unit, the student should be able to:

 Match terms related to drafting tools and equipment with their correct definitions.
 Identify basic drafting tools.
 Identify the parts of a standard protractor head.
 Select true statements concerning rules for maintenance and care of drafting machines.
 Identify types of compasses.
 Identify types of dividers.
 Identify types of irregular curves.
 List types of common templates.
 Distinguish between types of drafting pencils.
 Match types of leads with the devices used to sharpen them.
 Identify tools used for inking.
 Arrange appropriate working area before starting drawing.
 Prepare a title block on drawing paper.
 List types of pen points.
 Demonstrate the ability to
a. Measure angles with the protractor on a drafting machine. (Job Sheet #1)
b. Draw horizontal and vertical lines with triangles and a drafting machine. (Job Sheet #2)
c. Divide a circle into 24 parts of 15° by using 30°/60° and 45° triangles. (Job Sheet #3)
d. Use a compass to draw circle and arcs.(Job Sheet #4)
e. Divide a line using a divider. (Job Sheet #5)
f. Measure angles with a protractor. (Job Sheet #6)
Terms and Definitions

 Drawing Media - Any type of drawing material upon which an object is graphically represented.
 Horizontal - Parallel to the plane of a horizon.
Example:

 Ink - Composed mainly of carbon in colloidal suspension (latex or solution of special shellac) and
gum

 Lead - made of graphite with kaolin (clay) added in varying amounts in order to make the eighteen
grades from the hardest (9H) to the softest (7B)

 Parallel - Two lines or surfaces side by side, equal distances apart at all point, they never cross each
other.

Example:

 Perpendicular - At a 90° angle to a given plane or line.

Example:

 Vertical - A line straight up and down, perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

Example:

 Working Surface - Any surface such as a drafting board or desk used to secure drawing media.
Basic Drawing Tools

 Adjustable Triangle - used for drawing vertical or inclined lines that is not at the standard 15°
increments.
 Cleaning Pad - A loosely woven bag of ground art gum eraser used to remove loose graphite from a
drawing.
 Compass - Used to draw circles and arcs.
 Compass Adapter - A device which holds a technical pen in a proper position in a compass
 Divider - Used to transfer dimensions
 Drafting tape - A specially-prepared tape used to adhere drawing media to the working surface
 Dusting brush - Used to brush loose graphite and eraser dust from a drawing
 Eraser - Used to remove pencil lines and graphite smudges from a drawing
 Eraser shield - A metal plate with various slots and openings used to protect line work when a
portion of a drawing is to be erased
 Irregular curve - Used to lay out any noncircular curve
 Lead pointer - Used for sharpening mechanical pencils
 Lettering guide - Used to lay out guidelines for lettering
 Mechanical pencils – Used to hold leads of various hardness
 Protractor - Used to measure angles
 Scales - Used to measure the length of a line
 Template - A thin, flat, plastic tools with various size openings of different shapes used to expedite
the drawing of standard features
 Triangle - A thin, flat, right-angled piece of plastic or metal with acute angles of 45°, or 30° and 60°
used for drawing vertical or inclined lines that are multiples of 15°
 Basic Drawing Tools

Adjustable Triangle Compass & Dividers Technical Pens Dusting Brush

Drafting Tape
Cleaning Pad
Lead Pointer
Irregular curve

Lettering Guide Erasing Shield Mechanical Pencil/

Eraser Lead Holder

Protractors
Templates

Scale
Regular Triangles Liquid Ink Eraser
Types of compasses

A. Friction

B. Bow

BOW JET BOW DROP SPRING SPEED BOW

C. Beam
Types of dividers

A. Friction

B. Bow

C. Proportional

Types of irregular curves

Flexible Curve

French curve
Hips Curve

Rule Curve
Types of common template

A. Circle
B. Ellipse
C. Isometric ellipse
D. Architectural
E. Piping
F. Structural steel shape
G. Hex bolt head
H. Thread
I. Plumbing
J. Civil
K. Electronic

(NOTE: Many others may be added to this list.)

Rules for maintenance and care of drafting tools and equipment

A. Keep hands and equipment clean.

B. Keep all instruments clean and dry.
C. Do not bend templates sharply.
D. Do not use templates or scales as edges for cutting tools.
E. Do not use templates as eraser shields.
F. Do not hit scales and triangle on edges.
G. Do not overextend compasses and dividers.
H. Clean plastic tools with soap and water only.
I. Do not stick compasses and divider points into scales and triangles.
J. Never sharpen leads over drawing and table surface.
Types of drafting pencils
A. Mechanical lead holder - Lead requires sharpening

B. Thin-lead mechanical pencils - Lead does not require sharpening

C. Regular Pencil

(NOTE: Many styles of thin-lead mechanical pencils are available.)

Types of leads and devices used to sharpen them

A. Compass leads
1. file
2. Sandpaper pad

B. Mechanical lead-holder leads

1. Sandpaper-cone lead pointer
2. Metal-cutter lead pointer

Tools used for inking

A. Technical pen
B. Ink riser
C. Triangles with inking edges
D. Inking erasers
1. Plastic vinyl
2. Chemically-imbibed
3. Liquid
Types of pen points
A. Stainless steel (for hand use and programmed automated digital plotters)
B. Jewel (for hand use and automated digital plotters)
(NOTE: The jewel point can fracture if it is dropped, or if the point should meet with impact on a hard surface; therefore,
do not top a pen with a jewel point on the desk top.)
C. Tungsten-carbide (for use with programmed automated digital plotters)
D. Plotter pens (available in liquid ink plotting points, ball point cartridges, or felt tip pens.)
Ways to properly use and care for technical pens
A. The proper way to hold the technical pen is vertically, with a very light touch.
B. While drawing, always pull the technical pen; never push it.
C. The air channel allows air enter the ink cartridge in order to replace the ink that has been used.
D. The technical pen should always be capped when not in
use, even if not used for a short period of time.
E. The wire-weight should never be removed during
cleaning, specially sizes 30mm #00 or smaller.
F. When a technical pen is to be stored for an extended
period of time, it should be cleaned well and filled with pen
cleaning solution.

(NOTE: Check the manufacturer’s recommendation.)

G. Before using the pen that has been stored a long time, flush it with warm water, thoroughly dry it, and
refill it with ink

Scales

1. What is scale?
2. What example can you give on scaling?

A scale is an item of drawing instrument that has been carefully graduated (marked) and calibrated (labeled) in
convenient increments for the user. Scales enable a user to make size reductions or enlargements rapidly and
accurately. Scales are graduated in such a way that they can be used to draw objects to scale by direct measurement
without any calculation. Depending on its size, the drawing of an object may be the same size as the object, larger or
smaller than the object. When one unit on the object equals one unit on the drawing, we say the object is drawn to
full size scale; written as 1:1. When one unit on the object is equal to two units on the drawing, we say the object is
drawn to a magnification scale of 2:1. Whereas when two units on the object is equal to one unit on the drawing, we
say the object is drawn to a reduction scale of 1:2. Similarly, a scale of 1:10 means one unit on the drawing is
equivalent to ten units on the object and so on.

Table1: designation of scale

Exercise

Exercise 2
1 Reproduce Figure (2.4) to a scale of 1:5.
2 Redraw Figure (2.5) to a scale of 3:1.
Title Block
the primary purpose of a drawing title block is to identify a drawing. Title blocks must be uniform in size and easy to
read. They may be mechanically lettered, neatly lettered freehand, or preprinted commercially on standard size
drafting sheets.

Generally, the title block is placed in the lower right-hand corner of the drawing sheet, regardless of the size of the
drawing (except for vertical title block). The arrangement and size of the title block are optional, but the following
information should be included:

• The name of the student, company or organization.

• The title of the drawing.
• The drawing number
• The scale.
• The angle of projection used, either first or third, generally shown symbolically.
• The signature or initials of the draftsman, checker, approving officer, and issuing officer, with the respective dates.
• other information as required.

Figure; school title block

Exercise I: Redraw the blow given circles by using appropriate drawing instruments.

Exercise II: Dividing a circle into equal number of parts.

1. Draw a circle of radius 50mm.
2. Divide the circle drawn in step 1 into 24 equal parts using set-squares and the T-square
as shown below.
Lines
Lines of various forms and thickness are used as alphabets of the graphic language. If these lines are properly and
systematically composed, they have the capacity to describe the shape of an object adequately. It is beneficial to develop
the capacity of discriminating each line in shape and thickness. The alphabet of lines may be categorized into three
groups based on their weights or thickness. The object line, the cutting plane line, and the short break lines should be
drawn thick.

Table 2: types of lines

1. Object lines: are dark, heavy solid lines used to show the outline and shape of an object and define features you can
see in a particular view. These lines are the most prominent lines on drawings. The object line is also identified as
visible line.

3. Hidden lines: are medium weight short dashed lines. They are used to show the outline of a feature that
cannot be seen in a particular view and help clarify a feature.

3. Center lines: are thin lines composed of one long dash and one short dash spaced alternately. It is used to
indicate axis of circles and symmetrical surfaces of an object.
4. Dimension lines: are thin lines with arrowheads at its ends. It is used to Show the length, width, and height of the
features of an object.

5. Extension lines: are thin solid lines used to show the starting and stopping points of a dimension.

6. Leader Lines: Thin lines, used to show the dimension of a feature or a note that is too large to be placed beside the
feature itself.

7. Cutting plane lines: are used to indicate the location of the cutting of cutting plane in the process of sectioning.

8. Section Lines: are used to indicate the cut surface of an object in sectional view.

Constructing a perpendicular bisector of a given line or arc

1. Draw line or arc AB.
2. Adjust your compass to a radius greater than ½ AB.
3. With centers at A and B, draw intersecting arcs at D and E.
4. Draw a line DE. DE ⊥ AB and AC=CB.
Constructing a perpendicular to a line from a point outside the line Method 1
1. Draw line AB and locate point P anywhere but not on AB.
2. P as a center and with arbitrary radius R, strike arcs on AB to get points C and D on the left and right side
of P.
3. Adjusting the compass radius r to greater than ½ CD, and C and D as a center, strike two arcs intersecting
at E.
4. Use straight edge to draw line PE ⊥ AB.
Polygons
1. What do you understand from the word polygon?
2. Can you give examples of polygons?
A polygon is a plane, having boundary defined by three or more sides that are all straight. Polygons can be
mainly classified as regular and irregular. Irregular polygons are planes which either their sides or angles are
of different sizes. Regular polygons are planes which their sides are kept in a regular manner, such as equal
length, equal angles and so on (including equilateral triangles and squares) and can be constructed by
inscribing in or circumscribing around a circle, a technique covered later in this chapter.
The following list shows how the names of the regular polygon change with the number of sides:

 To construct a regular octagon given the diagonal, i.e. within a given circle Steps
• Draw the circle and insert a diameter AE.
• Construct another diagonal CG, perpendicular to the first diagonal.
• Bisect the four quadrants thus produced to cut the circle in B, D, F, and H.
ABCDEFGH is the required octagon.
  To construct a rectangular octagon; given the diameter, i.e, within a given square.

•
Construct a square PQSR, length of side equal to the diameter.
•
Draw the diagonals SQ and PR to intersect in T.
•
With centers P, Q, R, and S draw four arcs, radius PT (=QT = RT=ST) to cut the square
in A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
ABCDEFGH is the required octagon

Construction of an Ellipse
The ellipse is the locus of all coplanar points, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points (foci) is constant.
This constant distance is the major axis. The longer axis of an ellipse is called major axis (diameter) and the shorter
axis is called minor axis (diameter). The major and minor diameters are perpendicular to each other. The foci of an
ellipse (F1 and F2) are located on the major axis and are obtained by striking an arc with radius equal to half the major
axis and center at the end points of the minor axis as shown in Fig below.

Construction of ellipse
An ellipse is constructed in several methods, few of which are
1. Four-center method (an approximate method)
2. Concentric circles method
3. Parallelogram or conjugate diameter method.
 Constructing ellipse by four-center method
1. Draw the major axis AB and the minor axis CD intersecting at O.
2. Connect the end points of the two axes AD.
3. With radius OA and center O, strike an arc to intersect the extension of minor axis at E.
4. With radius DE and Center on D, mark off point F. Note AF=AO – DO and OA=OD+DE.
5. Draw perpendicular bisector of AF and extend it to intersect the major axis at K and the minor axis at H.
6. With a divider or compass mark off OM equal to OK, and OL equal to OH.
7. With H as a center and radius equal to HD, draw the bottom arc between TT.
8. With L as a center and same radius HD, draw the top arc between TT.
9. With M as a center and radius equal to MB, draw the right side end arc between TT.
10. With K as a center and radius MB, draw the left side end arc between TT.

Construction of an ellipse by four center method.

Exercise

1. Draw an ellipse whose axis is 102mm long (horizontally and whose minor axis is64mm long, using the four-
center method.
 GOFA INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
METAL ENGINEERING DERTMENT
Unit of competence: Interpreting drawing and sketches written exam -01
Name __________________________________id no________ time allotted 20min
 Unit Title Interpret working Drawings &sketches
Information sheet 2
Module Title Interpreting working Drawings &sketches
Lo2:- Identify views, standard symbols &lines
2.1 Identify Orthographic &isometric Drawing
2.2 Explain orthographic &isometric views
2.3 Identify alphabet of lines
2.4 Explain use of alphabets of lines
2.5 Explain& Identify codes &symbols

Terms and definitions

A. Coincide- To match up identically.

B. Fold line - A theoretical line between two views where viewing planes fold. (NOTE: This is
used as a reference line on drawings.)
C. Foreshortened - To appear shorter to the eye than it actually is
D. Line - Straight element that is generated by a moving point and has
Extension only along the path of the point
E. Line of sight - Direction from which an object is being viewed
F. Line precedence - Lines that are more important to show than other
G. Multi-view drawing - A drawing of a mechanical part that shows exact size by looking
straight at the object from one to six positions.
H. Orthographic projection - Right angle projection: projector lines are parallel to each other
perpendicular to the plane of projection.
(NOTE: This is one method used to create a multi view drawing)
I. Projection lines - Lines used to extend from one view to the next view.
J. True size- A surface or line that is shown in its actual size
N. Visualize - To form a mental picture or image.

Projection system

1. All views are projected onto planes lying between the object and viewer

2. Used in the United States, Canada, and other countries

Planes of projection
 A. Frontal plane - Used for front views

B. Profile plane - Used for right and left side views

(NOTE: The frontal and profile planes are both vertical planes)

C. Horizontal plane- Used for top and bottom views

Steps in visualizing an orthographic projection

A. Visualize by looking at the actual object or picture of the object.

B. To obtain views, project the lines of sight to each plane of projection from all points on the object.

C. Rotate all planes until they align with frontal plane of projection.

D. Visualize the six possible views of the object that are revolved into the same planes on a drawing
surface.

E. Inspect views and determine those needed to adequately represent the object

Views possible in orthographic projection

A. Top
B. Bottom
C. Front
D. Rear
E. Right side
F. Left side

Principal views in orthographic projection

A. Top

B. Front

C. Right side

(NOTE: Other views may be used if needed to show features that are hidden in the principal views.)

Steps in selecting correct views of an object

A. Select the number of views necessary to represent the object. This

May require only one view or as many as all six views.

B. Select the front view which:

1. Best describes contour shape.

 2. Contains the least number of hidden lines

3. Is usually the longest view

4. Shows object in normal position

C. Select alternate position for right side view if drawing area is crowded.

D. Select view positions to avoid crowding of dimensions and notes

Basic dimensions of an object

A. Height – Distance between two horizontal planes (bottom to top)

B. Width (length) – Distance between two profile planes (left side to

Right side)

C. Depth – Distance between two frontal planes(front to back)

ASSEMBLING THE PARTS

Sometimes there are given parts of an object using the orthographic illustration, your concern will be
identifying the perspective figure to complete a task. An example figure below is given to find the perspective.

TOP

FRONT SIDE

Steps in assembling the parts:

Step 1: Follow the procedures of Isometric drawing. Create first the 30º angles used in creating isometric
figures.

90º

30º 30º

Step 2: Illustrate or draw the FRONT view first, following the given measurements. Project the side view
after completing the front view.

Step 3: Illustrate or draw the SIDE view according to the details or measurements given.
Step 4: Project the remaining lines that will complete the top view. After completing the figure, erase all
unnecessary lines or the projection lines.

A. Identify the 3 principal views of the object below. (TOP,FRONT and right SIDE view). All measurements
are in centimeters.

3.0
6.0
3.0

1.5

3.0
 3.0

A. Identify the 3 principal views of the object below. (TOP,FRONT and right SIDE view). All measurements
are in centimeters.
TOP
2.0 2.0

3.0

3.0

4.0 1.5

FRONT SIDE

Alphabet of Lines

UNIT OBJECTIVE

After completion of this unit, the student should be able to state the purpose and meaning of various types of
drawing lines. The student should also be able to sketch objects using the correct lines to accurately
graphically represent objects and. Competencies will be demonstrated by completing the assignment sheets,
job sheet, and the unit tests with a minimum score of 85 percent.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

After completion of this unit, the student should be able to;

  Use the correct line to describe an object.
 State purposes of the different lines.
 Select true statements concerning rules in drawing.
 Arrange in order the steps in completing a drawing.
 Distinguish between types of lines.
 Select true statements concerning factors in line usage.
 State ways to interpret the meaning of lines.
 Sketch straight lines. (Assignment sheet #1)
 Sketch arcs. ( Assignment sheet #2)
 Sketch circles. ( Assignment sheet #3)
 Sketch ellipses. ( Assignment sheet #4)
 Sketch an isometric cube. ( Assignment sheet #5)
 Sketch an oblique cube. ( Assignment sheet#6)
 Sketch a cone. ( Assignment sheet #7)
 Block in a view of a part. ( Assignment sheet #8)

There are several types of lines used in drawing or graphical presentations, and each line has a meaning. To
be able to interpret a print or drawing, the reader should have knowledge of these lines. The table below
identifies the description of each line, also note that each line deals with either the shape of the object or its
dimension.

TYPE OF LINE DESCRIPTION PURPOSE REPRESENTATION

To show the visible

OBJECT LINE Thick bold line sides/shape of the
object

To show the
Broken line of medium
HIDDEN LINE thickness
edges/outline not
visible to the eye
 To show center of
A broken line made of
circles, arcs, and
a series of short and
CENTER LINE long dashes alternately
symmetrical objects
and to aid in
spaced
dimensioning this part

Lines that extend from

To show dimensioning OBJECT
EXTENSION LINE the object with a slight
points
break in between

OBJECT
Lines with arrow Touch the extension
heads, unbroken except lines and shows the
DIMENSION LINE where dimension is distance given by
placed dimensions OBJECT

2.0

A fine straight line with

an arrow head or round
Points directly to the
LEADER LINE solid dot at one end. It
object for the purpose
is usually drawn at an
angle.
 A A

To indicate where an
imaginary cut is made
The preferred cutting
through the object. The
plane line is heavy,
arrow points in the
broken line made up of
direction in which the
series of one long and
section should be
two short dashes
viewed. Letters next to
alternately spaced.
CUTTING PLANE the arrow heads identify
Arrow heads are placed
LINE the section in cases
at right angles to the
where more than one
cutting plane line.
section is shown on the B B
Alternate cutting plane
drawing. These lines
lines are solid heavy
are oriented vertically,
line or a series of long
horizontally or at an
dashes.
actual angle at which
the part is shown
C C

Series of fine lines,

solid, solid and broken, STEEL CAST IRON,
MALLEABLE IRON,
arranged in specific To indicate the GENERAL USE FOR
ALL MATERIALS
patterns. They may be imaginary cut surface
shown either straight or referred to by the
SECTION LINES curved. When shown cutting plane line.
straight they are usually COPPER,
BRASS,
drawn at 45° angle, To represent various BRONZE, AND
COMPOSITION ZINC, LEAD, WHITE
however this angle will kinds of materials. METAL, BABBITT
vary when applied to AND ALLOYS

adjacent part.
MAGNESIUM,
ALUMINUM, and its
ALLOYS

Heavy broken line

To indicate line
made up of series of
CHAIN LINE long and short dashes
location and extent of a
surface area.
alternately spaced
 To show a short break
SHORT BREAK Heavy irregular line (to conserve space on a
LINE drawn free hand drawing) to show a
partial portion

To show a long break

LONG BREAK Ruled light line with
(to conserve space on a
LINE freehand zigzags
drawing)

To show alternate
position of a part, to
Light broken line made
show relationship of
PHANTOM LINE up of a series of long
existing part to new
and two short dashes
part, and to show
machine surfaces.

Unit Title:- Interpret working Drawings &sketches

Information
Sheet 3
Module Title:-Interpreting working Drawings &sketches

LO3:- Interpret Technical Drawings

3.1 recognize component, assembly or object
3.2 Interpret drawing symbols &codes
3.3 Identify dimensions &material requirements
3.4 Interpret dimensional tolerance& notations

DIMENSION LINE

OBJECT/VISIBLE
LINE

EXTENSION LINE
 SECTION LINE LEADER LINE

Illustrate the following objects as indicated in the instructions.

A. Draw the object below using the oblique method. Follow the metric measurements

.30
.30

.20
.30
.30

.30

B. Draw the object below using the isometric method. Follow the metric measurements.
 .30 .30

.30 .30

.20

.20

PROJECTION BOX
The projection box is an imaginary box wherein the object shall be placed in to easily identify the three
principal views needed the TOP, FRONT and SIDE Views. (shown in the figure /illustration below)

PERSPECTIVE

Projection Lines PROJECTION BOX

STEPS IN PROJECTING

Step 1: Identify and illustrate the front view of the object from the base line and project all the lines of the
drawn figure

Base

Front View

Step 2: Identify and illustrate the top view of the object

leaving a space of at least five centimeters from the front view and project all the lines of the drawn figure.

0.50

Step 3: Make a 45º angle line from the corner of the front view. Then project the lines downward to the
base line starting from the corners of the intersected lines of the 45º angle. Draw the figure of the side view.
Step 4: Write all the details needed (measurements and names of the figures), write all the details outside,
do not put it in the projection area then erase all the projected lines.
TOP
2.5 3.5

2.5

0.5

3.5

2.5

5.0

1.5

FRONT SIDE

Some measurements are not written, since it may be included in the whole measurement of the object side.
An example is on the front and side view. The whole measurement of the height is 5 centimeters; you can use
your math for the measurement of the middle section. 1.5 + 2.5 = 4.0, therefore 5.0 – 4.0 = 1.0 which is the
measurement of the middle section of the side view. This system is used to avoid over crowding the area of
the details like in the top view.

If the area for writing in the detail of a section, instead of using the inside arrow line you may use the outside
arrow line as shown in the top vie
Operation sheet 1
Title:.Adjusting drawing tools &equipment
Purpose: - How To operate An Adjustable Triangle
A. Tools and Equipment
 Adjustable triangle
 Parallel bar/Drawing Board
 Activity Paper
 Pencil
 Eraser

B. Procedure
 Set required angle on triangle by loosening adjusting knob and setting the scale. (see figure
below)
 Read numbers on lower half of scale if required angle is greater than 45°. The angle will be the
actual angle made by the triangle.
 Read numbers on upper half of scale if required angle is less than 45°. The angle will be
complementary to the angle.

Precautions:

 Follow safe working procedures.

 Follow instructions.
Criteria- each tools must be used for the required operation

Operation sheet No. 2

 Title: - Draw Horizontal and Vertical Lines with Triangle and Drafting Machine

Purpose:-Drawing horizontal &vertical line

A. Tools and equipment
1. Drafting machine/Drawing Table
2. Standard triangles
3. Two sheets of drafting media
4. Pencil
5. Eraser

B. Procedure

1. Place the drawing media on the drafting surface.

2. Set the drafting machine at the “0” mark with parallel scale approximately horizontal to the drawing
surface.
3. Align the bottom edge of the drawing media with the parallel scale.
4. Tape the drawing in place.
5. Draw horizontal lines using the parallel scale as a guide.

6. Draw vertical lines by placing a triangle against the parallel scale and using the vertical 90° angle side
of the triangle to trace along.

C. Problems: Using a new sheet of drawing paper, draw the following figures using the specifications
noted. Construct problem 1 in the left half of the sheet and Problem 2 in the right half of the sheet.

Problem 1:
Line A-B is divided into 6 equal parts.
 Line A-D is divided into 9 equal parts.

C D

5”

5”

Precautions:

 Follow safe working procedures.

 Follow instructions.
Criteria- each tools must be used for the required operations.

Operation sheet No. 3

Title:-DIVIDED A CIRCLE INTO 24 PARTS OF 15° BY USING 30°/60° AND 45° TRIANGLES
Purpose:-dividing circles in to different parts at different angles

A. Tools and equipment

 1. Triangles- 30°/60° and 45°
2. Drafting machine or parallel bar
3. Drafting media
4. Drafting pencil
5. Eraser
B. Procedure

1. Use the established center point and lines as a reference point from which two standard triangles can
be used to find the first 15° angle. (Figure 1)
2. Use one triangle to find the 30° angle next to the 15° angle.
3. Use one triangle to find the 45° angle next to the 30° angle.
4. Use one triangle to find the 60° angle next to the 45° angle.
5. Use two triangles to find the75° angle next to the 60° angle.
6. Use one triangle to find the 90° angle next to the 75° angle.
7. Continue with triangles and drafting machine or parallel bar until the circle has been divided into 24
parts and each angle has been correctly labeled.

Precautions:

 Follow safe working procedures.

 Follow instructions.
Criteria- each tools must be used for the required operations.

Operation sheet No. 4

Title: - Use Compass To Draw Circle And Arcs

Purpose:-Drawing circles And Arcs

A. Tools and Equipment

1. compass
2. Eraser
3. Drafting Media (“A” size vellum- 8 ½ x 11”)
4. Drafting pencil

B. Procedure

(NOTE: A compass is used to draw circles or arcs that are too large or different in size from a circle template.)
1. Set the radius to be used.

(Caution: Do not place the compass directly on the scale because this practice could eventually damage the scale.)

2. After radius is determined, start the circle by holding the compass handle between the thumb and the
forefinger.

3. Complete the circle by rotating the compass in a clockwise direction.

4. Use the scale to check accuracy of the diameter before darkening lines

Problem: Construct a 3 1/2” square centered on the vellum and constructs a figure like the one shown
below in that space. Draw 1 3/4” radius arcs at A, B, C, and D, and construct small arcs so that they
intersect as shown in the below. Complete the problem by adding center lines.

(NOTE: Omit radius lines A, B, C, and D from finished drawing.)

Precautions:

 Follow safe working procedures.

 Follow instructions.
Criteria- each tools must be used for the required operations

Operation sheet No 5

Title: - Use A Divider To Divide A Line Into Equal Parts

Purpose:-dividing lines into equal parts

A. Tools and Equipment

1. Divider
2. Eraser
3. Drafting media (“A” size vellum)
4. Drafting pencil

B. Procedure

(NOTE: A divider is used to transfer a dimension from one point to another or to subdivide
a line into a given number of equal parts.)
 1. To divide a line into a given number of equal parts, set one point of the divider at
one end of the line.
2. Use one hand to adjust the divider to approximately 1/3 the distance of the line.

(NOTE: Distance will change defending upon number of divisions.)

3. Swing the divider clockwise to the second point on the line.

4. Swing the divider counterclockwise to the third point on the line.

(NOTE: If spacing is too short or too long, lengthen or shorten the divider spacing
slightly and try again. This is a trial and error method, but a useful method to
practice.)

C. Problem- Construct a 4” square in the center of the working space. Using the figure
below as an example, divide lines A-D and B-C into seven equal parts locating the
corners of the squares. Construct the squares and complete the figure by adding center
lines.

A B

C D
Precautions:

 Follow safe working procedures.

 Follow instructions.
Criteria- each tools must be used for the required operations

Self Check NO 1

1. Match the terms on the right with their correct definitions.

____ a. At a 90 angle to a given 1. Drawing Media
plane or line

____ b. A line straight up and 2. Horizontal

down, perpendicular to the
horizontal plane
3. Ink
____ c. Made of graphite with
kaolin added in varying
amounts in order to make 4. Lead
the eighteen grades from
the hardest to the softest
5. Parallel
____ d. A measuring device
consisting of a main fixed
scale and a smaller 6. Perpendicular
graduated scale that slides
to obtain fine measurements
7. Vernier
____ e. Any type of material
upon which an object is
graphically represented 8. Vertical

____ f. Two lines or surfaces

 side by side, equal 9. Working Surface
distances apart at all points

____ g. Composed mainly of carbon

in colloidal suspension and gum

____ h. Parallel to the plane of the

horizon

2. Identify the following basic drafting tools.

a. _______________ b. _______________
c. _______________ d. _______________
e. _______________ f. _______________
g. _______________ h. _______________
i. _______________ j. _______________

a b c d e f

j
h
g i

3. Distinguish among the types of drafting machines by placing the following letters next to the
correct descriptions:

 E- Elbow Drafting Machine

 P- Parallel Bar
 V- V-track Drafting Machine

____ a. Has a protractor head which can be adjusted to any

angle measurement accurate to the nearest 5 minutes of a degree; this protractor head moves on a
vertical track which in turn moves on a horizontal track.
____ b. Has a protractor head which can be adjusted to any
angle measurement accurate to the nearest 5 minutes of a degree. The protractor head moves in any
direction of the working surface. The head is mounted at the end of two arms hinged in the middle
with a swivel joint.

____ c. Is a long flat bar similar to a T-square that has a

hollow area in its middle through which cable pass. These cables work through a series of pulleys,
and the ends are attached to a tension bracket. The cables allow it to move in a parallel motion up
and down the working surface.

4. List two advantages for each type of drafting machine.

a. Parallel bar

1) ____________________________________________

2) ____________________________________________

b. Elbow drafting machine

1) ____________________________________________

2) ____________________________________________

c. V-track drafting machine

1) ____________________________________________

2) ____________________________________________

5. Identify parts of a standard protractor head.

a. _______________ e. _______________
b. _______________ f. _______________
c. _______________ g. _______________
d. _______________ h. _______________

B H

F
 6. Select true statements concerning rules for maintenance and care of drafting machines by placing an
“X” next to the true statements.

____ a. Keep scales aligned and tight.

____ b. Scales can be used as straight edges of cutting

knives.

____ c. Scales do not need to be kept clean.

____ d. Tighten baseline and protractor wing nuts snugly but

not too tight.

____ e. Store drafting machine with scales protruding over

the edge of the drafting table.

____ f. Lift and move drafting machine by the scales.

____ g. Protractor heads are hard to adjust; force it

necessary.

____ h. Keep band tension adjusted properly.

____ i. Keep support clamps loose when not in use.

7. Identify the following types of compasses.

a. _______________ b. _______________
8. Identify the following types of dividers.
a. _______________

b. _______________
9. Identify the following types of irregular curves.
a. _______________ b. _______________
10. List five types of common templates.
a. ____________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________
d. ____________________________________________
e. ____________________________________________

11. Select true statements concerning rules for maintenance and care of drafting tools and equipment by
placing an “X” in the appropriate blanks.
 ____ a. Do not bend templates sharply.
____ b. Templates and scales can be used as straight edges
for cutting.
____ c. Keep all instruments clean and dry.
____ d. A circle template can be used as an eraser shield.
____ e. Do not hit scales and triangles on edges.
____ f. Compasses and dividers cannot be overextended.
____ g. Clean plastic tools with soap and water only.
12. Distinguish between the types of drafting pencils by placing an “X” next to the description of the thin-
lead mechanical pencil and an “O” next to the mechanical lead holder.
____ a. Lead requires sharpening.
____ b. Lead does not require sharpening.
13. Match the types of lead on the right with the devices used to sharpen them.
____ a. File 1. Compass leads
____ b. Sandpaper pad 2. Mechanical lead-
____ c. Metal-cutter lead pointer holder leads
____ d. Sandpaper-cone lead pointer
14. Identify the following tools used for inking.
a. _______________ b. _______________
15. List three types of pen points.
a. ____________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________

Answer key
 1.
a. 6 b. 8 c. 4 d. 7 e. 1 f. 5 g. 3 h. 2

2.
c. erasing
a. curves b. eraser d. protractor e. template
shield
f. drafting h. bow
g. L-square i. beam j. T-square
table divider

3.

a. E b. V c. P

4.
Advantages of a parallel bar
 Easy to make horizontal
lines
 More accurate than a T-
square
 Very little maintenance
 Simple to operate
Advantages of an elbow drafting Advantages of a V-track drafting
machine machine
 Increases drafting output  Simple to operate
 Requires fewer tools to operate  Versatile
 Less expensive than V-track  Accuracy is better maintained.
machine  All areas of drafting board are
 Can be aligned to any base line accessible.
 Few working parts

5.
a. baseplate e. vernier plate
b. protractor f. chuck plate
c. handle g. index thumbpiece
d. adjusting screw h. scale chuck

6.
a. X d. X h. X

7.
friction bow beam

8.
friction bow proportional
 9.
Hip Curve Flexible Curve French Curve Ruled Curve

10.
Circle Piping Plumbing Thread
Ellipse Structural steel shape Civil
Isometric ellipse
Architectural Hex bolt head Electronic

11.
a. X c. X e. X f. X g. X

12.
a. O b. X

13.
a. 1 b. 1 c. 2 d. 2

14.
c. Triangles with
a. Technical pen b. Ink riser d. Inking erasers
inking edges

15.
Stainless steel Jewel
Tungsten-carbide Plotter pens