Message from the author

“Success is not final, failure is not fatal:

It is the courage to continue that counts. “
- Winston Churchill

This manual was created with the sole purpose

ANDREW M. PANES of helping more the Civil Service Examinee. Its content
was simplified, and its approach is more
SECRETS &TECHNIQUES comprehensive than in any manual available in the
market today. As the needs of time are more specific,
detailed and scientific, so does the framework of this
in passing the manual.
It was made to cater the needs of our time and
for the future generations who has a plan to take the
Civil Service Examination exam. I had observed that the exam like the civil
service had a low passing rate turn out for present and
many past years. If my manual will changed this
unfortunate events, then my objective is complete. I
With Study Guides + Sample Tests hope this manual will help you in all your study and
techniques needs.
( Simplified english user-friendly approach ) Andrew M. Panes’s Note:

This reviewer has no expiration date. Its applicable as

your exam might be on 2015, 2019 or 2021. Its
by: Andrew M. Panes information is perpetual, only some revision in the
future is necessary to upgrades its information.

2018 -2019 edition

 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE SECRETS:
Pages
The Secrets . . . . . . .1 1. The Civil Service exam is a 150 items which must be
Universal Techniques . . . . . .2 answer for 3 hours. In other words, each question is only
Introduction and General Information . . . 3-5 given 1minute and 30seconds to answer in order to finish the
Personal Information Test . . . . .6 - 9
entirety of the exam.
2. Considering that it’s quit impossible, for example a one
English Study Guides . . . . . . 10 - 67 math question which has multiple solving process cannot be
Vocabulary Techniques and Sample Test. . .. . 68 - 73 done in just that time duration.
Identifying Errors Techniques and Sample Test. . . 74 - 78 For example. 1324 x 14342
3. Or English question wherein you must a read a bunch of
Paragraph Organization Techniques and Sample Test. . 79 - 85
sentences, nor logical reasoning wherein the clue requires an
Reading Comprehension Techniques and Sample Test . 86 –96 alternate distribution.
Math Study Guides . . . . . . 97 - 131 4. So what’s the secret then in order to overcome this time
Math Techniques and Sample Test . . . . 132 - 139
pressure??
5. The secrets is to understand the pattern in the questions and
Logical Reasoning Techniques and multiple choices.
Analysing Arguments/Statement and Conclusion/ 6. Civil Service Exam is like other exam too, it’s like college
Statement and Argument/Cause and Effect Sample Test . 140 - 157 entrance exam, or Job hiring exam. Subconsciously, the
creator of this exam created patterns or hints to make the right
Number Series Techniques and Sample Test . . . 158 - 164
answer more visible.
Abstract Reasoning / Inductive Reasoning Techniques 7. Without this pattern or hints, it was very impossible to
And Sample Test. . . . . . .165 -174 finish answering all of the questions at the right time.
Word Analogy Techniques and Sample Test . . . 175 - 182
8. Also, Civil Service Exam is a time consuming and very
stressful one to answer, therefore, patterns and hints makes
Numerical Reasoning Techniques and Sample Test. . . 183 - 188 the exam less stressful and more chances of finding the right
Filipino Study Guides and Sample Test. . . .189 - 195 answer.
Phil. Constitution and Gen. Info. Study Guides . .196 - 225 9. Again, the secrets is to know what the pattern in the
questions and multiple choices in order to find the right
Phil. Constitution and Gen. Info. Sample Test . . 218 - 225
answer.
Clerical Ability Sample Test . . . . . 226 - 233 10. Having this knowledge plus your preparedness because
Preparation: Before and during the exam . . . 234 - 235 you study, then absolutely you will pass the exam.
Prayer and Mantra, The Myth on eating round shape foods .236
1
 UNIVERSAL TECHNIQUES
1. In multiple choices of 5 items (a, b, c, d and e), always
reduce it to 3, in other words, delete the 2 choices. It will help
you reduce the time to think and to reduce stress.
2. Answer first the one you think is easy. Answer it correctly
no matter what happen.It may cause you more time, yet you
will have a correct answer which is better than guessing.
3. If its 20 minutes time remaining before exam ends,answer
all items by guessing as fast as you can. Then go back to the
item which you think you can answer correctly.
4.MajorityRule– this technique is applicable in all math,
abstract reasoning and English.
The rule states that in the multiple choices, the hint or clue of
the right answer is visible in the choices that had the same
near effect or class.
5.) Effects of all Techniques:Reduce the stress,reduce the
time to consume and efficiently choose and guess the right
answer.
2
INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL INFORMATION
THE CIVIL SERVICE ELIGIBILITY EXAMINATION
PURPOSE : As required for permanent job positions in the
government.Career Service Professional and Sub-
professional examinations are open to applicants regardless
of educational attainment.
QUALIFICATIONS:
Applicants for both levels must:
-Be Filipino citizens, at least 18 years old, and of good moral
character;
-Have no criminal record or have not been convicted by final
judgment of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude;
-Have not been dishonorably discharged from military service
or dismissed for cause from any civilian position in the
government; and
-Have not taken the same level of career service examination
within three (3) months from last examination taken.
APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
1. Fully accomplished Application Form (CS Form No. 100
(Revised November 2012)
2. Four (4) copies of identical I.D. pictures with
specifications, as follows:
3
a.Philippine Passport size (4.5 cm x 3.5 cm or 1.8 inches x 4. Examination fee of Php 500.00.
1.4 inches)
b.Colored, with white background
SCOPE OF EXAMINATION
c.Taken within three (3) months prior to filing of application
1. Professional Level - In English and Filipino: vocabulary,
d.Printed on good quality photo paper grammar and correct usage, paragraph organization, reading
comprehension, analogy, logic, and numerical reasoning.
e.In standard close-up shot (from shoulder level up with the
head and face occupying at least 80% of the picture and with 2. Sub professional Level - In English and Filipino:
the name tag positioned at approximately 1 inch or 2.54 cm vocabulary, grammar and correct usage, paragraph
below the chin) organization, reading comprehension, clerical operations, and
numerical reasoning.
f.With full and handwritten (not computer-generated) name
tag in the format: First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name,
and Extension Name (if any), and signature over printed
Source: http://excell.csc.gov.ph/cscweb/geninfo_cse.html
name
3.Originaland photocopy of any valid ID containing
applicant’s clear picture, date of birth, signature, and
signature of the authorized head of the issuing agency such
as Driver’s License, SSS ID, GSIS ID, Philhealth ID, current
Company/Office ID, current School ID, Postal ID, BIR ID,
Barangay ID, Voter’s ID, Valid Passport, or Police Clearance
(Note: Any other ID not included in the list shall NOT be
accepted)
-IDs with lacking information, particularly the applicant’s
date of birth, should be supported by NSO-issued Birth
Certificate or Birth Certificate authenticated/issued bythe
Local Civil Registrar (LCR).

4 5
 PERSONAL INFORMATION TEST d. With Master’s Units/ Law Units
e.Master’s Degree
-This is a sample tests, Dont Memorize, justbe familiarize -
f. Ph.D. Units/Degree
EXAMINEES DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONNAIRE
5. Year of last attendance in school:
The 10 items that follow are information about you. Please supply the
a. before 1985 c. 1992-1995
information as HONESTLY and ACCURATELY as you can.The
b. 1986-1991 d. 1997-2001
data that will be obtained from these items shall be held strictly
e. After 2001
confidential. Each item is followed by several possible answer. On
your sheet, shade completely the box that corresponds to the number
6. What honor did you receive when you graduated from college?
of the answer that specifically pertains to you.
a. Summa Cum laude c. Cum laude
1. Sex : b. Magna Cum laude d. Other academic award
a. Male c. Other e. Nothing
b. Female
7. Present employment:
2. Civil Status: a. Government c. Self-employed
b. Private d. None
a. Single c. Widow/widower
b. Married d. Separated/Divorce 8. Type of present job:
a. Professional/Technical/Scientific c. Trades and crafts
3. Age bracket where you belong: b. General Clerical d. Others
a.18-26 years old c. 33-39 years old e. Not applicable
b. 27-32 years old d. 40-50 years old
9. Length of experience in present job:
e. More than 51 years old
a. Less than one year c. Three to five years
b. One to two years d. More than 5 years
4. Highest educational attainment: e. None
a. College level
b. College graduate
c. Diploma / Certificate
6 7
10. Do you have any of the following first level eligibilities:
SecondGrade, Municipal/Provincial Clerk, General
Clerical,Career Service Sub-Professional (Local 13. 1. News/Feature/online Writing
Government), Career Service Sub-professional? 2. Personal Recruitment/Selection
3. Financial Management
a. Yes b. No 4.Investigator
Note and Technique:

In my personal opinion, this type of exam is free points type 14. 1.Public Relation Work
or bonus items. It means anything you choose are correct and 2. Records Management
you gain 1point score to each question. In Questions 1-15, 3. Maintenance Mechanic
answer as fast as you can, maybe 10 seconds to each question. 4. Clerical
Don't waste much time here.

Items 11 to 15 15. 1. Research / Report Writing

2. Statistical Analysis
In which of the following types of work do you consider 3. Stenography
yourself best qualified? Choose only THREE from among the 4. Supplies Management
options listed in items 11-15. 5. None of the Above

11. 1. Credit Correspondent

2. Contracts Paralegal Best choices: Office Head Management, IT Technical Lead,
3. Office Head Management Audit Examineer and Analyst
4. Collector
NOTE and TECHNIQUES:
12. 1. Applications Developer Each question is still with free 1 score point or bonus point.
2. Desktop Support Specialist BUT , I do believe , and only in my personal opinion, that
3. IT Technical Lead there are two or three score points hidden in three available
4.Audit Examiner and Analyst options. To get it, to obtain it, just pick the best top career
which is available.

8
9
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND CORRECT USAGE PREFIXES and SUFFIXES

I included here some study guides since I do believe most of
the examinees is in need of additional knowledge and/or basis
for reviewer. Also, techniques and secrets in passing each
kind of english tests are included, yet study first before taking
the sample tests
---------Study Guides Coverages----------
Study Guide Use: For all english type of test
Included here are Prefixes and Suffixes for it was a great help
to understand the english words. By understanding the pre
and post letters added to the root word, you may obtain
any ideas on the given words no matter how difficult it was.

1. Prefixes and Sufixes Coverage of Prefixes

2. Common Mistakes in English 1. Common Prefix

3. Animals and their young and family 2. Other Prefixes

---------Grammar and Correct Usage Tests ------------- 3. Latin Prefixes

1. Vocabulary
Coverage of Suffixes
2. Identifying error
1. Common Suffixes Making Nouns
3. Paragraph Organization
2. Common Suffixes Making Verbs and Adverbs
4. Reading Comprehension
3. List of Other Suffixes

10 11
 ----------------PREFIXES------------------- dis apart, from, out, distract
Common Prefix Meaning Usage dyna power dynamite
a, an without, not atypical dys hard, ill, with difficulty dysentery
ab away (from) absent, abstract ee person who is employee, trainee
ac characteristic of cardiac ego I, self egoist
acer, acr sour, bitter acerbity, acrid en to make, become enlist
ad to, toward adhere epi on, outer epicenter
ambi both ambivalent ese relating to japanese
ante before anteroom, antebellum eu well, good euphemism, euphoria
anthropo man, mankind anthropoid ex out, from exist
anti against, opposed antipathy, antisocial extra beyond, outside extracurricular
aqua water aquatic fort strong fortress, forte
arch chief, principle archenemy frater brother fraternity
aud hear auditory, auditorium Gen race, origin, kind Genesis
auto self automatic geo earth geography
bene well, good beneficial graph, gram write graphics
bibl book Bible gyn woman gynophobia, gynecology
bio life autobiography hetero other, different heterogeneous
brev short brevity homo, homeo same, like, similar homogeneous
Chron time chronological hydr water hydroplane
circum around circumference hyper excessive, over, above, hyperbole
clar clear clarity hypo under, below, beneath hypodermic
co, con, com together, with cooperate, conspiracy ic, ical of, like manic, numerical
counter, contra against, opposite counteract, contrary il, im, in, ir in, into, on, within, not, illegal,infiltrate
cred believe credential, credible inter between interfere
crypt secret, hidden cryptic intra within intrastate
cycl circle cyclical macro large macroeconomics
de from, away depart magn large, great magnify
dia through, apart diagonal
dic, dict say dictate, dictation

12 13
mal bad malpractice, maladjusted pre before preamble
pseudo false pseudoscience
man hand manicure psych mind, soul psychology
mater mother maternity pyr fire pyromania
mega big megaphone re back, again return, redo
meter, metr measure thermometer rupt break rupture
micro small microscope scrib, script write transcribe, scripture
mis wrong, ill misinform se away, from seclude, segregate
mis, miso hatred misanthrope semi half semiprivate
mit, miss send transmit, missile simil like similar
multi many multitude soph wise sophisticated
nav ship, sail naval, navigate spect see, look spectator
neb hazy, cloudy nebulous syn, sym with, together synchronize
non not omnibus tech art, skill technique
omni all pandemonium tele far telephone
ortho straight, right orthopedics ten hold tenacity, tendon
Pan all pandemonium tend stretch extend
para beside parallel terra earth terrier, terrace
pater father paternal therm heat thermal
path feeling, suffering apathy trans across transport
ped, pod foot pedal, podiatrist ultra beyond, excessively ultramodern
per through, completely perforate un not, opposing, reverse unlawful
peri around perimeter viv life vivacious
phil love, like philanthropy voc call, voice vocation
phon sound phonics vor eat greedily omnivorous, voracious
photo light photostat
poly many polygamy
port carry porter, portable
post after postpone
pot strength, ability potential

14 15
Other Prefixes Meanings Use bi two bicameral = composed of two houses,
Ab from abduct = lead away, kidnap, abjure biennial = every two years
renounce bicycle = with two wheels
abs away from abscond = run off secretly cata down catastrophe = disaster,
ad, advance = move forward cataract = waterfall,
ac, accord = agreement, harmony, catapult = hurl
af, affliction = cause by distress circum around circumnavigate = sail around,
ag, aggregation = collection, circumspect = cautious,
an, to, forward annexation = addition, circumscribe = limit
ap, appease = bring toward peace, circumstances = situation surrounding you
ar, arraignment = indictment, com, combine = merge with,
as, assumption = taking for granted, co, coeditor = joint editor,
at attendance = present, in person col, with, together collateral = subordinate,
connected
ambi both ambiguous = double meaning, con, conference = meeting,
ambivalent = having conflicting emotions cor corroborate = confirm
ambidextrous = using both hands equally well contra, contro against contravene = conflict with
an, a without anarchy = lack of government, contraband = against rules, law
not amoral = without morals controversy = disputede
atypical = not typical de down, away base = lower in value
ante beforeantecedent = preceding event or word, decadence = deterioration
antediluvian = ancientantecessor = one going before depreciate = lose value
anti against, antipathy = hatred of,
opposite antithetical = exactly opposite demi partly, half demigod = partly divine being
anticlimax = something trivial demiglace = reduced brown sauce
arch chief, first archetype = original, first, head di two dichotomy = into two parts,
archbishop = chief bishoparchangel = head angel dilemma = choice between two (usually bad)
be over, thoroughly bemuze = humor, intrigue alternatives
befuddle = confuse thoroughly
bemoan = protest, express regret

16
17
dia across diagonal = across a figure, mal bad malpractice, maladjusted
diameter = distance across a circle man hand manicure
mater mother maternity
diabolical = devilish mega big megaphone
dis, dif not, apart discord = lack of harmony, meter, metr measure thermometer
differ = disagree micro small microscope
differentiate = tell apart, separate mis wrong, ill misinform
dys faulty, bad dysfunctional = not functioning properly mis, miso hatred misanthrope
dysentery = diarrhea mit, miss send transmit, missile
ex,e out exit = exodus,emit = give off something multi many multitude
exhaust = fumes from engine nav ship, sail naval, navigate
extra, extro beyond, outside extracurricular neb hazy, cloudy nebulous
= outside the curriculum non not
extraterrestrial = beyond the earth, omni all omnibus pandemonium
extrovert = outgoing person ortho straight, right orthopedics
Pan all pandemonium
hyper above, excessively hyperbole = para beside parallel
exaggeration, pater father paternal
hyperventilate = breath at an excessive rate path feeling, suffering apathy
hyperactive = overly active ped, pod foot pedal, podiatrist
hypo beneath hypoglycemia = low blood sugar per through, completely perforate
lower hypodermic = below the skin peri around perimeter
under hypochondriac = under illusion / phil love, like philanthropy
opression of sickness phon sound phonics
ic, ical of, like manic, numerical photo light photostat
il, im, in, ir in, into, on, within, not, illegal, poly many polygamy
infiltrate port carry porter, portable
inter between interfere post after postpone
intra within intrastate pot strength, ability potential
macro large macroeconomics
magn large, great magnify

18 19
pre before preamble Other Prefixes Meanings Use
pseudo false pseudoscience Ab from abduct = lead away, kidnap, abjure = renounce
psych mind, soul psychology abs away from abscond = run off secretly
pyr fire pyromania ad, advance = move forward
re back, again return, redo ac, accord = agreement, harmony,
rupt break rupture af, affliction = cause by distress
scrib, script write transcribe, scripture ag, aggregation = collection,
se away, from seclude, segregate an, to, forward annexation = addition,
semi half semiprivate ap, appease = bring toward peace,
simil like similar ar, arraignment = indictment,
soph wise sophisticated as, assumption = taking for granted,
spect see, look spectator at attendance = present, in person
syn, sym with, together synchronize ambi both ambiguous = double meaning
tech art, skill technique ambivalent = having conflicting emotions
tele far telephone ambidextrous = using both hands equally well
ten hold tenacity, tendon an, a without anarchy = lack of government,
tend stretch extend not amoral = without morals
terra earth terrier, terrace atypical = not typical
therm heat thermal ante before antecedent = preceding event or word,
trans across transport antediluvian = ancient
ultra beyond, excessively ultramodern antecessor = one going before
un not, opposing, reverse unlawful anti against, antipathy = hatred of,
viv life vivacious opposite antithetical = exactly opposite
voc call, voice vocation anticlimax = something trivial
vor eat greedily omnivorous, voracious arch chief, first archetype = original, first, head
archbishop = chief bishop
archangel = head angel
be over, thoroughly bemuze = humor, intrigue
befuddle = confuse thoroughly
bemoan = protest, express regret

20 21
bi two bicameral = composed of two houses, dis, dif not, apart discord = lack of harmony,
biennial = every two years differ = disagree
bicycle = with two wheels differentiate = tell apart, separate

cata down catastrophe = disaster, dys faulty, bad dysfunctional = not functioning properly
cataract = waterfall, dysentery = diarrhea
catapult = hurl ex,e out exit = exodus,
circum around circumnavigate = sail around, emit = give off something
circumspect = cautious, exhaust = fumes from engine
circumscribe = limit extra, extro beyond, outside
circumstances = situation surrounding you extracurricular = outside the curriculum
extraterrestrial = beyond the earth,
com, combine = merge with, extrovert = outgoing person
co, coeditor = joint editor,
col, with, together collateral = subordinate, connected hyper above, excessively hyperbole = exaggeration,
con, conference = meeting, hyperventilate = breath at an excessive rate
cor corroborate = confirm hyperactive = overly active

contra, contro against contravene = conflict with hypo beneath hypoglycemia = low blood sugar
contraband = against rules, law lower hypodermic = below the skin
controversy = disputede under hypochondriac = under illusion / opression of sickness
de down, away base = lower in value in, il, im, ir not inefficient = not efficient
decadence = deterioration inarticulate = not clear or distinct
depreciate = lose value illegible = not readable,
demi partly, half demigod = partly divine being impeccable = not capable of sinning, perfect
demiglace = reduced brown sauce irrevocable = not able to be called back
di two dichotomy = into two parts, in, il, im, ir in, on, upon invite = call in
dilemma = choice between two (usually bad)alternatives illustration = something that makes clear
dia across diagonal = across a figure, impression = effect upon mind or feelings
diameter = distance across a circle irradiate = shine upon
diabolical = devilish

22 23
inter between, among intervene = come between olig few oligarchy = government by a few
international = between nations pan all, every panacea = cure all
interjection = a thrown in statement panorama = unobstructed view in all directions
para beyond, related parallel = similar
intra, intro within intramural = within a school paraphrase = restate, translate
introvert = person turned into self per through, completely
introspection = self examination permeable = allowing passage through
pervade = spread throughout
macrolarge, longmacrobiotic = tending to prolong life
peri around, near perimeter = outer boundary
macrocosm = the great world
mega great, millionmegalomania = delusions of grandeur periphery = edge
megaton = million tons of TNT poly many polyglot = speaking several languages
meta involving change metamorphosis = change of form post after posthumous = after death
micro small microcosm = miniature universe pre before
microscopic = extremely small preamble = introductory statement
mis bad, improper misdemeanor = minor crime premonition = forewarning
mischance = unfortunate accident prim first primordial = existing at the dawn of time
mis hatred misanthrope = He who hates mankind primogeniture = state of being the first born
misogynist = woman-hater pro forward, in favor ofpropulsive = driving forward
mono one monarchy = government of one ruler proponent = supporter
monotheism = belief in one god proto first prototype = first of its kind
multi many multifarious = having many parts pseudo false pseudonym = pen name
multitudinous = numerous re again, back reiterate = repeat
neo new neologism = newly coined word reimburse = pay back
neophyte = beginner retro backward retrospect = look back in time
non not noncommittal = undecided se away, aside secede = withdraw
nonchalant = with ease seclude = shut away
ob against obstruct = block semi half, partly semiconscious = partly conscious
oc occlude = close, block out sub under, less subjugate = bring under control
of offend = insult
op opponent = someone who struggles against

24 25
suc succumb = yield, cease to resist Latin Prefixes Meanings Usage
suf suffuse = spread through
sug suggest = hint ab, abs away, away from abnormal, abstract
sup suppress = put down by force ad to, towards, at adhere, admire, admit
sus suspend = delay, temporarily cease am around amputate
super, sur over, above am bi both ambivalent, ambidextrous
supernatural = above natural things ante before antediluvian, antecedent
surtax = additional tax bi two bifocals
surcharge = additional expense circum around circumnavigate, circumcise
syn with, together synchronize = timed together
sym sympathize = pity, identify with co with, together co-worker
syl syllogism = explanation of how ideas relate com compress
sys system = network con conjoin
tele far telegraphic = communication over a distance col collate
telescopic = seeing far away contra against contraband
trans across transport = carry across de down, away from decrease, descend
transcontinental = across continent dis away distract
ultra beyond, excessive ef out of out effluent
ultra conservative = exceedingly conservative ex exit
ultraviolet = beyond red endo within indoctrinate
un not unkempt = not combed, disheveled epi on, upon epicenter
under below underling = someone inferior extra beyond extraterrestrial
understudy = one who studies under il against, opposite illegitimate
uni one unison = oneness of pitch, complete accord in insufficient
union = in or with agreement im impolite
vice in place of viceroy = acting in place of a king ir irregular
vice-president = acts in place of president infra below infrared
with away, against withstand = stand up against, resist inter between interject
intro within introspection
ob against object, obstruct
non not nonviolent, nonlethal

26 27
per through perfect Common Suffixes Making Verbs and Adverbs
( It means all suffix listed below is use as action or ways )
post after, behind postscript, PS
pre before prenatal, prelude Suffixes Example
re back, again retreat, release ate populate
retro backward retrospect, retrofit ify beautify
sin without sincere ize realize
semi half semisphere, semitractor en strengthen, widen
sub under, below submarine, subhuman ly readily, gently
super above, over superman, supermarket
trans across transport Common Suffixes Making Adjectives
ultra beyond, above ultrasound, ultraviolet ( it means all with suffix listed below is use in changes of
noun or more particular )
Some Source: http://www.prefixes-suffixes.com/list-of-prefixes.html
Suffixes Example
-----------Suffixes------------ able, ible capable, terrible
Common Suffixes Making Nouns ate accurate
(It means all words with suffix listed below, is usually al natural
considered noun ) ful beautiful
Suffixes Example ly friendly
ion, sion, tion population ic chronic
acy accuracy ish childish
age image like childlike
ance, ence attendance ous populous, numerous
hood childhood y happy
ar, or scholar, doctor
ism socialism Some Source : http://www.prefixes-suffixes.com/common-suffixes.html
ist artist

28
29
 Common Mistakes in English
Accept and Except
The words, ‘accept’ and ‘except’ are homophones which are
often confused by English speakers. ‘Accept’ is a verb
which means ‘to receive’ or ‘to agree’. Most of the time
‘except’ is used as a preposition which means ‘excluding’.
An inability to adapt will prove an obstacle on the
road to success.
To ‘adopt’ is to take something and use it as or make it your
own.
I adopted his policy of neutrality and stayed out of trouble.
We are planning to adopt a child.

The following examples will make the usage clear. Adverse and Averse
‘Adverse’ and ‘averse’ are not only spelled similarly (with the
ACCEPT (VERB) EXCEPT (PREPOSITION) ‘d’ in ‘adverse’ being the only difference), they are also both
adjectives with negative connotations, and hence easily
Amit accepted the I can come with you confused.
job offer. on all days except Sunday.
Sanjiv accepted the All the athletes ‘Adverse’ means ‘unfavourable’, or ‘harmful’. Therefore, if a
allegation that except Ana finished the race. sportsman is said to perform well in adverse conditions, it
he had cheated. means that he or she performs well in conditions that are not
easy to play in. It is used in reference to things, actions or
He accepted the Everyone except events, rather than people.
invitation to the party. Sheila was invited to the party.
‘Averse’ describes a strong disinclination. It is used of things
and people, but we never speak of an averse thing or person.
Adapt and Adopt It is most often used in the form averse to, as in I am averse
‘Adapt’ and ‘adopt’ share similar spellings and similar to speaking in public.
meanings, but they are not one and the same.
To ‘adapt’ is to become or make something suitable to an Advice and Advise
environment or condition. ‘Advice’ and ‘advise’ can easily be mistaken, but the
It took me a long time after college to adapt to life in difference between the two is simple enough. In British
the office. English,

30 31
- ‘advice’ acts as a noun, defined as ‘opinion about what
could or should be done about a situation or problem;
counsel’, and
- ‘advise’ acts as a verb, meaning ‘to give advice’.
Therefore,
'His father’s advice was for him to give the matter thought
before reaching a conclusion about what to do.' means the
same as 'His father advised him to give the matter thought
before reaching a conclusion about what to do.'
The ‘c’ in ‘advice’ is pronounced like the ‘s’ in ‘sip’,
whereas the ‘s’ in ‘advise’ is pronounced like the ‘z’ in
‘zip’.
Some more examples of the usage of ‘Advice’
You should listen to your father’s advice.
I need your advice on what to wear for my job interview.
Mohan is the best person to ask for advice on cars.
Some more examples of the usage of ‘Advise’
My father advised me to join the army.
The doctor advised Sumit to quit smoking.
Mohan advised me to buy a diesel car.
Beside and Besides
It is easy to confuse ‘beside’ and ‘besides’, but they are not
one and the same thing. ‘Beside’ is a preposition, whereas
‘besides’ works as both a preposition and an adverb, and
although ‘besides’ is sometimes used in place of ‘beside’,
they have distinct meaning.
32
‘Beside’ means ‘by or at the side of’. For example: He stood
beside his new car proudly.
As a preposition, ‘besides’ means ‘in addition to’ or ‘apart
from’. For example: What are you working on besides the
research project? As an adverb, it means ‘furthermore’. As
in, ‘He was not selected because he did not have a good
grasp of his concepts. Besides, he did not seem very keen.’
As mentioned above, the distinction between the two words
is sometimes ignored. ‘Besides’ can never mean ‘at the side
of’, but ‘beside’ is often used in place of ‘besides’. This can
lead to misunderstanding, though; the sentence ‘There was
no one beside him in the hall’ could mean that ‘he’ was all
by himself, or that there was no one next to him.
Bought and Brought
The difference between these two words is a very simple
one. They are the past tenses of two different verbs.
‘Bought’ is the past tense of ‘buy’: I bought a new car last
week.
‘Brought’ is the past tense of ‘bring’: I brought him a glass
of water.
The difference can be remembered easily too, as ‘bring’
shares its first two letters with ‘brought’ (‘br’).
Can and May
Many English speakers are confused about the usage of the
words ‘can’ and ‘may’. For e.g., ‘Can I drink water?’is
incorrect. ‘May I drink water?’ is the correct phrase to use in
this case.
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The key difference between ‘can’ and ‘may’ is that ‘can’
talks about ability and ‘may’ talks about permission.
CAN
Can is used in two cases:
To talk about ability.
 I can finish my homework by 5 pm.
 Can you finish your homework tonight?
To ask or give permission informally.
 Can I use your pen? (To a friend)
 You can use my pen. (To a friend)
MAY
May is generally used to ask or give permission formally.
Let us take a situation between a student and a teacher.
 May I drink water?
 Teacher: Yes, you may.
Let us take a situation between two strangers.
 May I borrow your pen?
 Yes, you may.
Compliment and Complement
‘Complement’ and ‘compliment’ are sometimes confused
because they are pronounced the same and have very similar
spellings. Both function as noun and verb, but are quite
distinct in meaning.
As a noun, ‘compliment’ refers to an expression of esteem,
admiration or praise. For example, to call someone
handsome/beautiful is to pay him/her a compliment, and the
verb refers to this action, ie, the paying of a compliment.
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On the other hand, as a noun, the ‘complement’ of
something supplies what that something is missing, ie,
completes or perfects it. For example, wine can be said to
complement a meal.
Could, Would and Should
‘Would’, ‘should’ and ‘could’ are auxiliary verbs, meaning
that their function is to assist main verbs. For example, in
the sentence, ‘I would like to meet him’, ‘like’ is the main
verb that is assisted by ‘would’. They can be defined as the
past tenses respectively of will, shall and can, but each has
many uses that sometimes even express the present tense. It
is important to be able to differentiate between the three so
as not to use them incorrectly. We shall discuss some of the
common functions of the three words here.
Would
1. To ask questions:
Would you like to see the doctor? = Do you want to see the
doctor?
2. With ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘why’, ‘how’:
How would he react?
What would she do?
In both sentences, ‘would’ is more or less interchangeable
with ‘will’.
3. To make polite requests:
I would like more salad, please. = I want more salad, please.
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4. To show a different response if the past had been 3.To express a hypothetical situation:
different:
I would have done something if I had known you were in Should you wish to do so, you may. = If you wish to do so,
trouble. = I didn't know that you were in. This is why I did you may.
not do anything to help.
5. To explain an outcome to a hypothetical situation: 4. To express what is likely:
Were I to win a million dollars, I would go on a world If you take the highway, you should be there in two hours.
cruise. = If I win a million dollars, I will go on a world Here, ‘should’ means something like ‘probably will’.
cruise.
6. To show habitual past action: Could
The dog would howl whenever its owner would leave it
alone at home. 1. As the past tense of can:
Think of ‘would’ as ‘did’. There was a time when I could run a mile without
7. To show preference between two choices, used with breaking a sweat.
rather or sooner: 2. To ask questions:
I would sooner face the punishment than lie and escape it. = Could I submit my assignment now? = Am I allowed
I prefer speaking the truth to lying. to submit my assignment now?
8. To show intention: 3. To show possibility:
He said he would do it. = He said it was his intention to do You could do a lot better. = You have the potential to
it. do a lot better.
4. To express tentativeness or politeness:
Should I could be wrong. = I may be wrong.
1. To ask questions (it is generally interchangeable with
‘ought’ in such cases): Do and Make
The words ‘do’ and ‘make’ are often confused. While they
Should I submit my assignment now? = Am I supposed to are similar, there are differences between them that must be
submit my assignment now? noted.
2. To show obligation: ‘Do’ is used as follows:
1. For daily activities.
You should brush your teeth twice a day.
Do homework.
Here, too, ‘should’ can be replaced with ‘ought to’, but in
Do the dishes.
this context it is used to make a persuasive statement.
36 37
 2. In general reference, ie, when one does not have a
specific activity in mind.
I’m not doing anything tonight.
You are doing too much for one person.
3. In standard expressions, ie, collocations (verb + noun
combinations) that have become standardised through
usage.
Do one’s best.
Do a favour.
‘Make’, on the other hand, is used:
1. To describe an activity that produces something
tangible.
Make coffee.
Make breakfast.
2. In standard expressions.
Make room.
Make do.
Each and Every
‘Each’ and ‘every’ are determiners, words that are ‘used
with singular nouns to indicate quantity’. There are
differences between the two that are important to grasp for
usage, though.
1. ‘Each’ is used when there are two objects; here
‘every’ is not used. For example,
2. He wore multiple bracelets on each hand (note:
singular noun).
3. There were two of them. They each carried
backpacks, and each backpack (note: singular noun)
contained invaluable souvenirs.
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In case there are more than two objects, either of the two
may be used.
 He wanted each/every item on the
catalogue.
 There is a bathroom in each/every room.
2. ‘Each’ can be used as a pronoun, but ‘every’ cannot.
Note the difference between the following sentences:
 The students were waiting for the
question sheets to be handed out. Each
was in a state of great nervousness.
 The students were waiting for the
question sheets to be handed out. Every
student/one of them was in a state of
great nervousness.
Clearly, ‘each’ replaces the noun ‘student’. ‘Every’
does not; it requires to be followed by the noun, or by
‘one of them’.
3. With adverbs (practically, nearly, almost, etc), only
‘every’ in used. In the following sentences, ‘every’
cannot be replaced by ‘each’:
 She knew practically every detail of his
daily routine.
 Nearly every fruit on the cart was spoilt.
4. ‘Every’ is used to refer to repeated, regular events, as
in the following cases:
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  We meet every so often
 I get a health check-up done every six
months.
 I had to take a water break after every
other set.
In the above examples and any similar instances,
‘each’ cannot be used.
Either and Neither
As adjective:
‘Either’ indicates one or the other, or both. For example:
You may use either hand for the purpose. = You may use
your right or left hand for the purpose.
There were tall houses on either side of the river. = There
were tall houses on both sides of the river.
‘Neither’ indicates not one or the other; none of the two. For
example;
Neither twin was invited to the wedding. = None of the
twins was invited to the wedding.
As pronoun:
‘Either’ indicates one or the other. For example:
Both buses are headed in that direction, you can get on
either. = Both buses are headed in that direction, you can get
on one or the other.
‘Neither’ indicates not one or the other.
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For example:
Both pups were pure-breed, but neither displayed the
characteristic traits of its breed. = Both pups were pure-
breed, but not one or the other displayed the characteristic
traits of its breed.
As conjunction:
‘Either’ is used with ‘or’ to imply a choice of alternatives.
For example:
You can either play on the computer or watch TV. = You
can do one of two things: play on the computer or watch TV.
‘Neither’ is used with ‘nor’ to negate both parts of a
statement. For example:
I can neither play on the computer nor watch TV. = I cannot
play on the computer or watch TV.
‘Either’ is also used as an adverb, to mean ‘also’, following
negative expressions. For example:
If you don’t go, I won’t go either. = If you stay, I will stay
also.
‘Neither’, on the other hand, is not used as an adverb.
Elicit and Illicit
‘Elicit’ and ‘illicit’ are homophones, but they have different
spellings and meanings and one must be careful about using
them.
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On the one hand, ‘elicit’ means to draw something out of
someone, by coaxing or pleading or urging. For example, the
sentence - His father was unable to elicit a response from him
on the matter means that the father could not extract the
information that he desired from his son.
On the other hand, ‘illicit’ means illegal, or forbidden.
Examples: Theirs was an illicit relationship because their
parents were opposed to inter-caste marriages, or He was
thrown into prison for smuggling illicit weapons into the
country.
Have and Has
‘Have’ and ‘has’ are both used to denote possession, form the
perfect tense, and the past tense of both is ‘had’, but they are
used differently.
‘Have’ is used with
- the following pronouns: I, you, we, they. Examples : 'I
have a pencil.' 'We have a big house.'
- pluralised nouns: Example : 'Doctors have a rough time,
dealing with illnesses all the time.'
‘Has’ is used with the third person singular (he, she, it).
Examples : 'She has your money.' 'Amit has the book.'
Hear and Listen
To any layman, ‘hearing’ and ‘listening’ may appear to be one
and the same thing, but there is a subtle difference between
the two words.
At one level, they are of course both functions of the ear that
involve receiving sounds and processing them.
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However, herein lies the difference: any sound that is
received by the ear and noted by the brain can be said to have
been ‘heard’; it is only when a conscious effort is made to
hear something that ‘listening’ comes into play.
For example, if the sounds from a conversation carry to you,
but you make no effort to understand what is being said, you
must say that you ‘heard’ the conversation. On the other hand,
as soon as you make a conscious effort to understand or pay
attention to what you are hearing, you are ‘listening’.
Therefore, we do not ‘hear’ songs, we ‘listen’ to them (unless,
of course, they are simply part of the background and we
aren’t actually paying attention to them).
It must be noted that ‘hear’ can be used in place of ‘listen’
sometimes, but ‘listen’ should not be used in place of ‘hear’.
For example, you may tell someone that you heard what he or
she said, and it is understood that you were listening, ie,
paying attention. You will learn these variations with practice
in conversation.
It's vs Its
‘Its’ and ‘it’s’ are often mistakenly used in written English.
Refer to the article on contractions: ‘it’s’ is a contraction for
the words ‘it is’. On the other hand, ‘its’ is a possessive noun.
The following examples will make the usage clear.
IT’S ITS (POSSESSION)
(CONTRACTION FOR ‘IT IS’)
It’s quite hot today. The dog is wagging its tail.
It’s going to be a long day. The baby is sleeping in its cot.
Please go back to class immediately. It’s
not right to skip classes.
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Loose and Lose
‘Lose’ and ‘loose’ are often mixed up, and this is
understandable because there is only an ‘o’ of difference
between them. They do not, however, have any meanings in
common.
‘Loose’ is generally used as an adjective, the opposite of
tight or contained.
The dog is running loose in the streets.
These jeans are loose around my waist.
‘Lose’ is a verb that means to suffer the loss of, to miss.
Don’t lose the car keys.
We cannot afford to lose this match.
Much and Many
‘Much’ and ‘many’ are both determiners that suggest an
unspecified quantity, with more or less the same basic
meaning: ‘in great quantity’ or ‘in large number’. There is,
however, a distinction in their usage.
‘Much’, not ‘many’, is used for uncountable nouns, which
are in singular form.
I don't have much faith in him.
Here, 'faith' is an uncountable noun and hence, we use
'much' instead of 'many'.
How much money do you have in your wallet?
In this example, 'money' is an uncountable noun and hence,
we use 'much'. Note that 'dollars' or 'rupees' are countable as
we say 'ten dollars' or 'ten rupees'.
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There was much compassion in his voice.
Here, compassion is an uncountable noun and so we use
'much' and not 'many'
On the other hand, ‘many’ is used for countable nouns,
which are in plural form, and here ‘much’ cannot be used.
Many youngsters today are taking to atheism.
'Youngster' is a countable noun and hence, we use 'many'.
How many days remain?
In this example, 'Day' is a countable noun.
There are many obstructions ahead for us.
Here, 'Obstruction' is a countable noun and this means that
we have to use 'many' and not 'much'.
Principle and Principal
‘Principle’ and ‘principle’ are often confused but do not, in
fact, share any meanings.
‘Principle’ is only a noun and usually refers to a rule or
standard. ‘The principles of socialism’, for example, refers
to the tenets of the socialist ideology. ‘My principles prevent
me from taking such petty action’ suggests that the speaker’s
moral/ethical stand is against the action being spoken of.
‘Principal’, on the other hand, is both a noun and an
adjective. As a noun, it has special financial and legal
connotations, but in general usage it refers to someone who
holds a high position or is important in a certain context: ‘a
meeting of all the principals involved in the deal’. As an
adjective it has the sense of ‘most important’: ‘My principal
concern is to get my health back’.
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See and Watch
See’ and ‘watch’ are words that are commonly
misunderstood as being interchangeable, but while both
refer to the optic function, they are not one and the same
thing. They stand for different ways of using the eye.
‘To see’ something is simply to look at it or spot it; it may
be unintentional, ie, you may not have been looking for it.
Example : I saw a man up ahead.
‘To watch’ something is look at something closely or
intently, generally because it is moving. Example : I
watched the movie.
Since and For
The words ‘since’ and ‘for’ are often confused by English
language speakers. There is a simple rule to follow to
differentiate between the usage of these two words.
SINCE is used to talk about time from a specific period
while FOR is used to talk about a length of time.
I have been living in Manilasince 1982.
I have been living in Manilafor twenty years.
I have been studying since five a.m. today.
I have been studying for eight hours.
My tutor has taught me since January this year.
My tutor has taught me for five months.
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So and Such
It is easy to get confused about the usage of ‘so’ and ‘such’,
as their structures are quite similar. However, they are not
one and the same in terms of meaning or usage. For example,
the sentence 'He is so good friend' is glaringly wrong, as is
'The sky is such beautiful today'. The difference can be
illustrated using a simple formula:
1. ‘So’ is followed necessarily by an adjective. In
technical terms, it takes the adjective phrase.
 Formula: ‘so’ + adjective + ‘that’.
 For example: The movie was soscarythat I
couldn’t watch it till the end.
 ‘that’ is optional. Therefore, the above sentence
would work just as well without ‘that’: The
movie was so scary, I couldn’t watch it till the
end.
2. ‘Such’ is followed by an article, the adjective, and
then the noun. In technical terms, it takes the noun
phrase.
 Formula: ‘such’ + article + adjective + noun +
‘that’
 For example: We chose such a scary movie to
go for that I couldn’t even watch it till the end.
 Again, ‘that’ is optional. If ‘that’ in the above
sentence were to be replaced with a comma, it
would still work.
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  Note: the article after ‘such’ is used when the
noun is countable; that is to say, when it is
something that can be expressed in numbers.
For example, ‘car’, ‘dog’ and ‘book’ are
countable nouns, as there can be a number
assigned to each, such as ‘5 cars’ or ‘2 dogs’.
For uncountable nouns, such as ‘food’, ‘milk’
or ‘water’ or ‘air’, the article is dropped. For
example,
1. ‘I had such good food at home the other
day.’
2. ‘We were blessed with such good
weather on the trip.’
Some and Any
Both ‘some’ and ‘any’ are used to refer to indefinite
quantities, i.e., when it is not necessary to specify a number.
For example, ‘I would like some milk’ indicates that the
speaker wants milk, but it is not stated how much of it he or
she wants. Similarly, ‘Is there any cake left?’ does not specify
how much cake the speaker wants there to be; any amount
will do for the purpose of the question. There are important
differences between the two that must be grasped for usage,
however.
Some
‘Some’ is commonly used in affirmative statements, such as
I would like to have some fun.
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‘Any’ is hardly ever used in such statements, except to
emphasise that the quality of the object does not matter. For
example, ‘I would like any apples’ suggests that the speaker
does not care what kind of apples they are (indicating a
desperate need or desire for apples), whereas ‘I would like
some apples’ does not suggest anything about the quality of
the apples or desperation of the speaker.
Any
‘Any’ is commonly used in negative statements, such as
‘We do not have any apples.’ Here, ‘some’ may not be used.
‘Any’ is also used in affirmative statements, if the
statements contain negative words such as ‘hardly’, ‘barely’,
‘never’, ‘without’, ‘little’, etc. For example, ‘We hardly
have any apples’ cannot be rewritten as ‘We hardly have
some apples.’
In questions
While both ‘any’ and ‘some’ can be used in questions, ‘any’
is more common and natural in this form.
‘Do you have any apples?’ can be rewritten as ‘Do you have
some apples?’ However, ‘some’ is not always applicable.
For example, in the case of ‘Do you have any idea what the
score is?’, ‘any’ cannot be replaced by ‘some’.
‘Some’ is more commonly used in offers and requests, such
as Would you like some tea?
49
If clauses
Both ‘some’ and ‘any are common in ‘if’ clauses, with
similar meanings, as in ‘If you need some/any assistance,
feel free to give me a ring.’
Stationery and Stationary
These two words are among the most frequently confused in
the English language, although their meanings are vastly
different.
‘Stationery’ is a noun that refers to writing material and
office supplies such as pens, paper, clips, etc.
‘Stationary’ is generally an adjective that is used to describe
something that is not moving. For example, a man who is
standing in one place can be described as stationary.
The difference in the spellings of the two words can be used
to remember their meanings: the second ‘a’ in ‘stationary’
can be thought to stand for ‘adjective’. It is replaced by an
‘e’ in ‘stationery’.
Usage of 'Then' and 'Than'
The similar sounding words ‘then’ and than’ confuse many
English speakers and if you find yourself using one for the
other, please go through this article.
The word ‘than’ is used to show comparison and is a
conjunction(A conjunction is a word that joins two
sentences).
1. Adhir is smarter than Dinesh.
2. Homemade food is healthierthan fast-food.
3. He is olderthan you.
50
On the other hand, the word ‘then’ is used either to show a
sequence of events or a sense of time. Read the examples
carefully to understand.
1. If you get full marks, then I will buy you a car.
2. Finish your homework and then we will go out for
dinner.
3. I will reach home at night. I will call you then.
4. I will get free at 5. Can we meetthen?
Notice how the first two sentences show a sequence of
events and the next two show a sense of time. The speaker in
sentence 3 and 4 is referring to particular time (‘at night’ and
‘at 5’).
Note:- When confused, think about what you’re trying to
say/write. Only if you’re comparing will you use ‘than’, for
every other situation, use ‘then’.
There, Their and They're
Many speakers tend to get confused between ‘There’, ’Their’
and ‘They’re’ and knowing how to use these three words
correctly is an important step in learning English.
The words ‘There’ and’ Their’ are homophones.
Homophones are words that are spelt differently but
pronounced the same. It is a common mistake to replace one
for the other.
‘There’ always refers to a place, whether concrete or
abstract, whereas ‘Their’ shows belonging or possession.
‘They’re, on the other hand, is the short form of they are
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Let’s look at these examples for each of them
THERE:
How can anyone live there?
Let’s go there.
There will be a party tomorrow,
THEIR:
Let us buy their car.
Let us not go to their house.
Return their books tomorrow.
THEY’RE:
They’re sitting there in their car.
In this sentence, notice how ‘there’ is used to signify a place
whereas ‘their’ is used to show possession. The word
‘they’re’ is a contraction of the word ‘they’ and ‘are’ and
should not be confused with ‘their’ and ‘there’.
Threw and Through
Confusion regarding the use of ‘threw’ and ‘through’ arises
from the fact that they are homophones, ie, they are
pronounced the same way. As a result, it is quite possible for
one to be mistakenly used in place of the other. However,
there is no similarity in their meanings:
 ‘Threw’ is the simple past tense of ‘throw’, when the
latter is used as a verb.
 meaning(s): to hurl or cast something from the
hand or to project one’s voice. He threw the
ball at the stumps, looking to run the batsman
out.
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 ‘Through’ is generally used as a preposition.
Meaning, in brief:
 to get into something from one end or side and
come out the other. Example - The sunlight
coming through the window woke me up.
 to travel over or across or in
something.Example - The plane hurtled through
the air at supersonic speed.
 to go past or beyond something. Example -The
fugitives went through three red lights before
the cops finally caught up with them.
 to go from one to another of, or between or
among individual members of something.
Example -Tarzan swung through the trees like
the forest was his natural habitat; The World
Cup may have passed through many hands, but
it is now India’s.
Till and Until
English speakers are often found asking for the difference(s)
between the words ‘till’ and ‘until’. The fact of the matter is,
however, that when ‘till’ acts as a preposition or
conjunction, there is no difference between the two words.
To clarify, ‘till’ has multiple meanings: it works as a noun,
verb, preposition and conjunction. ‘Until’, on the other hand,
works only as a preposition and a conjunction; in these
capacities, both words mean exactly the same thing and are
thus entirely interchangeable. ‘Till’ is actually the older
word. ‘Until’ was formed by the addition to it of the prefix
‘un-’, meaning ‘up to’. Today, as the first word in a
sentence, ‘until’ is generally preferred.
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Was and Were
The basic difference between ‘were’ and ‘was’ is obvious:
‘were’ is used when the number of objects or entities
exceeds one, as in ‘We were late for the dinner’. ‘Was’ is
used when only one object or entity is being referred to, as
in ‘I was late for the dinner.’
There are, however, nuances in their use. For
example, ‘Everyone was well-dressed’ seems incorrect
because ‘everyone’ refers to more than one person.
However, here the implication of the pronoun comes into
play; ‘everyone’ refers to all the members of a group
individually, as do ‘none’ (None of us was well-dressed) and
‘each’ (Each of us was well-dressed). Hence, ‘was’ is used
after these words instead of ‘were’. On the other hand, ‘all’
refers collectively to the entire group (All of us were well-
dressed).
This does not mean, however, that ‘all’ and ‘were’
necessarily always go together. When ‘all’ is used with
countable nouns, it is correct to use ‘were’, as in ‘All the
apples were stale.’ However, when it is used with non-
countable nouns, which are in the singular form, ‘was’ must
be used, as in ‘All the milk was over.’
What about 'The examination was failed by all the students'?
This, too, can be confusing. After all, here ‘all’ refers to the
collective student body but ‘was’ is used. This is because the
verb ‘was’ acts on the singular ‘examination’, not on the
phrase ‘all the students’. If the subject (‘examination’) were
to be pluralised (‘examinations’), ‘was’ would have to
replaced by ‘were’.
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Lastly, the use of ‘were’ as the past subjunctive of the
present ‘to be’ is important. A subjunctive is used to express
possibility, hope, supposition, etc., rather than to state a fact.
Hence, we say, ‘If I/he were famous...’ instead of ‘If I/he
was famous...’
When and If
‘When’ and ‘if’ are both used while referring to the future,
as in I will be able to see you in the evening when I get off
work and I will be able to see in the evening if I get off work.
The difference between the two words is very basic and
easily understood:
 ‘When’ should be used while referring to something
that one is certain will happen. The ‘when’ in ‘I will
be able to see you in the evening when I get off work’
implies that the speaker is sure that s/he will get free
from work in the evening.
 ‘If’ should be used while referring to something that
might or might not happen. The ‘if’ in ‘I will be able
to see you in the evening if I get off work’ implies that
the speaker is not sure that s/he will get free from
work in the evening; it is a possibility, not a certainty.
However, it must be noted that ‘when’ and ‘if’ can be used
interchangeably as well, in case the situation being referred
to is predictable or repetitive. For example, the sentences
‘When I am in Calcutta, I stay with my family’ and ‘If I am
in Calcutta, I stay with my family’ effectively mean the same
thing. Another example is, ‘When you leave milk out, it
ferments’ and ‘If you leave milk out, it ferments’.
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Where, Were and Wear 3. There is no point going if we are not going together.
The words 'where' and 'wear' may sound the same but they There is no point going if we’re not going together.
differ in meaning. Many people make the mistake of using The word ‘were’ is used to refer to something that happened
one for the other. Read this article to find out when to use in the past.
which one. 1. What were you doing?
The word 'where' is used when asking a question related to a 2. Were you eating?
location. 3. Were you in this school?
1. Where are you going?
2. Where will we eat? Who and Whom
3. Where did you keep the money? Many English speakers confuse the words ‘who’ and
On the other hand, the word 'wear' has a couple of meanings. ‘whom’ and tend to use them interchangeably which is
It is used to refer to an article or clothing that a person has often incorrect.
put on or is ‘wearing’. Let us look at some examples. Both ‘who’ and ‘whom’ are interrogative pronouns. The key
1. What will you wear today? difference between ‘who’ and ‘whom’ is that ‘who’ is used
2. Are you sure you are wearing enough? in place of the subject of the sentence and ‘whom’ is used in
3. Wear something fancy. place of the object of the sentence.
The other meaning of the word 'wear' is to denote
deterioration (exhaustion) or to produce something by ‘WHO’ REPLACES THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE
friction. (Past tense- worn)  Who told you?
1. In such weather, tires wear out fast.  Who is singing?
2. Those jeans are worn out.  Who wants to eat?
3. Working in the blazing sun can wear out a worker.  Who hit Sanjiv?
Usage of We're and Were ‘WHOM’ REPLACE THE OBJECT OF THE SENTENCE
Two other words that sound somewhat similar are 'we’re'  Whom are you talking about?
and 'were'. Let us look at how they are used.  Whom is this food for?
The word we’re is a contraction of the phrase 'we are'.  With whom did you go to the market?Whom
1. We are going tomorrow.
did Rajiv hit?
We’re going tomorrow.
Your and You're
2. We are working together.
‘Your’ is the second person possessive adjective, or, in
We’re working together. simpler terms, it is used to describe something as belonging
to you. It is nearly always followed by a noun.
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57
 For example, Dessert is a noun which means a sweet dish served after a
 Is this your wallet? meal.
 Your presence at the table is very much appreciated. Sentences:
 What happened to your foot? 1. The five course meal included desserts as well.
‘You're’ is the contraction of ‘you are’ and is often followed 2. Ice-cream is my favourite dessert.
by the present participle, ie, verb form ending in ‘ing’. For
example, Do and Does
 You’re looking ill.
The difference between ‘do’ and ‘does’ is very basic. ‘Do’ is
 You’re going to be late.
a verb (see Auxiliary Verbs), and ‘does’ is its third person
 You’re a fool. singular present tense.
Born and Borne Thus, when the subject is represented by the pronouns ‘I’,
Born is an adjective which is used to describe the result ‘you’, ‘we’, or ‘they’, we must use ‘do’.
of birth.
Also, it is used to describe a person who has a natural ability I do not know the way.
to do a particular job.
Sentences: Do you know the way?
1. He was born and brought up in India.
2. He was born to be an engineer. We do not know the way.
Borne is an adjective which means to carry, or to transport
Sentences: Do you they know the way?
1. Malaria is a mosquito- borne disease.
2. The responsibility of her young siblings was borne by her On the other hand, when the subject is represented by the
from a very tender age. pronouns ‘he’, ‘she’ or ‘it’, we must use ‘does’.
Desert and Dessert He does not know the way.
Desert is a noun which means; a barren, uncultivated
area. She does not know the way.
Sentences:
1. Sahara desert is located in Africa. It does not look like the right way.
2. Deserts lack vegetations and have high temperatures.
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58
Plain and Plane Prepositions of Place: at, in, on
PLAIN is an adverb which means, simple and ordinary In general, we use:
looking, with no decorations. at for a POINT
It is also used as an adverb to emphasize upon something in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
As a noun, Plain is also used to define a large flat area, with on for a SURFACE
fewer trees at in on
Sentences: ENCLOSED
POINT SURFACE
She is wearing a plain dress. SPACE
I mean, you took the wrong way home, that’s plain stupid.
High mountains rise above the plain. at the corner in the garden on the wall
on the
PLANE is a noun, commonly used to describe an airplane. at the bus stop in London
ceiling
In mathematical terms, it is used to define a flat surface
where a straight line joining two points can wholly lie. at the door in France on the door

Sentences: at the top of the on the

in a box
The plane is flying high, above the sky. page cover
Two planes intersect each other in a three-dimensional at the end of the
surface in my pocket on the floor
road
Suit and Suite on the
at the entrance in my wallet
Suit’ is a noun which means “set of something, maybe carpet
clothes, cards, jewelry, etc”.
Sentences: at the on the
in a building
The suit looks perfect on you. crossroads menu
‘Suite’ is a noun which means “a connection series of rooms at the front desk in a car on a page
to be used together”
Sentences:
The Presidential suite of this hotel is very luxurious.
http://www.englishleap.com/common-mistakes/more-common-mistakes

60 61
Look at these examples: Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in
 Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop. these standard expressions:
at in on
 The shop is at the end of the street.
at home in a car on a bus
 My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in
at work in a taxi on a train
Bangkok two hours late.
at school in a helicopter on a plane
 When will you arrive at the office?
at
in a boat on a ship
 Do you work in an office? university
in a lift on a bicycle, on a
 I have a meeting in New York. at college
(elevator) motorbike

 Do you live in Japan? in the on a horse, on an

at the top
newspaper elephant
 Jupiter is in the Solar System.
at the on the radio, on
in the sky
bottom television
 The author's name is on the cover of the book.
at the side in a row on the left, on the right
 There are no prices on this menu.
at in Oxford
on the way
 You are standing on my foot. reception Street

 There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions-place-at-in-on.htm

 I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.

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 ANIMALS AND THEIR YOUNG Dinosaur bull cow hatchling, juvenile
NAME Male Female Baby Group of Animals herd (of plant-eaters), pack(of meat- eaters)
Alligator bull cow hatchling Dog dog bitch pup litter (pups from one
congregation, pod (of young) mother), pack (wild),kennel
Alpaca male female cria herd Dolphinbullcow pup, calf herd, pod, school
Antelope buck doe calf herd Donkeyjack, jackass jennet, jenny colt, foal drove, herd
Ape male female baby shrewdness Dove cock hen squab, chick dole, flight,piteousness
Armadillo male female pup - Duck drake duck duckling badelynge, brace,
Baboon male female infant troop, congress bunch, flock, paddling, raft, team
Badger boar sow kit, cub cete Eagle - - - fledgling, eaglet
Bat male female pup colony aerie, convocation
Bear boar sow cub sleuth, sloth Eel - - - leptocephalus (larva),
Beaver - - pup, kitten colony elver (juvenile)swarm
Bee drone queen,worker larva Elephantbull cow calf herd, parade
hive, swarm (in flight), bike, drift, grist Elk bull cow calf herd, gang
Bird cock hen hatchling, chick dissimulation Emu - - chick, hatchling mob
(small birds only),fleet, flight, flock, parcel, pod, volery Falcon tercel, terzel falcon chick cast
Bison, Buffalo bull cow calf gang, Ferret hobjill kit business, fesynes
herd,obstinacy Fish -- fry, fingerling draft, run, school,shoal
Boar boar sow piglet, shoat, farrow singular, sounder Finch cock hen chick charm
Butterfly male female caterpillar, larva, pupa, chrysalis Fly - - maggot cloud, swarm
swarm, rabble (group of caterpillarsis an army) Fox reynard, dog, fox, or tod vixen kit, cub, pupskulk, leash
Camel bull cow calf flock Frog - - tadpole, polliwog, froglet army, knot
Cat tomcat queen kitten clutter, clowder, Gerbil buck doe pup horde
litter(young born to one Giraffe bull doe calf herd, corps, tower, group
female), kindle(kittens) Gnat male female larva cloud, horde
Cattle bull cow calf, dogie (a motherless calf) Gnu bull cow calf herd
drift,drove, herd,mob Goat buck, billy doe, nanny kid, billyherd, tribe, trip
Cheetah male female cub coalition Goose gander goose gosling flock, gaggle,
Chicken rooster hen chick, pullet (young hen), flock, skein (only while in flight),wedge (flying in a "V" formation)
brood (of hens),clutchcockrell (young Gorilla male female infant band
rooster)(of chicks), peep (of chicks) Grasshopper male female nymph swarm
Cockroach - - nymph intrusion Guinea pig boar sow pup group
Coyote dog bitch pup, whelp pack, rout
Crow cock hen chick murder, muster
Deer buck, stag doe fawn,herd, mob

64 65
Hamster buck doe pup horde Parrot cock hen chick company, flock
Hare buck doe leveret, down, husk, warren Penguin male female chick rookery
Hawk tiercel hen eyas aerie, cast, kettle Pig boar sow piglet, shoat, farrow drove, herd, litter (of
Hippopotamus bull cow calf herd, bloat pups),sounder
Hornet male female larva,nest Pigeon cock hen squab, squeaker
Hog boar sow shoat, farrow drove, herd, litter (a flock, kit
group of young bornto one mother) Porpoisebull cow calf herd, pod, school
Horse stallion, mare, foal, colt (male)stud Quail cock hen chick bevy, covey, drift
dam, filly (female)stable, harras, herd, team (working horses), string Rabbit buck doe kitten, bunny, kit colony, drove, leash, nest,
orfield (race horses) trace, warren
Hound dog bitch pup cry, mute, pack Raccoonboarsow cub nursery, gaze
Human man woman baby, infant, toddler Rat buck doe pup, pinkie, kitten horde, mischief
clan (related), crowd,familyclosely related), community, Reindeerbull cow calf herd
gang, mob, tribe, etc. Rhinoceros bull cow calf crash
Hummingbird cockhen chick charm Seal bull cow pup herd, pod, rookery, harem
Hyena male female cub clan, cackle Shark bull female pup school, shiver
Jellyfish - - - ephyna smack- Sheep buck, ramewe, damlamb, lambkin,cossetdrift, drove,
Kangaroo buck, doe, joey troop, herd, mob flock,herd, mob,trip
boomer, flyer, jill ,jack,, roo Snake male female Snakelet, bed, nest, pit
Koala male female joey - neonate (a newly-born snake),
Leopard leopardleopardess cub leap, prowl hatchling (a newly-hatched snake)
(some say itshould be a spot of leopards) Spider male female spiderling -
Lion lion lioness cub pride Squid male female hatchling, paralarva, larva shoal, squad
Louse (plural lice)male female nymph Swan cob pen cygnet, flapperbevy, game, herd, team, wedge
colony, infestation, lice (flying in a "V" formation)
Magpiecock hen chick tiding, tribe, charm, gulp, flock, murder Termitemale female larva swarm (while flying), colony
Monkeymale female infant troop, cartload Tiger tiger tigress cub, whelp ambush, streak
Moose bull cow calf herd Toad male female tadpole knot
Mosquitomale female nymph, wriggler, tumbler swarm Turtle male female hatchling bale
Mouse buck doe pup, pinkie, kitten horde, mischief Whale bull cow calf gam, grind, herd, pod, school
Ostrich cock hen chick flock Wolf dog bitch pup, whelp pack, rout
Owl - - owlet, fledgling,parliament Zebra stallion mare colt, foal herd, crossing
Ox steer, bull cow stot, calf drove, herd, yoke
Oyster - - spat bed ------------------Study Guides Ends Here--------------------
Panda boar sow cub -

66 67
 THE EXAM TYPE TECHNIQUES Grammar and Correct Usage Test
Vocabulary
1. Vocabulary Exam Techiques ---------------Tests Begins Here--------------
DIRECTIONS:
Sample Test: Choose from among the suggested answers the word that
means most nearly the s a me a s t h e w o r d i n c a p i t a l
1. This colorful image gives a rather FANCIFUL l e t t e r s . On yo u r A n s w e r S h e e t , s ha d e c o mp l e t e l y
representation of the walking doll,which is still displayed in the box that corresponds to your answer.
the SM mega mall.
a. Calm c. Playful e. unimaginative 1. This colorful image gives a rather FANCIFUL
b. grave d. Funny representation of the walking doll,which is still displayed in
the SM mega mall.
2.Finally he was so ______with money as he became a 1. funny 3. Playful 5. unimaginative
habitual, valuable customer of Night Club. 2. grave 4. ominous
a. economical c. Scarce e. customary
b.luxuriant d. unamazing 2. In view of all this, the notion that the war with Abu Sayyaf
had nothing to dowith religion is simply PREPOSTEROUS.
1.) In finding the right answer, don’t focus on the given words 1. absurd 3. Sensible 5. recalcitrant
such as FANCIFUL, or in the blank space. Instead try to 2. reasonable 4.outraged
understand the meaning of the Sentence. Its meaning might
be positive or negative only. 3. Finally he was so LAVISH with money as he became a
- The Question number one implies positive sentence. habitual, valuable customer of Night Club.
Question number 2 on other hand implies negative Sentence. 1. economical 3. Scarce 5. customary
-With this Idea, you had already some hints on finding the 2.luxuriant 4. unamazing
right answer.
2.) Apply the Majority rule. In question number 1, the 4. They admit that at the late elections vote buying and gun
majority are positive choices which are the a.Calm, c. for hire prevailed to a very LAMENTABLE extent.
Playful and d. Funny 1.merit 3. Usual 5. disturbed
3.) Use your instinct or stock knowledge to find the right 2. comedic 4. defiant
answer in the 3 remaining choices then.

69
68
5. And any suggestion of martial law is absolutely 9. Voting at all duly _______ meeting of the party shall be
ABHORRENT to his faith. by a simple majority of the officials present.
1.shameless 3. Courageous 5. pleasant 1. excluded 3. Exploit 5. constituted
2. repugnant 4. dismal 2. expend 4.kindle

10. The collection has been carefully ________ to create a

Directions: specific journey.
In each of the following sentences is a blank space 1. sever 3. Collated 5. evoke
indicating that a word or group of words has been omitted. 2. designate 4. conclude
From among the suggested answers choose the word or
groups of words that best conveys the concept or meaning of the
sentence as a whole. On your Answer Sheet, shadecompletely the DIRECTIONS:
box that corresponds to your answer. Read each of the following sentences carefully, then choose
which among the several choices in each group is expressed
most satisfactorily in terms of grammar and correct usage. On
6. The gymnasium is of considerable_______, having been your sheet, shade completely the box that corresponds to your answer.
recently much enlarged.
1.interior 3. Minimum 5. slight 11.
2. extent 4.extent 1. The issue of cocaine, are also linked to armed criminality in the area.
2. The issue of cocaine are also linked to armed criminality in the area.
7. This is one of those stories about a crime of a lesser
______ than many of those that Pedro has read before. 3. The issue of cocaine was also linked to armed criminality in the area.
1. magnitude 3. Individual 5. meaningless 4. The issue of cocaine, was also linked to armed criminality in the area.
2. unimportance 4. system 5. Issue of cocaine was also linked to the armed criminality in the area.

8. Corpse carried out 10 years ago found _______ mixing of

toxins.
1. fabulous 3. pathetic 5. savage
2. substantial 4. disastrous

71
70 12.
1. Others are openly hostile to the message of faith shown in Grammar and Correct Usage Test
television . Vocabulary Answers
2. Openly hostile to the message of faith shown in television are others
. 1. 3. playful
3. Openly hostile to the message of faith shown in television, are others 2. 1. absurd
. 3. 2.luxuriant
4. Others are openly hostile to the message of faith, shown in television 4. 5. disturbed
. 5. 2. repugnant
6. 4.extent
13. 7. 1. magnitude
1. I don't think people are realized the enormity of it. 8. 2. substantial
2. I don't think people have realized the enormity of it. 9. 5. constituted
3. I don't think people has realized the enormity of it. 10. 3. collated
4. I don't think people has realized the enormity of it. 11. 3. The issue of cocaine was also linked to armed criminality in
5. I don't think people had realized the enormity of it. the area.
12. 1. Others are openly hostile to the message of faith shown in
14. television .
1. I think most of us is searching for soul. 13. 2. I don't think people have realized the enormity of it.
2. I think most of us is searching for soul. 14. 5. I think most of us are searching for soul.
3. I think more of us are searching for soul. 15. 4. I saw her in town last night and she looked awesome!
4. I think more of us are searching for soul.
5.I think most of us are searching for soul.

15.
1. I see her in town last night and she looked awesome!
2. I see her in town last night and she looked awesome!
3. I saw her in town last night and she looks awesome!
4. I saw her in town last night and she looked awesome!
5. I saw her in town last night and she looks awesome!

72
73
2. Identifying Error Exam Techniques IDENTIFYING ERRORS SAMPLE TEST

Sample Test: ----------------------------------Tests Begins Here---------------------------------------

1. The Casa enjoys an awesomesecludelocation in the heart DIRECTIONS:

of the city. 1 2 3 4 Some of the sentences in this section contain an error
in grammar or correctusage. On your Answer sheet, shade
NO ERROR completely the box that corresponds to that section of
5 thesentence that contains the error. If there is no error in the
sentence, shade completely box number 5.
(Answer: 3. Secluded)

1. The Casa enjoys an awesomesecludelocation in the

1.) Read first and understand if it’s past, present or in the 1 2 3 4
future tense. heart of the city. NO ERROR
5
2.) Check if all the spelling is correct.
2. He lost his consciousness, become quite lucid and
3.) Check if it’s needed to be with “s” or without “s”, or it 1 2 3
might be with “d” or reaching the trance .NO ERROR
“ed ” in the word. 4 5

4.) Usually, a mistake occurs in pronoun and verb. 3. How few free space will i need on my handheld laptop?
1 2 3 4
5.) In 10 items, the answer of NO ERROR usually occurs NO ERROR
once. Or if its 20 items, possibility is the NO ERROR answer 5
is twice. If you’re not sure, better not to answer it.
4. Below are a copy of a message which i sent to the author
1 2
in response to thePublished articles. NO ERROR
3 4 5
74 75
 IDENTIFYING ERRORS ANSWERS
5. The only stipulation the college has was the student 1. (3) seclude – secluded
1 2
Needed someone to supervise them.NO ERROR Explanations: Seclude in the sentence is for adjective
3 4 5 use, not as transitional verb. So with -ed.
6.Do he think that his mental limitations wouldhinder
1 2 3 4 2. (3) become – becoming
almighty God? NO ERROR
5 Explanations: Become in the sentence is for adjective use,
not as verb. So with -ing
7. There are chapters which havesuggestionsto sexual
1 2 3 4 3. (2) few – much
prevention. NO ERROR
5 Explanations: Much is defined as to a greater degree.
Adverb
8. Dogs left alone to bark for long time may be a noise While few is a small number of something. adjective
1 2 3
nuisanceto people living faraway. NO ERROR 4. ( 1) are – is
4 5
9. Much than 100 hours of volunteeringto the local Explanations: isrepresents a singular form of the word be.
1 2 3 4 Areis a plural, present tense conjugation of the verb be. verb
community. NO ERROR
5 5. ( 2 ) has –had
10. This concept has become extended by many into the idea
1 2 3 Explanations: had means to have contained, held or owned
that they will return to’Save ' the humanity. NO ERROR something in the past.
4 5 hasis defined as to possess or own something.

76 77
6. (1) do – did 3. Paragraph Organization Exam Techniques:

Explanations: Did use as auxiliary verbs (or helping verbs) Sample Test: Sentence Arrangement. Find the Right
together with another verb in its base form. This is used to arrangement of the sentence.
create negative sentences, questions, or for adding emphasis.
Do is defined as to accomplish an action. 1. I kept thinking andthinking, and I was happy when I saw
leaves far away to the left
7. (4) to – for 2. alas, said the grasshopper, the whole world is growing
smaller every day
Explanations: for - is defined as the purpose, destination, 3. but these leaves have narrowed shape so I quickly jump
recipient or amount of something. on one leaf
4. and there in the corner stands the fruit that I must eat into.
To - is defined as the direction to go, towards, or to a 5. at the beginning it was so big that I was frightened
specific position, result or degree.
Multiple Choices:
8. (4) faraway –nearby
a. 15234 c. 25134 e.25431
Explanations: nearby means close or not far away b. 15243 d. 25143
faraway means distant in time, place, degree, etc.

9. (1 ) much – more (Answer: C)

1.) Look first on the multiple choices to find the clue.
more means a larger amount or greater number of 2.) The Majority is choices, c. 25134, d. 25143and e.25431.
things.(pronoun) Observe that they all starts in 2 or 25.Eliminate then the
choices a and b.
Much defined as to a greater degree.(adverb) 3. Observe that choices c and d starts with 251, while e is
254, therefore eliminate choices e. Majority rule now is in
10. (5) no error choices c and d.
4. Now read the Sentence using the choices c. and d. and
think the

78 79
 PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION SAMPLE TESTS 3.
1. Mario came in inside the house adjoining the dining area
----------------------Tests Begins Here------------------------ were John was thus preparing
2. He thought about this while John wrapped the gifts
Directions : Choose the right arrangement of the paragraph. 3. John was wrapping some gift that he bought to support a
local orphanage
1. 4. It was something he did in a desperate move! He startled
1. I kept thinking andthinking, and I was happy when I saw if he was going to purgatory for it
leaves far away to the left 5. The day before he had tried to rob a bank
2. alas, said the grasshopper, the whole world is growing
smaller every day a. 31542 c. 13245 e. 52134
3. but these leaves have narrowed shape so I quickly jump b. 31524 d. 13254
on one leaf
4. and there in the corner stands the fruit that I must eat into. 4.
5. at the beginning it was so big that I was frightened 1. He found himself picking at the pebbles on his right hand
as he continued walking
a. 15234 c. 25134 e.51234 2. His wife left the week before, less than a day after they
b. 15243 d. 25143 had a misunderstanding
3. wandering anywhere a few days after that
2. 4. He shoved his hands into his pockets, but kept thinking
1. We met in the mall and in the next morning I called him about the distance he travel
again to say to trial test it 5. He wondered how heavy his pockets are
2. I showed him the robot and we watched at the balcony so
he couldsee the robotas it moves a.14523 c.14532 e. 21453
3. He took it all in, and I could see his eagerness. b.21435 d.34123
4. My uncle saw the ad in the Inquirer News and said 'Is she
for real?' so I called him up to see
5. So we hired this robot, mega

a.54213 c.14235 e.54123

b.43125 d.43152

80 81
 7.
5. 1. My little brother freaked because he thought they were the
1. He open the bag, wishing there was some way to know if dead cockroach come back to haunt
it contained something essential. 2. It stop them from spreading again
2. The unmistakable bright color was nearly concealed by 3. But I said these was definitely a new batch, probably
the lifeless trash surrounding it coming up on its colony
3. He slid down to his knees and picked up the plastic bag 4. I fetched the jug of poison and sprayed beneath the
4. He was wondering if a traffic enforcer would stop him for cooking set and behind tables
walking in the median when he caught sight of a 5. Soon live cockroach started showing up in the sala and
plastic bag lying in the garbage kitchen
5. With thoughts of separation and reconstitution he shook
the bag like bottle a. 51342 c. 14352 e. 42513
b. 14325 d. 51324
a. 21435 c. 21453 e.42315
b. 42351 d. 12453 8.
1.he wept at once, with grief, desertion, in her mother's arms
6. 2. he did not hear the story as many people have heard the
1. That winter German armies started a war with my same
country 3.When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to
2. They picked a fight the minute they invaded our city his house alone
3. Every parts of the great fatherland had them 4. with a deaden inability to accept its value,its message
4. A part of heroism, and something we needed to put up goes to nowhere
with if we wanted to win this war. 5. he would have no one follow him
5. Our soldiers didn't care for buildings being destroy, but
they could not tolerate the numbers of fallen comrades as the
war goes on a. 312 54 c. 24153 e. 24135
b. 312 45 d. 24531
a. 12543 c. 12534 e. 54312
b. 21453 d. 21435

82 83
9. PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION ANSWERS
1. She was young, with a fair, beautiful face
2. but rather, indicated a deferment of old memories
3. But now there was a faded stare in her eyes, whose gaze 1. c. 25134
was fixed away off distance on one of those patches of
bright sky 2. e. 54123
4. It was not a glance of contemplation anymore
5. her smoothness bespoke constraint and even a certain 3. b. 31542
charm

a.15432 c. 15342 e. 45231 4. a. 14523

b.15242 d. 45213
5. b. 42351
10.
1.lies are the crystal clear sea water and dramatic sunset
2. There is no obvious reason for the tourists love it 6. c. 12534
3.At the sea shores of the island, perhaps in the most
romantic spot of all
7. a. 51342
4. it has good scenic view of the open wide blue ocean and
a climate no more or less suitable to surfing and snorkeling
5. But no parties and no disco lights allowed in the evening 8. e. 24135

a. 42351 c. 42315 e. 13245

b. 31254 d. 31245 9. c. 15342

10. d. 31245
-End -

84 85
4. Reading Comprehension Exam:
Sample Test:
The shows were to be on Saturday. When John arrived at the
stage rooms on Saturday night he did not like the look of
things. A few young women, wearing casual jeans ; none of
them wore evening dress. He passed by and a quick glance
through the open door of the balcony showed him the cause
of the stewards' idleness.At first he wondered had he mistaken
the hour, No, it was 30 minutes to seven.
What is the main topic in the sentence?
a.The shows were to be on Saturday
b. When John arrived at the stage rooms on Saturday night he
did not like the look of things.
c. A few young women, wearing casual jeans; none of them
wore evening dress
d. He passed by and a quick glance through the open door of
the balcony showed him the cause of the stewards' idleness
e. At first he wondered had he mistaken the hour, No, it was
30 minutes to seven.
(Answer: a.the shows were to be on Saturday)
86
1). Go read directly on the multiple choices to find the main
topic. It will reduce your time in finding the right answer.
It’s the same arrangement as reading the story in the
question.
2). Understand the meaning of the story. Read with your
eyes and read as fast as you can. Repeat reading twice to
fully understand what the story implies.
3). You can translate in your mind the story in any language
your familiar with. Just to be able to comprehend it.
4). Main Idea usually places in the first or last topic.
5). The whole sentence focuses on the main Idea. It means
other sentences is just support it.
6). Sometimes, main idea can also be cause by sudden
changes of emotion in the story.
87
 Reading Comprehension Sample Tests
Jayz's Note: Practice to answer this test for 10 minutes time
limit or 1 minute to each question.
----------Tests Begins Here----------
Directions: Read the passage and answer the question below.
1. The show were to be on Saturday. When John arrived at the
stage rooms on Saturday night he did not like the look of
things. A few young women, wearing casual jeans; none of
them wore evening dress. He passed by and a quick glance
through the open door of the balcony showed him the cause
of the stewards' idleness.At first he wondered had he
mistaken the hour, No, it was 30 minutes to seven.
What is the main topic in the sentence?
a. The show were to be on Saturday
b. When John arrived at the stage rooms on Saturday night he
did not like the look of things.
c. A few young women, wearing casual jeans; none of them
wore evening dress
d. He passed by and a quick glance through the open door of
the balcony showed him the cause of the stewards' idleness
e. At first he wondered had he mistaken the hour, No, it was
30 minutes to seven.
88
2. When these holdapper had gone away with our money, my
wife ella help me as I was half conscious. I am totally
exhausted, and ask her to get me water. When I had drunk,
she carried me on his back, and by byways brought me into
the hospital. My heart was turned to ella, my wife, in that
moment, because of her tenderness, and I lost my ill will.
What is the main topic in the sentence?
a. When these holdapper had gone away with our money,
my wife ella help me as I was half conscious
b. I am totally exhausted, and ask her to get me water
c. When I had drunk, she carried me on his back, and by
byways brought me into the hospital
d. My heart was turned to ella, my wife, in that moment,
because of her tenderness, and I lost my ill will.
e. None
3. He gestured them out of the room, and then, lowering the
blinds, followed downstairs on barefoot. A mumble of
voices, followed by the closing of the front door, sounded
from below; and Mr. George, getting carefully out of bed, saw
Jay and Roman walk up the street talking earnestly. He stole
back on barefoot to the door, and strove in vain to catch the
purport of the low-voiced discussion below. The doctor voice
was raised, but indistinct. Then he fancied that he heard a
laugh.
89
 What is the main topic in the sentence?
a. He gestured them out of the room, and then, lowering the
blinds, followed downstairs on barefoot
b. A mumble of voices, followed by the closing of the front
door, sounded from below; and Mr. George, getting carefully
out of bed, saw Jay and Roman walk up the street talking
earnestly
c. He stole back on barefoot to the door, and strove in vain to
catch the purport of thelow-voiced discussion below
d.The doctor voice was raised, but indistinct
e. Then he fancied that he heard a laugh
4. But the chief merit of the Manuals lies in its diverse
articles; and the best of these come under the head of what
Dr. Jose Rizal calls the unusual and what everybody else calls
the magnitude. This is a sort of writing which I have long
known how to appreciate, although it is only since my
late visit to the editor that I have been made aware of the exact
approach of synthesis. This approach is very simple, but not
so much so as the historic. Upon my calling at Mr. editor, and
making known to him the wishes of the society, he
received me with great politeness, took me into his house, and
gave me a transparent explanation of the whole process.
90
What is the main topic in the sentence?
a. But the chief merit of the Manuals lies in its diverse
articles; and the best of these come under the head of what
Dr. Jose Rizal calls the unusual and what everybody else
calls the magnitude
b. This is a sort of writing which I have long known how to
appreciate, although it is only since my late visit to the
editor that I have been made aware of the exact approach
of synthesis
c. This approach is very simple, but not so much so as the
historic
d. Upon my calling at Mr. editor, and making known to him
the wishes of the society, he received me with great
politeness, took me into his house, and gave me a
transparent explanation of the whole process.
e. None
5. His friends looked, and immediately the shadow of deep
sadness covered their faces. It was a thing monstrous,
possessing none of the forms familiar to the eye, yet not
devoid of a hint of some new unknown form. On a thin
tortuous little branch, or rather an ugly likeness of one, lay
crooked, strange, unsightly, shapeless heaps of something
turned outside in, or something turned inside out-- wild
fragments which seemed to be feebly trying to get away from
themselves. And, accidentally, under one of the wild
projections, they noticed a wonderfully sculptured butterfly,
with transparent wings, trembling as though with a weak
longing to fly.
91
 What is the main topic in the sentence?
a. His friends looked, and immediately the shadow of deep
sadness covered their faces
b. It was a thing monstrous, possessing none of the forms
familiar to the eye, yet not devoid of a hint of some new
unknown form
c. On a thin tortuous little branch, or rather an ugly likeness
of one, lay crooked, strange, unsightly, shapeless heaps of
something turned outside in, or something turned inside out-
wild fragments which seemed to be feebly trying to get away
from themselves
d. And, accidentally, under one of the wild projections, they
noticed a wonderfully sculptured butterfly, with
transparent wings, trembling as though with a weak longing
to fly.
e. None
6. The man who followed slipped on a smooth large rock,
nearly fell, but recovered himself with a violent effort, at the
same time exclaim a sharp exclamation of pain.He seemed
faint and dizzy and put out his free hand while he stumbled,
as though seeking support against the air. When he had
steadied himself he stepped backward, but stumbled again
and nearly fell. Then he stood still and looked at the other
man, who had never turned his head.
What is the main topic in the sentence?
a. The man who followed slipped on a smooth large rock,
nearly fell, but recovered himself with a violent effort, at
the same time exclaim a sharp exclamation of pain
92
b. He seemed faint and dizzy and put out his free hand while
he stumbled, as though seeking support against the air
c. When he had steadied himself he stepped backward, but
stumbled again and nearly fell
d. Then he stood still and looked at the other man, who had
never turned his head
e. None
7. He ran to kneel beside her silent figure. Everything was
different than it had been when they crawled to the hill on the
other days. The time of talking and waiting was over, She
was awesome. He grew daring and put his hands on her face,
her neck, her hips. There was a strange new firmness and
hardness to her body.
What is the main topic in the sentence?
a. He ran to kneel beside her silent figure
b. Everything was different than it had been when they
crawled to the hill on theother days
c. The time of talking and waiting was over, She was
awesome
d. He grew daring and put his hands on her face, her neck, her
hips
e. There was a strange new firmness and hardness to her body
8. He took from his pocket a little golden-clasped pendant,
and handed it to me. I opened it. Inside there was the
picture of a woman. She was tall, nice and strangely
picturesque with her cute eyes and shiny black hair. She
looked like a princess, and was wrapped with colorful gems.
93
 What is the main topic in the sentence?
a. He took from his pocket a little golden-clasped pendant,
and handed it to me
b. I opened it
c. Inside there was the picture of a woman
d. She was tall, nice and strangely picturesque with her cute
eyes and shiny black hair
e. She looked like a princess, and was wrapped with colorful
gems.
10.In the showcase lay different hi-tech gadgets, displayed
there by some manufacturer. Givens caught sight of it with a
grunt of satisfaction. In his shoulder bag behind his chair was
a touch screen cellphone and an ipad mini. Cellphone and
ipad! What budoy could desire more?
What is the main topic in the sentence?
a. In the showcase lay different hi-tech gadgets, displayed
there by some manufacturers

9. The white sand is the most notable feature of Boracay to a
stranger, but it does not seem to attract much attention from
the regular inhabitants of the place. There is no limitation of
beauty between the seas and the sands. The place are always
visited. As to the residents themselves, of course, It just a
normal view.
b. Givens caught sight of it with a grunt of satisfaction
c. In his shoulder bag behind his chair was a touch screen
cellphone and an ipad mini.
d. Cellphone and ipad! What budoy could desire more?

What is the main topic in the sentence? e. None

a. The white sand is the most notable feature of Boracay to a

stranger, but it does not seem to attract much attention from
the regular inhabitants of the place
b.There is no limitation of beauty between the seas and the
sands
c. The place are always visited
d. As to the residents themselves, of course, It just a normal
view.
e. None

95
94
 Reading Comprehension Test Answers: MATH STUDY GUIDES

1. a. The show were to be on Saturday PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS

2. d. My heart was turned to Ella, my wife, in that moment, 1. A prime number has only two factors, itself and 1.
because of her tenderness, and I lost my ill will. ex. 2,3,5 and 7
3. a. He gestured them out of the room, and then, lowering 2. A composite number has more than two factors.
the blinds, followed downstairs on barefoot ex. 4,6,8,9
4. a. But the chief merit of the Manuals lies in its diverse 3. 1 is a special number. It is neither a prime nor a composite
articles; and the best of these come under the head of what number.
Dr. Jose Rizal calls the unusual and what everybody else
calls the magnitude Factors of number 1-9
5. b. It was a thing monstrous, possessing none of the Number=factor Number=factor Number=factor
forms familiar to the eye, yet not devoid of a hint of some 1=1 x 1 4=2 x 2; 4 x 1 7=7 x 1
new unknown form 2=2 x 1 5=5 x 1 8= 2 x 4;8 x 1
6. a. The man who followed slipped on a smooth large rock, 3=3 x 1 6=2 x 3; 6 x 1 9= 3 x 3;9 x 1
nearly fell, but recovered himself with a violent effort, at
the same time exclaim a sharp exclamation of pain ROMAN NUMERALS
7. e. There was a strange new firmness and hardness to her Roman numerals V , L and D cannot be repeated, while
body I,X,C and M can be repeated thrice.
8. a. He took from his pocket a little golden-clasped
pendant, and handed it to me Table
9. a. The white sand is the most notable feature of Boracay Roman Numerals I V X L C D M
to a stranger, but it does not seem to attract much attention Hindu – Arabic 1 5 10 50 100 5001000
from the regular inhabitants of the place
10. d. Cellphone and ipad! What budoy could desire more? . example: The highest speed ever recorded in a car race
measured 448 kilometers per hour. How is
448 written in Roman numerals?
Solution:
447 = (500-100) + ( 50-10 ) + 5 + 3 = CD + XL + V + III =
CDXLVII

96 97
 ADDITION Example : Butchoy gathered 242 spinach in a row. How
1. Start adding in the ones,then the tens, the hundreds, the many spinach did he gather in a2 rows?
thousands, etc. Solution:242 X 2 = 484 , Butchoy gathered 484 spinach.

Example: Mr. Narciso will inspect his review centers in DIVISION

Baguio, Manila and Cebu. His staff got his 1. In dividing by a 1 – digit divisor without remainder,
plane tickets and commute expenses for decide where to start. Then divide,multiply, substract, and
P 4,010 ,P 3050 and P 2300 respectively. How much do all bring down the next digit. Repeat the same step in dividing
his expenses cost? the other digits.
Solution : 4,010 + 3050 + 2300 = 9,360 Example: Randy gathered 550 apple from his fruit farm.
He placed them in cartoon boxes. 5
SUBTRACTION apple to every cartoon box. How many cartoon box did he
use in all?
1. In subtracting 2-digit numbers, regroup 1-ten to the ones Solution:550 / 5 = 110 Answer : Randy used 110 cartoon
when the ones is not enough.Subtract the ones, then the tens. boxes in all.
2. The same steps are also used in subtracting 3 or more
digit numbers.
Example : The Kriztal Bus can seat 40 passengers. On its
travel going to Ilocos, only 28seats were occupied. How
many seats were still available?
Solution:40
- 28
12 seats were still available.
ESTIMATING THE QUOTIENT
MULTIPLICATION
1. In estimating the quotient, round the dividend to the
highest place value. Then, divide.
1. In multiplying by 1 – digit factor without regrouping,
Example : RJAY cultivated his farmyard for grapes
mutiply the ones, the tens, the hundreds etc.
planting. He planted 2 seeds in every hole. About how many
holes are needed for 42 seeds? 138 seeds? 1033 seeds?

98
99
Solution: Round 42 to the nearest tens 2. When the numerator is equal to or greater than the
Round 138 tothe nearest hundreds. denominator, the fraction is improper.
Round 1098 to to the nearest thousands. Example: 4 6 8
42 / 2 = n 138 / 2 = n 1098 / 2 = n 2 5 8

3. A whole number and a fraction written together is a

40 / 2 = 20 140 / 2 = 70 1100 / 2 = 550 mixed number.
Example:
About 20 holes About 70 holes About 550 holes
are needed. are needed. are needed.

FINDING THE AVERAGE

1. To find the average, add first the addends. Then, divide
the sum by the number of addends. FRACTIONS : CHANGING MIXED NUMBER TO
IMPROPER FRACTION
Example:Jocelyn got 4 ripe durian from one crate, 5 from
another and 6 from another. She arranged them in the table so 1. To change a mixed number to an improper fraction,
that each row had the same number of durian. How many multiply the whole number by the denominator of the
durian were in each table? fraction. Then, add the numerator to the product and write the
sum over the same denominator.
Solution : 4 + 5 + 6 = 15 15 / 3 = 5
Average :5 There are 5 durian in each row. Example:
( The number 3 is base in the counting of 4,5,6 or had 3
digits) Hiyas helped her Mother wash the curtains for Notre Dame
School. The schoolgave Hiyas a box of powder soap. Hiyas
FRACTIONS : KINDS OF FRACTIONS separate the powder soap in fourths. How many fourths
1. When the numerator is less than the denominator, did she make? The school gave another ¼ piece of soap to
the fraction is proper. Hiyas. How many pieces are there altogether?
Example: 2 3 9
3 5 11

100
101
 FRACTIONS : EQUAL FRACTIONS
Solution:
1. Equal fractions have the same value. To change a
fraction to an equal fraction, multiply both the numerator
and the denominator by a fraction equal to one.

Hiyas made 4 fourths. There were 1 ¼ pieces in all. ( 1 soap Example: Jihan worked ½ of an hour on his assignment.
+¼) Bunso worked 2/4 of an hour. Compare the time Jihan and
Bunso spent doing their homework.

FRACTIONS : CHANGING IMPROPER FRACTION TO Solution: 1 and 2 are equal. 2 / 2 =1/2

A MIXED NUMBER 2 4 4 2

1. To change an improper fraction to a mixed number, ( 2/2 is equal to one ).

divide the numerator by the denominator. Then, express the
remainder or fraction in its lowest form. FRACTIONS : SIMILAR AND DISSIMILAR
FRACTIONS
Example:Mae Marcos used 7/3 meters of chicken wire for
her sari - sari store hanger. Howmany meters of wire did he 1. Fractions with the same denominators are similar.
use? ex. 2 3 4
3 3 3
Solution: 7 = 3 + 3 + 1 =1+1 + 1
3 3 3 3 3 2. Fractions with different denominators are
dissimilar. ex. 31 5
= 2 1/3 or 4 3 7

FRACTIONS : ADDING SIMILAR FRACTIONS

1. In adding similar fractions, add only the
numerators. Then, write the sum over the same
denominator. Express the answer in lowest terms, if
possible.
102
103
Example: Dina mixed 2/6 cup of calamansi juice with 3/6 Example: Jollibee bought 4 meters of cable wire. She cut a
cup of water for her drinking juice. How many cups is the 2/3 meter piece. She used this piece for Skycable connection.
resulting drinking juice? How many meters of wire were left?

Solution: 2 + 3 = 5 Solution:
6 6 6
resulting mixture is 5/6 cup.

FRACTIONS : SUBTRACTING SIMILAR FRACTIONS

1. In subtracting similar fractions, subtract first the

numerators. Then, write the difference over the same 1 1 meters of cable wire were left.
denominator. Express the answer in lowest terms, if possible. 3

Example:Jely asked mae ann to buy ¾ meter of extension

wire. She used ¼ for the room. What part of the wire was not FRACTIONS : ADDING DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS
used?
Solution: 1. In adding dissimilar fractions, find the LCD. Rename the
3 - 1 = 2 = 1 dissimilar fractions as similar fractions. Add the fraction.
4 4 4 2 Express the answers in lowest terms, if possible.
2/4 or ½ meter of the wire bought was not used.
Example:Lina helped her neighbor do house cleaning. She
FRACTIONS : SUBTRACTING A FRACTION FROM A used ½ bar of soap for Salas and ¼ for rooms. What part of
WHOLE NUMBER the bar soap did she use?

1. In subtracting a fraction from a whole number, rename the Solution:

whole number as a mixed number with the denominator as the 1 + 1 = (4/4x1) + ( 4/2x1) = 1 + 2 = 3
subtrahend. Then subtract the fractions, bring down the whole 4 2 4 4 4
number and express the answer in lowest terms, if possible.
( 4 is LCD ) = Lina used ¾ bar of soap.
104
105
 FRACTIONS : SUBTRACTING DISSIMILAR
FRACTIONS
1. In subtracting dissimilar fractions, rename the dissimilar
fractions as similar fractions. Thensubtract the fractions and
express the answer in lowest terms, if possible.
Example:Randy requested his son Rjay to plant strawberries
in ½ of their backyard. He finished only 1/3 of the backyard.
What part was left unfinished?
Solution: 1 - 1 = (6/2x1) - (6/3x1) = 3 - 2 = 1
2 3 6 6 6 4 4 4/4
( 6 is LCD ) = 1/6 of the backyard was left unfinished.
FRACTIONS : MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
1. In multiplying fractions, simplify first the fractions, If
possible. Multiply the numerators, then the denominators.
Express the answer in lowest terms, if possible.
Example:McDonald used 1/3 meter of tie box of the ½ meter
left over by Mang Inasal from his project. What part of the
meter did she use?
Solution: 1 x 1 = 1x1 = 1
3 2 3x2 6
= McDonald use 1/6 meter of tie box.
106
FRACTIONS : DIVIDING FRACTIONS
1. In dividing fractions, multiply the dividend by the
reciprocal of the divisor. Simplify the fractions before
multiplying. Multiply the resulting numerators, then the
denominators. Express the answer in lowest terms, if possible.
Example: Batman has 8/4 can of fertilizer for his growing
plants. He adds 2/4 can in every potted plant. How many
potted plants received fertilizer?
Solutions: 8 / 2 = 8 / 2 = 4 or 4
1
or 8 / 2 = 8 x 4 = 32 = 4
4 4 4 2 8
= 4 plants received fertilizer
FRACTION TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
Important Note: any span of numbers that is underlined
signifies that those numbers are repeated. For example, 0.09
signifies 0.090909....
Only fractions in lowest terms are listed. For instance, to find
2/8, first simplify it to 1/4 then search for it in the table below.
107
 FRACTION TO DECIMAL
1/1 = 1 1/2 = 0.5 1/3 = 0.3 2/3 = 0.6 1/4 Finally simplify it to lowest terms 1429/6660
= 0.25 3/4 = 0.75 and check on your calculator or with long division. =
Need to convert a repeating decimal to a fraction? 0.2145645645...
Follow these examples: source http://www.math.com/tables/general/arithmetic/fradec.htm
Note the following pattern for repeating decimals:
0.22222222... = 2/9 WEIGHT AND MEASURES:
0.54545454... = 54/99 LENGTHS AND DISTANCE
0.298298298... = 298/999 1 mile = 1760 yards = 5280 feet
Division by 9's causes the repeating pattern. 1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches
Note the pattern if zeros precede the repeating 1 foot = 12 inches
decimal: 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
0.022222222... = 2/90 WEIGHT AND MEASURES:
0.00054545454... = 54/99000 AREAS
0.00298298298... = 298/99900 1 acre = (1/640) miles2
Adding zero's to the denominator adds zero's before 1 mile = 1760 yards = 5280 feet
the repeating decimal. 1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches
To convert a decimal that begins with a non-repeating 1 foot = 12 inches
part, such as 0.21456456456456456..., to a fraction, write 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
it as the sum of the non-repeating part and the repeating part.
0.21 + 0.00456456456456456...
Next, convert each of these decimals to fractions. The WEIGHT AND MEASURES:
first decimal has a divisor of power ten. The second VOLUME
decimal (which repeats) is converted according to the 1 fluid ounce = (1/8) cup = (1/16) pint = (1/32) quart
pattern given above. = (1/128) gallon
21/100 + 456/99900 1 gallon = 128 fluid ounces = 231 inches3 = 8 pints =
Now add these fraction by expressing both with a 4 quarts
common divisor 1 quart = 32 fluid ounces = 4 cups = 2 pints = (1/4)
20979/99900 + 456/99900 gallon
and add. 1 cup = 8 fluid ounces = (1/2) pint = (1/4) quart =
21435/99900 (1/16) gallon

108 109
 1 mile = 63360 inches = 5280 feet = 1760 yards PROPORTION
1 yard = 36 inches = 3 feet = (1/1760) mile 1. When two ratios are equal, they form a proportion. To
1 foot = 12 inches = (1/3) yard = (1/5280) mile check a proportion, find the cross products. If the cross
1 pint = 16 fluid ounces = (1/2) quart = (1/8) gallon products are equal, the ratios are equal.
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = (1/12) foot = (1/36) yard
1 liter = 1000 centimeters3 = 1 decimeter3 = (1/1000) Example:A barangay formed two teams to remove dirt from
canals and estuaries in and around the barangay. The two
meter3
neighboring barangays formed four teams to gather and
RATIO
dispose of the collected dirt from the canals and estuaries.
1. Ratio is an expression which compares 2 quantities. It can
Form the ratios. What kinds of ratios are formed?
be written in number phrase, fraction form or colon form.
Example: There are 2 boys and 3 girls left in the classroom.
Solution: 1 : 2 or 1 2 : 4 or 2
How does the number of boys compare with the number of
2 4
girls?
Solution:
How they are related? See their cross products.
Number to Phrase Fraction form Colon Form
2 to 3 2/3 2:3

EQUAL RATIOS
1. Equal ratios are formed by multiplying or dividing both
= The ratios formed are 1 and 2 . They are equal
numbers of the ratio by a fraction equal to one.
ratios. 2 4
Example:Jay and Saywatered the potted plants in the garden.
DECIMALS
Jay used 2 pails of water for 10 potted plants while Say used
1. Tenths – has one decimal place value. It represents a
4 pails of water to water 20 potted plants. Write the ratios.
fraction with a denominator 10. The decimal point is read as
What kind of ratios are they?
and.
Example. 2 as fraction, 0.2 as decimal , 15 as
Solution: 2 :10 or 2 or 2 x 2 = 1
10 10
10 10 2 5
fraction, 1.5 as decimal
4 :20 or 4 or 4 x 4 = 1
20 20 4 5
2:10 and 4:20 are equal ratios.
111
110
2. Hundredths – has 2 decimal place values. It represents a
fraction with the denominator 100. Solution:
Example: 64 as fraction , 0.64 as decimal, 12 47 as 0.8Michelle drinks 0.2 glass of milk more than Andrea
100 100 - 0.6
fraction, 12.47 as decimal 0.2

DECIMALS : ADDING TENTHS AND HUNDREDTHS 2. With zeros – in subtracting decimals, annex the needed
1. In adding decimals, line up the decimal points. Add the zeros in the minuend to make subtraction possible. Then
decimals like adding whole numbers. Place the decimal subtract just like whole numbers. Place the decimalpoint in
point in the answer, in line with the other points. the answer.

Example.Marvin bought 0.5 kilogram of isaw and 0.3 Example:Baby Pogi’s weight had increased from 3.2
kilogram of adidas. How manykilograms of chicken parts did kilograms to 4 kilograms. What was the increase in the weight
he buy in all? of the baby?
Solution: 4 or 4.0
Solution: 0.5 - 3.2
+ 0.3 Pogi increased in weight by 0.8 kilogram.
0.8
Marvin bought 0.8 kilogram of chicken parts. POINTS, LINES AND LINE SEGMENTS
1. A point is a position on a plane.
Other sample: 0.24 + 0.8 = 1.04 2. A dot is used to represent a point.
3. A line has no beginning and ending.
DECIMALS : SUBTRACTING DECIMALS WITH AND 4. A line segment is a part of a line.
WITHOUT ZEROS 5. Capital letters are used to name points,lines and line
1. W/O zero - in subtracting, line up the decimal points. segments.
Then, subtract the decimals like subtracting whole numbers.
Example: Michelle drinks 0.8 glass of milk for breakfast Example:Joan made a start lantern made of bamboo sticks.
while Andrea drinks 0.6 glass. How much more does How many points are shown in the lantern?
Michelle drink then Andrea?

112 113
 Solution: CONGRUENT LINE SEGMENTS
1. Line Segments that have the same lengths are congruent
line segments.

Example:Vice ganda has a piece of ribbon measuring 120 cm.

He cut it into 2 equal piecesto tie the curtain in his bedroom.
What can you say about the lengths of theribbon?

Other example: <-------.--------.---- ----.--------.----> - Solution:

H I J L - H,I,J and L
HL is a line while IJ is a line segment are points.

ON LINES
1. Two lines that do not meet are parallel lines.
2. Lines that cross each other are intersecting lines.
3. Lines that form square corners are perpendicular.
The symbol for parallel lines is II and for perpendicular
lines is l .

Example:
RAYS AND ANGLES
1. A ray is a part of a line with a common endpoint.
2. An angle has 2 ray -sides with a common endpoint
called vertex.
3. Capital letters are used to name rays and angles.

114 115
Example:

CONGRUENT ANGLES

ON ANGLES
Jayz' info. and tips:

CIRCLES
Example:
1. A circle is a closed plane figure.
2. A diameter is a line segment that passes through the
center of the circle, and whose endpoints are on the rim
of the circle.
3. A radius is a line segment from the center to any
point on the circle. The radius is one half of the diameter.

Example: Joan's father made a 2 circular pieces of

wood for the wheels of his toy cart. He marked the center of
each wheel, where he could attach it to the cart. What is the
distance of the center of the circle to any point on its
rim?
116 117
POLYGONS
1. A polygon is a closed plane figure formed by line
segments.
2. The simple polygons are triangles, quadrilaterals and
pentagons.
3. The different kinds of triangle are right, isosceles, scalene
and equilateral triangles.

SPACE FIGURES
1. Space figures are made up of closed surfaces that lie on
different planes.

SYMMETRY
1. When two halves of a figure match exactly, then the
figure is symmetric.
2. The line between the matching halves is called the line of
symmetry.
3. A figure can have more than one line of symmetry.

118
119
 MEASUREMENT :
CENTIMETER AND MILLIMETER

1. Millimeter is a unit of length. A centimeter is equal to 10

millimeters.

Example: John goes to PAGASA Office. One day he was

assigned to collect and record the amount of rainfall for one
day. He used a transparent can and a plastic centimeter ruler
to measure the amount of rainfall. What is the amount of
rainfall collected on this particular day?

120 121
 MEASUREMENT :
METER, DECIMETER AND CENTIMETER Solution:
1 km and 500m or 1.5km
1. The meter is the basic unit of length in the metric system. or 1 ½ km
( 1500 m ) 1000m = 1km
-----Measurement--- 1000m = 1 km 500m = 0.5km
1 meter (m) = 10 decimeters (dm) 500m = ½ km
1 decimeters (dm) = 10 centimeters (cm) Brgy. New Isabela is 1 km and 500m or 1.5 km away from
1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) the city

Example: A group of boys are singing in the choir. MEASUREMENT :

Jimmy, the tallest boy, is 1 meter and 85 centimeters tall.
What is Jimmy's height in centimeters?
Solution:
1m 85cm = 185 cm or 1m 8 dm 5 cm or 1.85cm
( 1m =100cm) ( 1 dm = 10 cm) (100cm = 1m, so
85cm=0.85m)
Jimmy's height is 185 centimeters.
MEASUREMENT :
KILOMETER AND METER
1. Great distances are measured in kilometers.
----- Measurement ----
1000 meters (m) = 1 kilometer (km)
500 meters (m) = 0.5 kilometers (km)
Example: The pupils in Brgy. New Isabela walk 1500
meters to attend their class in the city. How many kilometers
away is the Brgy. New Isabela from the city ?
KILOGRAMS AND GRAMS
1. 1000 grams (g) = 1 kilogram (kg)
Example: Michael bought 3 pieces of guyabanos
weighing 500 grams. He added 3 more pieces of about the
same size. The weighing scale and the arrow of the scale
dial moved and stopped at 1000 kilograms or 1 kilogram.
What did he find out about grams and kilograms.
Solution: 3 pieces of guyabanos = 500 grams
= 1000 grams or 1 kilogram
3 more pieces = 500 grams
MEASUREMENT :
VOLUME
1. Volume is the amount of space within a figure. It is
expressed in cubic units.

122 123
 MEASUREMENT :
Example: Maria received an order of 12 Christmas CELSIUS THERMOMETER
decors. Each decors was placed in a paper box measuring 1
cm by 1 cm by 1 cm ( 1cm x 1cm x 1cm ). Then Maria placed
all 12 boxes in one big box. What should be the volume of the
big box to accommodate all 12 boxes?

TIME:
1. The long hand is called the minute hand.
2. The short hand is called the hour hand.
3. To find the time that had passed, subtract the
number of hours, then the number of minutes.
Answer. 1 cm3
Example: From Tacurong City, Mr. Narciso stayed
MEASUREMENT : at his parent's house before he departed for Manila. His
LITER AND MILLILITER scheduled trip to Manila was 9:50 A.M. He was requested
1. The liter and the milliliter are used to measure liquid byGensan Airport to check in 2 hours before the flight, so he
volume. left the house at 6:15. How much time did Mr. Narciso give
2. 1000 milliliters ( mL ) = 1 liter ( L ) himself?
Solution:
9:50
- 6:15
3:35 <---- 3 hours and 35 minutes

- Mr. Narciso had 3 hours and 35 minutes for himself to

reach and check in at the Gensan airport.

124 125

PERCENT WORD PROBLEMS
When you learned how to translate simple English statements
into mathematical expressions, you learned that "of" can
indicate "times". This frequently comes up when using
percentages.
If you need to find 16% of 1400, you first convert the
percentage "16%" to its decimal form; namely, the number
"0.16". (When you are doing actual math, you need to use
actual numbers. Always convert the percentages to
decimals!) Then, since "sixteen percent OF fourteen
hundred" tells you to multiply the 0.16 and the 1400, you get:
(0.16)(1400) = 224. This says that 224 is sixteen percent of
1400.Percentage problems usually work off of some version
of the sentence "(this) is (some percentage) of (that)", which
translates to "(this) = (some decimal) × (that)". You will be
given two of the values, or at least enough information that
you can figure two of them out. Then you'll need to pick a
variable for the value you don't have, write an equation, and
solve for that variable.
Example :
1. What percent of 20 is 30?
Solution:
We have the original number (20) and the comparative
number (30). The unknown in this problem is the rate or
percentage. Since the statement is "(thirty) is (some
percentage) of (twenty)", then the variable stands for the
percentage, and the equation is:
30 = (x)(20)
30 ÷ 20 = x = 1.5
126
Since x stands for a percentage, I need to remember to
convert this decimal back into a percentage: 1.5 = 150%
Thirty is 150% of 20.
Example :
2. What is 35% of 80?
Solution:
Here we have the rate (35%) and the original number (80);
the unknown is the comparative number which constitutes
35% of 80. Since the exercise statement is "(some number)
is (thirty-five percent) of (eighty)", then the variable stands
for a number and the equation is: x = (0.35)(80)
x = 28 Twenty-eight is 35% of 80.
Example :3. 45% of what is 9?
Solution: Here we have the rate (45%) and the comparative
number (9); the unknown is the original number that 9 is
45% of. The statement is "(nine) is (forty-five percent) of
(some number)", so the variable stands for a number, and the
equation is: 9 = (0.45)(x) 9 ÷ 0.45 = x = 20
Nine is 45% of 20.
source: http://www.purplemath.com/modules/percntof.htm
127
 SUMMARY OF MATH FORMULAS Formula for a proportion:

Average formula: a = c
b d
Let a1,a2,a3,......,an be a set of numbers, average = (a1 + a2
+ a3,+......+ an)/n In a proportion, the product of the extremes (ad) equal the
product of the means(bc),
Fractions formulas:
Thus, ad = bc

Adding Formula : a + c = ad + bc Percent:

b d bd
Percent to fraction: x% = x/100
Percentage formula: Rate/100 = Percentage/base
Rate: The percent.
Subtracting formula: a - c = ad – bc
Base: The amount you are taking the percent of.
b d bd
Percentage: The answer obtained by multiplying the base by
Multiplying fractions: a x c = ac the rate
b d bd
Consumer math formulas:

Discount = list price × discount rate

Sale price = list price − discount
dividing fractions: a/b = a x d = ad
c/d b c bc Discount rate = discount ÷ list price
Sales tax = price of item × tax rate
Interest = principal × rate of interest × time
Converting a mixed number to an improper fraction: Tips = cost of meals × tip rate
Commission = cost of service × commission rate

a c/d = ad + c
d

128 129
Geometry formulas: volume:

Perimeter: Volume of a cube: s × s × s

Perimeter of a square: s + s + s + s
s:length of one side
Perimeter of a rectangle: l + w + l + w
l: length
w: width
Perimeter of a triangle: a + b + c
a, b, and c: lengths of the 3 sides
Area:
Area of a square: s × s
s: length of one side
s: length of one side
Volume of a box: l × w × h
l: length
w: width
h: height
Volume of a sphere: (4/3) × pi × r3
pi: 3.14
r: radius of sphere
Volume of a triangular prism: area of triangle × Height =
(1/2 base × height) × Height
base: length of the base of the triangle
height: height of the triangle
Height: height of the triangular prism

Area of a rectangle: l × w
Volume of a cylinder:pi × r2 × Height
l: length
pi: 3.14
w: width
r: radius of the circle of the base
Height: height of the cylinder
Area of a triangle: (b × h)/2
b: length of base source: http://www.basic-mathematics.com/basic-math-formulas.html
h: length of height

Area of a trapezoid: (b1 + b2) × h/2

b1 and b2: parallel sides or the bases
h: length of height

130 131
1. MATH EXAM TECHNIQUES 6. Sometimes problem solving involves figure in the question
and in the multiple choice. In this example, you can also use
Sample Test: 100 x 30 %.

1. 30 is what percent of 100? 7. Remember that Simple math equation sometimes can be
used as a clue in the multiple choices too. If the question
a. 11 % c. 30 % e. 65 % involves simple math equation, find the simplest figure in the
b. 21 % d. 35 % choices.

Answer: C. 30 % 8. And finally, not all questions in Math need to be solving

by using mathematical operation. Others just understand the
1.) Majority Rules apply. So its choices c and d. you can question, and you will find the right answer without solving.
eliminate now the choices a,b and e.

2.) Observe that choices c. and d. has the closest figure. It

was made to create clue.

3.) It was always customary that lowest and Highest number

choices is not the right answer. It’s always what in between.
So choices a.11% and e.65% is not the right answer either.

4. Usually Math problems only involve basic mathematical

operation of addition,subtraction, multiplication and division.

5. If the choices was smaller than the given question, the

operation probably division or subtraction.

6. after finding the right clue, as per example choices c.30%

and d. 35%, you can now begin your math operation.

132
133
 MATH SAMPLE TEST
-------------Tests Begins Here --------------- 6.The fraction of ¼ is written in decimal number as ?
Directions:Select the right answer in each question. a. 0.20 c. 2.50 e. 1.25
b. 1.20 d. 0.25
1.Composite number of 10 has the factor of 10 x 1 and ?
a. 2 x 2 x 2 c. 2 x 4.5 e. 2 x 1 x 3 7.Joy purchased multicolored textiles in the kimsan
b. 2 x 5 d. 3 x 2 department store. Included are 6 feet blue,3 feet yellow,9
feet brown and 3 feet red. How many yards of textiles did she
2.In Roman Numerals, 100 + 50 equals? purchased?
a. CXXXX c. LLC e. CCL a. 7 yards c. 9 yards e. 8.5 yards
b. LLL d. CL b. 8 yards d. 7.5 yards

3.Mr Bernie, branch manager of AXZEL CEBU,receiveds a 8.Lina bought 1.5 kilogram of durian and 0.5 kilogram of
memo pertaining on his official working visit to Pres. mangosteen. How many kilograms of fruits did she buy in all?
Quirino, Sultan Kudarat. On the memo written is his a. 2.5 kilograms c. 3. 5 kilograms e. 2 kilometers
allowance on travel, 3000, per diem of 5000 and others of b. 3 kilograms d. 2 kilograms
4000 respectively. How much do all his allowance worth?
a. 10,000 c. 12,000 e. 14,000 9.5 cm + 50 mm + 2.5 cm is equal to?
b. 11,000 d. 13,000 a. 11.5 cm c. 12.5 cm e. 12.11 cm
b. 12.5 mm d. 11.5 mm
4.On Oct. 13-15, The Cossete's Internet cafe had recorded a
130,110 and 120 customers respectively. What is the 10.The Aeta pupils in Cordillera mountain walk 2500 meters
customer's average number on the said date? to attend their class in Baguio city. How many kilometers
a. 120 c. 140 e. 100 away is the mountain from the city?
b. 130 d. 110 a. 2 kilometers c. 2.5 meters e. 3 meters
b. 2.5 kilometers d. 3 kilometers
5.Butchoy used 11/5 meters of extension wire for his
children's room. How many meters of extension wire did he 11. What percent of 50 is 100?
use? a. 200 % c. 100 % e. 25 %
a. 1 1/2 c. 2 1/2 e. 2 1/5 b. 150 % d. 50 %
b. 1 1/4 d. 2 1/4
135
134 12. What is 25% of 50?
a. 15 c. 14.5 e. 12.5 a. 12 cm3 c. 1 cm e. 1 cm3
b. 15.5 d. 12 b. 6 cm3 d. 2 cm3

13. 35% of what is 7? 19. How many weeks in 1 year?

a. 30 c. 20 e. 10 a. 50 weeks c. 48 weeks e. 51 weeks
b. 25 d. 15 b. 49 weeks d. 52 weeks

14.14 + 3 x (9 + 5) - 4 = ________? 20.How many hours in 1 leap year?

a. 154 c. 51 e. 39 a. 8760 c. 8784 e. 8780
b. 38 d. 52 b. 8765 d. 8790

15.58, 481 round to the nearest hundred is _______?

a. 58, 480 c. 58, 450 e. 59,400
b. 58,500 d. 59,000

16.The decimal form of 0.99 % is ___??

a. 0.0099 c. 0.99 e. 90.0
b. 0.099 d. 0.90

17. A plastic container if half full, can accommodate 100 mL

of liquid ,What then is its full capacity to hold liquid
matter?
a. 150 mL c. 100 L e. 100 mL
b. 50 L d. 50 mL

18.Peter Pan received an order of 2 dozens of balot. Each

balot was placed in a plastic measuring 1 cm by 1 cm by 1 cm
( 1cm x 1cm x 1cm ). Then Peter Panplaced all 12 balots in
one big Ice drop box. What should be the volume of the big
Ice drop box to accommodate all 12 balots?

136
137
 MATH SAMPLE TEST ANSWERS
1. b. 2 x 5 Solution: 2 x5 = 10 14. d. 52 Solution: 14 + 3 x (9 + 5) - 4 = ( In
computation,remember My Dear Ankle Sam.Multiplication-
2. d. CL Solution: C = 100 ; L = 50 , C + L = 150 Division-Addition-Substraction.But since naka close
parenthesis ang 9+5,special case na unahin muna sila e add.
3. c. 12,000 Solution: 3000 + 5000 + 4000 = So ; 9 +5 = 14 x 3 = 42 + 14 = 56 – 4 = 52.

4. a. 120 Solution: 130 + 110 + 120 = 360 / 3 = 120 15. b. 58,500 Solution: Since nearest to hundreds, ang
481 is nearer to 500 kaysa 400.
5. e. 2 1/5 Solution: 11 divided by 5 = 2 1/5
16. a. 0.0099 Solution: Move 2 decimal places
6. d. 0.25 Solution: 1 divided by 4 = 0.25 to the left so .99% is equal to 0.0099

7. a. 7 yards Solution: 1 yards = 3 feet, 6 + 3 + 9 + 3 = 17. e. 100 mL Solution: 100 mL is its 50 %, then
21 feets divided 3 feets = 7 yards another 100 mL is needed for its 100 % capacity.

8. d. 2 kilograms Solution: 1.5 kilograms or 1 kilogram 18. e. 1 cm3 Solution: side x side x side = 1 x 1 x 1 =
and 500 grams + 0.5 kilograms or 500 grams = 2 kgs. 1 cm3

9. c. 12.5 cm Solution: 5 cm + 50 mm ( or 5 cm ) +
2.5 cm ( or 2 cm and 5mm ) = 12.5 cm
10. b. 2.5 kilometers Solution: 2500 meters = 2
kilometers and 500 meters = 2.5 kilometers
11. a. 200 % Solution: 100 divided 50 = 2 or 2.0 ;
change to percentage is 200 %
12. e. 12.5 Solution: 25 % or .25 x 50 = 12.5
13. c. 20 Solution: 7 divided by 35 % or .35 = 20 , or 7
divided by 20 ( choices c ) = 35 %
19. d. 52 weeks Solution: There are 52 full weeks per
year. You can count the number of days in a year,which is
365 in a normal year, and 366 during a leap year. You take
the number of days in the year and divide them by seven,
which is the number of days in a week. When you divide the
days of the year by the days of the week, you get 52 weeks
plus one day, or 52 weeks plus 2 days for leap year.
20.c. 8784 Solution: 366 days ( for leap year ) x 24
hours/day = 8784 (if regular year,its 365 days x 24 )

138 139
1. LOGICAL REASONING EXAM TECHNIQUES LOGICAL REASONING SAMPLE TEST

Sample Test:
Sample Test: Item 1-10
Direction:
Each problem consists of three statements. Based on JAY'Z Note : Try to answer each question correctly for 1
the first two statements, the third statement may be true, minute each
false, or uncertain.
--------------------------Tests Begins here--------------------------
1. All the trees in the forest are fruit trees.
Some of the trees in the forest are coconuts. Direction:
All coconuts in the forest are fruit trees. Each problem consists of three statements. Based on the first
two statements, the third statement may be true, false, or
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is uncertain.
a.true b.false c. Uncertain
1. All the trees in the forest are fruit trees.
Answer: a. true Some of the trees in the forest are coconuts.
All coconuts in the forest are fruit trees.
Explanation: All of the trees in the forest are fruit If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
trees, so all coconuts in the forest are fruit trees. a. true b. false c. uncertain

2. Which word does NOT belong with the others?

a. four c. eight Direction :Each problem consists of three statements. Based
b. five d. ten on the first two statements, the third statement may be true,
false, or uncertain.
Answer:b. five
Explanation: Four, eight, and ten are all even numbers; 2. Juan is bigger than Pedro and smaller than Sugar.
five is an odd number. Maria is smaller than Sugar and bigger than Juan.
1.) The Technique here, is just understand the Question. No Pedro is bigger than Maria.
more, No less. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
a. true b. false c. uncertain

140 141
Direction :Choose the statement that is best supported by the
information given in the question passage.
3.During the last 5 years, the number of tricycles has
increased by about 15%. During the same time period, the
number of habal habal has increased by more than 300%.
These percentages mean that many tricycles have lost the
authorityto make their own schedules, determine the fees that
they charge, and decide on the route to take.
This paragraph best supports the statement that tricycles
a. resent the appearance of habal habal.
b. no longer have the modification.
c. care a great deal about their pasaheros.
d. are less independent than they used to be.
e. are making a lot less money than they used to make.
Direction :Read the below passage carefully and answer the
questions:
Some groups want to outlaw the RH bill. They say that the
sentiment of the masses are less important than the interest
of the nations' economy.But I say that the bill cannot be
overrule. Also, most citizens especially the masses doesn’t
care and are ignorant of the bill. Among the things the RH bill
represents is woman's right on pregnancy protection,
which includes, I believe, the woman's right for easy
access of medicine at barangay health centers level.
4.Which of the following, if true, would weaken the
speaker's argument?
142
a. An action is not considered on woman's right on
pregnancy protection.
b. the masses who doesn’t care about the bill is enough for
its abolishment.
c. The RH bill was premature and not necessary.
d. RH Bill are essentials
e. Most people are against the RH bill.
Direction :Each of the following questions contains a small
paragraph followed by a question on it. Read each paragraph
carefully and answer the question given below it.
5.The consumption of cigarettes by the Filipino people can be
prevented not only by banning their sale in the market but
also by instructing users about their dangerous effects which
they must understand for their safety. Also the cigarettes
usersmay be provided with proper medication facilities for
their treatment. This will help in scaling down theuseof
cigarettes.
The passage best supports the statement that consumption of
cigarettes –
a. are on increase in the country.
b. can always be reduced.
c. are due to lack of medication.
d. can be eliminated with the help of banning their sale.
e. may be illegalize.
143
6. The masterpiece of taekwondo does not allow the
concentration to be interfered with or immediately ruled by
anything other than itself. It insists that it alone shall focus on
concentration in order to bring it into perfection. Taekwondo
requires that nothing shall attain the
Masterpiece except through concentration itself.
This passage best supports the statement that:
a. taekwondo is governed by external rules and conditions.
b. taekwondo is for the sake of concentration and focus.
c. taekwondo is for the sake of concentration alone.
d. taekwondo players realizes his dreams through his
masterpiece of taekwondo.
e. taekwondo players should use his taekwondo for the sake
of the defenseless
Direction:In each of the following questions, a
statement/group of statements is given followed by some
conclusions. Without resolving anything yourself choose the
conclusion which logically follows from the given
statements).
7. To pass the civil service exam, one must have this
reviewer.
a. civil service exam is related with this reviewer.
b. All those who have this reviewer, pass.
c. civil service exam causes some nervousness and those
who have this reviewer overcome it.
d. Without this reviewer, one does not pass.
e. person having this reviewer is a confident person.
144
8. Statements:
1.The government has recently fixed the fees for professional
courses offered by the Universities which are much lower
than the fees charged last year.
2.The parents of the aspiring students launched a severe
unrest last year protesting against the high fees charged by the
university schools.
a.Statement 1 is the cause and statement 2 is its effect
b.Statement 2 is the cause and statement 1 is its effect
c.Both the statements 1 and 2 are independent causes
d.Both the statements 1 and 2 are effects of independent
causes
e. Both the statements 1 and 2 are effects of some common
cause
Direction:In each question below is given a statement
followed by two assumptions numbered 1 and 2. You have to
consider the statement and the following assumptions and
decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement
and mark your answer base on the given choices
9. Statement:The next meeting of the Governing Board of
the QUEDANCOR will be held after 6 months.
Assumptions:
1. The QUEDANCOR will remain in function after 6
months.
2. The Governing Board will be dissolved after 6 months.
145
a. Only assumption 1 is implicit LOGICAL REASONING ANSWERS ITEMS 1 -10
b. Only assumption 2 is implicit
c. Either 1 or 2 is implicit 1. Answer: a. true
d. Neither 1 nor 2 is implicit Explanation: All of the trees in the forest are fruit trees, So
e. Both 1 and 2 are implicit all coconuts in the forest are fruit trees.
2. Answer: b. false
Direction :In each question below is given a statement Explanation:
followed by two courses of action numbered I and II. You Juan is bigger than Pedro, and Maria is bigger than
have to assume everything in the statement to be true and on Juan. Therefore, Pedro must be smaller than Maria.
the basis of the information given in the statement, decide 3.Answer: d. are less independent than they used to be.
which of the suggested courses of action logically follow(s) Explanation: The author of this statement suggests that
for pursuing and mark your answer base on the given choices tricycles are less independent. The author stresses that many
tricycles have lost authority. There is no support for the
10.Statement: opinion that tricycles resent the habal habal, however which
rules out choice a. The tricycles modification is never
The arcade station are incurring heavy losses these days as mentioned (choice b). Tricycles may care about their
people prefer to play games in internet cafes than to visit pasaheros (choice c), but this information is not part of the
arcade station. paragraph. Choice e is not mentioned.
4. Answer:a. An action is not considered on woman's
Courses of Action: right on pregnancy protection.
1.The arcade station should be demolished and space for Explanation: If an action is not included under woman's right
rent buildings should be constructed there. on pregnancy issues, the speaker's main argument is incorrect.
2.The arcade station should be converted into other 5. Answer: d. can be eliminated with the help of
purposes. banning their sale.
6. Answer: c. taekwondo is for the sake of
a. Only 1 follows concentration alone.
b. Only 2 follows 7. Answer: d. Without this reviewer, one does not
c. Either 1 or 2 follows pass.
d. Neither 1 nor 2 follows
e. Both 1 and 2 follow

146 147
8. Answer: b. Statement 2 is the cause and LOGICAL REASONING SAMPLE TEST
statement 1 is its effect
Sample Test: Item 11-20
Explanation: The parents' protest against high fees being
charged by the university schools led the government to Try to answer each question correctly for 1 minute each
move and fix the fees at a more affordable level.
--------------------------Test Begin here----------------------------
9. Answer: a. Only assumption 1 is implicit
Explanation: That the meeting of the Governing Board Direction :
will be held after 6 months means the QUEDANCOR will Remember, you are looking for the word that does NOT
be functioning at that time. So, 1 is implicit. The Board cannot belong in the same group as the others. Sometimes, all
be dissolved at the time when its meeting starts. So, 2 is not four words seem to fit in the same group. If so, look more
implicit. closely to further narrow your classification.

10. Answer: d. Neither 1 nor 2 follows 11. Which word does NOT belong with the others?
a. four c. eight
Explanation: b. five d. ten

Doing away with arcade station is no solution. Hence, none
of the courses follows. Instead, certain modification and
improvement schemes should be awarded to arcade station
owners so that they could manage to draw in other crowds
like the children.
Direction :Read each definition and all four choices
carefully, and find the answer that provides the best example
of the given definition.
12. People speculate when they consider a situation and
assume something to be true based on inconclusive evidence.
Which situation below is the best example of Speculation ?

a. Rasta decides that it would be appropriate to wear emo

dress on Friday night.
b. Laila spends 1 hour sitting in traffic and wishes that she
took the MRT instead of taking a taxi ride.

149
148
c. After consulting his Tarot cards, Madame Auring feels
confident that the first guy she will meet will become his new
boyfriend.
d. When Jane opens the little box gift in tears, Jay guesses that
she receive a wedding proposal
Direction :
Each problem consists of three statements. Based on the first
two statements, the third statement may be true, false, or
uncertain.
13. Davao City is north of Tacurong City.
Tacurong City is east of Cagayan De Oro City.
Cagayan De Oro City is northwest of Davao City.
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
a. true
b. false
c. uncertain
Direction :
Read the question carefully and choose the correct answer.
14. Pedro has been visiting friends in Vigan City for the past
two weeks. He is leaving tomorrow morning and her flight is
very early. Most of his relatives live fairly close to the
airport. Anna lives ten miles away. Inggo lives five miles
away, Inday, seven miles. Juan is farther away than Inggo, but
closer than Inday. Approximately how far away from the
airport is Juan?
150
a. nine miles c. eight miles
b. seven miles d. six miles
Direction :
Read the paragraph carefully and determine the main point
the author is trying to make. What conclusion can be drawn
from the argument? Each paragraph is followed by five
statements. One statement supports the author's argument
better than the others do.
15. One TikTik Magazine publisher has estimated that 1,000
to 2,000 people in Manila want an anthology that includes
the complete works of J.K Rowling. And what accounts for
this renewed interest in Rowling? As showbiz chikadora point
out, her books abracadabra magic are bestselling even in
remote places of tondo .
This paragraph best supports the statement that
a. Rowling's books are more interesting than Liwayway
today.
b. people even today are interested in Rowling's work
because of the abracadabra magic.
c. showbiz chikadora are pirating an anthology on Rowling's
books.
d. Manilenyo have a renewed interested in the work of
Rowling.
e. Rowling was a german as well as a shepherd.
151
Direction :In each question below is given a statement Direction :Each question has an underlined word followed by
followed by two assumptions numbered 1 and 2. You have to four answer choices. You will choose the word that is a
consider the statement and the following assumptions and necessary part of the underlined word.
decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement
and answers base on the given choices 18. book
a. nonfiction c. images
16.Statement:The government has decided to pay b. pages d. knowledge
compensation to the Marcos Martial Law victims. To the
family members of those who are killed and missing on that Direction :
time. Read the below passage carefully and answer the questions:

Assumptions: The government of Pres. PNOY is in the process of deciding

1.The government has enough funds to meet the expenses how to spend its limited budget. It has $7 million left in its
due to compensation. budget and eight programs to choose among. There is no
2.There may be no more martial law in near future. provision in the constitution to have a surplus, and each
program has requested the minimum amount they need; in
a. Only assumption 1 is implicit other words, no program may be partially funded. The
b. Only assumption 2 is implicit programs and their funding requests are:
c. Either 1 or 2 is implicit -Disaster preparedness: 2.5 million
d. Neither 1 nor 2 is implicit - Manila Bay improvements: 1 million
e. Both 1 and 2 are implicit -Phil Orchestra program: 0.5 million
- ABS CBN building remodeling: 1.5 million
Direction : -Palay para sa magsasaka subsidy program: 2 million
Three of the words will be in the same classification, the -National radio: 0.5 million
remaining one will not be. Your answer will be the one word -Kabuhayang swak na swak loan program: 3 million
that does NOT belong in the same classification as the others. -Boracay little airport: 4 million

17.Which word does NOT belong with the others? 19. If the Pres. PNOY decides to fund the Palay para sa
a. Ilang Ilang c. malunggay magsasaka subsidy program, national radio, and the
b. Gumamela d. sampaguita Kabuhayang swak na swak loan program, the only other
single program that can be funded is
152
153
a. Disaster preparedness. . LOGICAL REASONING ANSWERS ITEMS 11-20
b. Manila Bay improvements.
c. Phil Orchestra program
d. ABS CBN building remodeling.
e. Boracay little airport.
Direction :
Choose the statement that is best supported by the
information given in the question passage.
20. There are no effective boundaries when it comes to
playing cards. Data have shown that tong-it's that have been
addicted in many provinces, are a steady past time and remain
legal. Bets such as two and five pesos have been the common
standard of starting pot money.
This paragraph best supports the statement that
a. two and five pesos are usually the starting pot money.
b. more people are playing tong its everyday
c. data have shown that many provinces don’t have plan to
stop playing tong-its
d. two and five pesos are the fixed bet starting pot money .
e. even a nationwide ban on money would not stop the play
of tong-its.
154
11. Answer:b. five
Explanation:
Four, eight, and ten are all even numbers; five is an
odd number.
12. Answer:d. When Jane opens the little box gift in tears,
Jay guesses that shereceive a wedding proposal
Explanation:
This is the only situation in which someone makes an
assumption that is not based on conclusive
evidence.Choices a and c reflect situations in which
assumptions are made based on evidence. In choice b, Laila
is not assuming anything to be true. She is simply wishing
that she'd made a different decision like taking the MRT.
13. Answer:b. false
Explanation:
Because the first two statements are true, Cagayan De Oro
City is west of Tacurong City and southwest of Davao City.
Therefore, the third statement is false.
14. Answer: d. six miles
Explanation:
Juan is farther away than Inggo, who is five miles away, and
closer than Inday, who is seven miles away.
15. Answer:b. people even today are interested in
Shakespeare's work because of the abracadabra magic.
155
 Explanation:
The last sentence in the paragraph clearly gives support for
the idea that the interest in Rowling is due to the Abracadabra
magic. Choice a is incorrect because the writer never makes
this type of comparison. Choice c is wrong because even
though chikadoras are mentioned in the paragraph, there is no
indication that the chikadoras are pirating the anthology.
Choice d is wrong because there is no support to show that
most Manilenyo are interested in her books. There is no
support for choice e either.
16. Answer: a. Only assumption 1 is implicit
Explanation:
Clearly, the amount of compensation must have been decided
keeping in mind the monetary position of the Government.
So, 1 is implicit. However, nothing can be said about the
avoidance of martial law in near future. So, 2 is not implicit.
17. Answer c. malunggay
Explanation:
Ilang Ilang, gumamela, and sampaguita are all types of
flowers. A c. malunggay is not.
18. Answer b. pages
Explanation:
The necessary part of a book is its pages; there is no book
without pages. Not all books are non fiction (choice a), and
not all books have images (choice c). knowledge (choice d)
may or may not take place with a book
156
19. Answer: d. ABS CBN building remodeling.
Explanation:
The total of the three programs (2 million + 0.5 million + 3
million) is 5.5 million. That leaves 1.5 million (7 million -
5.5 million), and the only single program needing that amount
is the ABS CBN building remodeling.
20. Answer: a. two and five pesos are usually the
starting pot money.
Explanation:
The support for this choice is in the second sentence, which
states that in some provinces, tong-its remain legal. Choice b
is incorrect because even though more players are mentioned
in the paragraph, there is no support for the idea that playing
tong-itis played every day. There is no support for choice c.
Choice d can be ruled out because there is nothing to indicate
that two and five are thefixed starting pot money. Choice e is
illogical.
157
Number Series Exam Techniques NUMBER SERIES SAMPLE TEST
--------------Tests Begins Here--------------
Types of Number Series 1. Single Numbers Set Directions:Each item section contains a series of numbers arranged
2. Alternate Number Set according to a certain ruleor order. Study the series and determine
which number is next.
1. Single Numbers Set
Example: 10, 20, 30, 40 ? answer: 50 1. 10 20 60 / 2 ? 50
a. 30 c. 40 e. 45
2.Alternate Number Set b. 35 d. 50
Example: 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4, ? , ? answer: 5,5
2. 5 5 6 4 7 3 ? ? 9 1
Techniques: a. 8 , 2 c. 8 , 8 e. 3,1
a.Number Series should be 12345,or 4321 as single or b. 2 , 8 d. 1, 3
alternate.
b.To make the single set more difficult, sometimes they 3.16 14 17 13 18 12 19 _?_
uses fractions or or percent to make it more confusing. a. 12 c. 20 e. 10
ex. Number 40 is 80/2 or 10, 20, 30, 80/2? b. 21 d. 11
c.Not all alternate like series can be solving with alternate.
Some has formula to solve. 4. 1 3 2 6 5 15 14 ?
Example: 1 3 6 10 20 26 52 ? a. 41 c. 42 e. 39
Solution: 60 b. 43 d. 40
-use and added then add in even number (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and
10) then multiplyby 2 5. 24 12 10 40 20 18 72 ?
So:1+2=3 x 2 = 6 + 4 =10 x 2 =20 + 6 =26 x 2 =52 +8 = 60 a. 31 c. 30 e. 25
b. 36 d. 28
d.The use of adding even numbers and multiply by 2 is an
example of formula that can be use in single and alternate 6. 1 4 8 13 26 33 66 ?
number set. There are different formula, you will understand a. 75 c. 70 e. 38
and know this as you solve the problem. b. 74 d. 36

7. 2 6 7 11 12 16 17 ?

158 159
 NUMBER SERIES ANSWERS
a. 25 c. 27 e. 21
b. 22 d. 23 1. c. 40
solution:
8. 12 17 18 9 14 15 ? One number series only the 10 2030 60 / 2 ? 50
a. 19 c. 21 e. 9 the 60 / 2 = 30 , it was only in fraction to confuse the series
b. 7.5 d. 8.5 . So the outcome was is 10,20,30

9. 2 4 3 6 5 10 9 ? 2. a. 8 , 2
a. 18 c. 15 e. 10 solution:
b. 12 d. 16 alternate numbers are 5 5 6 4 7 3 ? ? 9 1
series is going forward and backward so,
10. 10 40/2 90/3 160/4 200/4 ___ 5 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 7 , 3 , ___ ____ 9 , 1 or 5,6,7,8,9, and
a. 2 x 15 c. 2 x 30 e. 80 5,4,3,2,1
b. 150 / 5 d. 140 / 2
3. d.11

-End- solution:
alternate numbers are 16 14 17 13 18 12 19 _?_ or
16,17,18,19 and 14,13,12,

count forward and backward only the two number series.

Since thenumber series in 14,13,12 are the right answer,
11will be the next number.

4. c. 42

solution:
alternate numbers are 1 3 2 6 5 15 14 __ or 1,2,5,14 and
3,6,15

160 161
 The divided by 2,subtracted by 2 and multiplied by 4
since 1 is the start number in number series in the 1,2,5,14 It can be obtain base on the number series in which you think it
was multiplied by 3 at was substracted by 1. And the number was not alternate one.
series of 3,6,15was multiplied by 3 and substracted.
6. a. 75
1,2,5,14= 1 x 3 = 3 – 1 = 2 3,6,15 = 3 x 3 = 9 – 3 = 6 Solution:
2x3=6–1=5 6 x 3 =18 – 3 = 15 It has one number series only
14 x3= 42 –1= 41 15 x 3 =45 – 3 = 42 1 4 8 13 26 33 66 ?
Added the odd numbers ( 1,3,5,7,9 ) then multiplied by 2
since the clue was in the number series of 3,6,15 then the So:
next answer is 42 1+3 = 4 x 2= 8 + 5 = 13 x 2 = 26 + 7 = 33 x 2 = 66 + 9 = 75
- In this kind of series, the multiplier is2, 3 or 4.It was obvious
if the next number series is not totally going higher. The odd numbers of 1,3,4,7 and 9 then multiplied by 2 can
-Sometimes addition instead of subtraction in 1 or 3.It will be obtain when you try to solve the series.
be known in the both number series. The 1 at 3 in the start of
number series has a purpose or hint in how to obtain the 7. e. 21
formula. Solution:
- Multiply by 3 is not the clue here, so try to multiply by 2 or Alternate numbers, 1 2 6 7 11 12 16 17 ? or 1 6 11 16
3 or 4 in other series questions in able to know the right and 2 7 12 17
number series.
Only added to 5 the number series
5. b. 36
So: 1 + 5= 6 2+5=7
Solution: 6 + 5 = 11 7 + 5 = 12
It has only one number series 24 12 10 40 20 18 72 ? 11 + 5 = 16 12 + 5 = 17
It was divided by 2, subtract to 2 then multiply by 4
So: 24 / 2 = 12 next 40 / 2 = 20 since in the number series of 1,6,11,16 the next answer, so
Final 72 / 2 = 36 16 + 5 = 21
12 – 2 = 10 20 – 2 = 18
10 x 4 = 40 18 x 4 = 72

162 163
8. b.7.5
10. c. 2 x 30
Solution:
Solution:
One number series only the12 17 18 9 14 15 ?
Formula: added to 5, then the next was added to 1 and next One number series only the
wasdivided by 2
So: 10 40/2 90/3 60/4 200/4 ___
12 + 5 = 17 next 9 + 5 = 14
17 + 1 = 18 14 + 1 = 15 Formula:
18 / 2 = 9 final 15 / 2 = 7.5
If you will solve the fraction, its outcome would be
The formula of + 5, +1 and / 2 can be obtain if you try to
solve the number series if u know in the process that it was 40 / 2 = 20
not alternate. 90 / 3 = 30
160 / 4 = 40
9. a. 18 200 / 4 = 50

Solution: So in other words ,20,30,40,50 the right number series, then

the next is series is 60.
One number series only the 2 4 3 6 5 10 9?
Since 2 x 30 = 60, Cis the right answer.
Formula: Multiply by 2, subtract 1,

So: 2 x 2 = 4 next 3 x 2 = 6 then 5 x 2 = 10

Final 9 x 2 = 18

4–1=3 6–1=5 10 – 1 = 9

164 165
 LOGICAL REASONING Abstract Reasoning / Inductive Reasoning Aptitude Test
ABSTRACT REASONING / INDUCTIVE
REASONING APTITUDE TEST -----------------------------Test Begin Here------------------------
Directions:
In the example shown below the upper 5 images represent the
TECHNIQUES abstract reasoning sequence. You have to come up with the
next logical step in the sequence and choose from one of the
1. Abstract reasoning aptitude testis like a guessing game. multiple choice answers shown below this sequence.

1.
2.To find the right answer, just follow the changes in the
image which starts from left to right.

3. Have a keen eye and mind. Study every little detail to hit
the changes.

2.

166 167
3. 6.

4. 7.

5.
8.

168 169
9. ABSTRACT AND REASONING ANSWERS

1. Answer:

Explanation: The movement of black space outside of star is

counter clockwise.

10. 2. Answer :

Explanation: The lines are decreasing until nothing left in

the next box,
The black dot are moving counter clockwise.

3. Answer :
Explanation: Alternate ang arrow at stars,alternate din
ang colors,black at white,

---------------------End of sample test-----------------

170 171
Since arrow is the clue in the next box,the arrow is the right 6.
answer. Its movement is right-left. Right position of arrow is
the next answer with white color.

4. Answer:

Explanation:
The clock’s arm is simply moving clockwise.

Explanation: 7.
The cut move always in opposite position, like left to
right,up and down. Same with the line

5.

Explanation:
The box inside is simply moving right-center-left-center-
right-center
The shape outside is simply counting 3,2,1,0,1,2,3 or adding
then subtracting
Explanation:
Observe, 1st box is pentagon or with five angles shape,in
next box, his already outside of the next given object.All
objects that came first are outside of the next given object.

172 173
8.

10.

Explanation:
By pair thecircles, with 5 black circles .
Since boxes with 4 black circles are the last, so circles with
5 black colors will be the next.
You can observe that the 5 black circles, the 3 black circles Explanation: Movement:
are always connected and the two always separates,
so A is the right answer. Square – getting
Circle – getting bigger

Triangle – alternate,big then medium, then big next medium

9. medium

Diamond – alternate, small then medium,then small next

medium

Explanation : The triangle shape simply counted

0,1,2,3,4 and next is 5 triangle .

174 175
 WORD ANALOGY WORD ANALOGY
-------------------Tests Begins Here--------------------
Techniques Direction: Find the corresponding relationship base on the
hint question.
The word analogy test is about finding the relationship in the
given questions and finding the same relationship in the 1. frozen : ice :: _________ : _________
given choices. Examples of relationship are: a. saturate : condense c. corrode : rust
b. evaporate : vapor d. centrifuge : solutions
Synonymys positive -ex. happy-gladdened
Synonyms negative -ex. foolish - silly 2. invulnerable : damaged :: _________ : _________
Homonyms/Homophone -ex. see - sea a. expensive : bought c. invincible : subdued
Antonyms -ex. jolly - sad b. imprudent : enacted d. bolted : screw
As part/joints/relative -ex. human body - legs
As use -ex. hammer - nail 3.poetry : stanza :: _________ : _________
Places-ex. Japan is to Asia as Germany is to Europe a. epic : lyric c. drama : role
Users -ex. resident is to home as a boxer is to ring b. paragraph : concluding remarks d. fiction : narrator
Measurement
-ex.ruler is to distance as thermometer is tobody 4. information : decision:: _________ : _________
Product to Producer -ex milk is to goat as wool is to sheep a. news : message c. law : judgment
Degree of intensity b. sample : population d. jury : verdict
-ex tremor is to Earthquake as angry is toirate
5. foal : horse :: _________ : _________
In word analogy test, be careful in the arrangement of word a. puppy : dog c. stamp : seal
pair,In the question word pair,arrangement is essential. b. gander : goose d. ring : diamond
Example : Question. Up : Down : : ______ _________
Right : North: South 6. porcupine : quills :: _________ : _________
Wrong: South: North a. elephant : trunk c. shark : fins
- Review study guides,it can help to understand some b. played dead : opossum d. giraffe : stripes
words being use in this kind of test. 7. chandler : candle :: _________ : _________
a. actor : lines c. cart : wheels
b. optician : eyeglasses d. Fax : paper

176 177
8. perpetual : change :: _________ : _________
a. unlikely : know c. incredible : impossible 16. irregular : model :: ________ : ________
b. moral : elusive d. certain : question a. exotic : accord b. precarious : endurance
c. hour : gauge d. huge : weight
9. outrun : speed :: _________ : _________
a. defeat : strength c. outlast : perform 17. expelled : member :: ________ : ________
b. outwit : strategy d. outdo : trickery a. matriculation : deduction b. invoke : angel
c. exorcism : demon d. approach : method
10. polychromatic : vivid ::monochromatic: _______
a. dim c. sharp 18. reflect : mirror :: deflect : ________
b. bland d. neutral a. bullet b. laser
c. shield d. metal
11. squirm : restless:: ________ : ________
a. courtesy : politeness c. fret : contentment 19. totter : movement :: ________ : ________
b. bestir : deferment d. assume : resume a. stutter : speech b. ovation : applause
c. fighting : conflict d. generosity : kindness
12. present : recipient :: ________ : ________
a. payment : donor c. measure : thermometer
b. estate : heir d. sculpture : artist 20. carnal : sexual :: superficial : ________
a. flimsy b. gala
13. beguile : charmed :: gentle : __________ c. immortal d. carnival
a. benign c. furious
b. lousy d. happy

14. birthplace : hometown :: _________ : ________ --end--

a. travel : voucher c. derivation : destination
b. menu : recipe d. recording : cassette

15. antonym : black / white :: homophone : ___________

a. three / tea b. imagine / fantasy
c. surrender / advance d. plain/plane

178 179
 WORD ANALOGY ANSWERS
1. b. evaporate : vapor
Explanation: relationship to question: Degree of intensity
- ice can be frozen, the vapor can evaporate
2. c. invincible : subdued
Explanation: relationship to question: Antonyms
- invulnerable means can’t be hurt or can’t be damage
3. b. paragraph : concluding remarks
Explanation: relationship to question: Parts /Joints
-stanza is part of poetry, concluding remarks are part of
paragraph
4. c. law : judgment
Explanation: relationship to question: As Use
- Information is use in decision; law information is use for
decision on legal matters
5. a. puppy: dog
Explanation: relationship to question:
As part/joints/relative
- Foal call to son of horse, puppy is son of dog
6. b) played dead : opossum
Explanation: relationship ng question: As Use
- porcupine uses its quills for self defense, playing dead uses
by opossum for self defense too
- Chandlerare person who makes candle, optician are person
who makes eyeglasses
8. d) certain : question
Explanation: relationship to question: Antonyms or opposite
9. b) outwit : strategy
Explanation: relationship to question: Degree of intensity
ex. Because of his fast speed, he outrun the others
Because of his excellent strategy, he outwitsthe others.
10. a. dim
Explanation: relationship to question: Antonym or opposite
11.a. courtesy : politeness
Explanation: relationship to question: Synonyms
12. b. estate : heir
Explanation: relationship to question: Users
- gift can be given to others,
-estate is for the heir
13. a. benign
Explanation: relationship to question: Synonyms
14. c. derivation : destination
Explanation: relationship to question: Synonyms

7. b) optician : eyeglasses 15. d. plain/plane

Explanation: relationship to question: Product to Producer Explanation: relationship to question: Homophones
Same tune
180 181

16. b. precarious : endurance
Explanation: relationship to question: Degree of intensity
-example, It was hard to shape the model due to irregular
surface
He endure swimming the precarious (rough) sea.
17. c. exorcism : demon
Explanation: relationship to question: Degree of intensity
- Member was expelled,
-demon was expelled through exorcism
18. c. shield
Explanation: relationship to question: As Use
- Mirror reflect images
Shielddeflect attack
19. a. stutter : speech
Explanation: relationship to question: Degree of intensity -
totter : movement means hard to walk
- stutter : speech means hard to speak
20. a. flimsy
Explanation: relationship to question: Synonyms
182
NUMERICAL REASONING TEST
Techniques:
Numerical reasoning test was made to analyze the capacity of
an examinee in interpreting and analyzing the numbers or
figures..
1. Focus on the given question.
2. If u had already chosen an answer, go back to the questions
if it’s really the right answer.
3. This kind of test usually uses only the basic mathematical
operations. So its hard parts understand what the questions
really meant.
4. This type of test doesn’t requires much review, for it only
test your analytical skills and no definite books or reviewer to
study
183
 NUMERICAL REASONING TEST

Sample Test : Item 1-10

Solution after the test

--------------------------Tests Begins here--------------------------

Direction:
In a numerical reasoning test, you are required to answer
questions using facts and figures presented in statistical tables
and Graph. In each question you are usually given a number
of options to choose from. Only one of the options is correct 1. What was the total revenue for Manila for the year?
in each case. a. 120,000 c. 160,000
b. 150,000 d. 180,000
Refer to the following two graphs when answering the
questions number 1-5. 2. Which of the following is the total revenue earned by
screws in Manila for the 3rd Quarter?
a. 36,000 c. 45,500
b. 40,500 d. 60,500

3. What was the total revenue for Cebu in the 1st two
quarters of the year?
a. 50,000 c. 80,000
b. 60,000 d. 90,000

4. Which of the following is the total revenue earned by

Bolts in the 3rd Quarter for Manila?
a. 10,500 c. 13,000
b. 13,000 d. 13,500

184 185
5.Which of the following is the total revenue earned in the 7. What was the total readership for Manila Bulletin for the
3rd quarter by all three metro cities ( Manila, Cebu, and year 1 and 3?
Davao )? a. 8.1 million c. 6.1 million e. 7 million
a. 80,000 c. 170,000 b. 7.1 million d. 8 million
b. 140,000 d. 190,000
8. What was the total readership for Philippine Daily
Direction: Inquirer in the 1st two the years?
Refer to the table when answering the questions a. 5 million c. 5.5 million e. 7 million
number 6-10. b. 6 million d. 6.5 million

9. Which of the following is the total readership earned by

Newspaper both Herald and Philippine Star in the 1st year ?
Readership
a. 18.5 million c. 18.7 million e.19.6 million
Readership (millions) % of adults reading each paper in Year 3 b. 18.6 million d. 19 million
Daily Newspapers
Year 1 Year 2 Males Females
Philippine Daily
3.6 2.9 7 6 10. Which newspaper enjoys the higher percentage of
Inquirer
Philippine Star 13.8 9.3 24 18 readership both by males andfemales in Year 3?
Manila Bulletin 1.1 1.4 4 3
Manila Times 8.5 12.7 30 23 a. Philippine Daily Inquirer
Herald 4.8 4.9 10 12 b. Philippine Star
c. Manila Bulletin
6. Which newspaper was read by a higher percentage of d. Manila Times
females than males in Year 3? e. Manila Times

a. Philippine Daily Inquirer

b. Philippine Star
c. Manila Bulletin
d. Manila Times
e. Herald

186 187
 NUMERICAL REASONING TESTS ANSWERS STUDY GUIDE:FILIPINO
1. c. 160,000 MGA SALITANG MAY MALALIM NA KAHULUGAN
Solution: 20,000 + 40,000 + 90,000 + 10,000 = 160,000
1. apuhap-hanap 25. kandili-aruga
2. b. 40,500 2. animo-wari 26. kumakandili-nagmamalasakit
Solution: 90,000 X 45 % (or .45) = 40,500 3. agam-agam-pangamba
27. kumpol ng bulaklak- bunton ng bulaklak
3. c. 80,000 4. anaki-tila 28. dalampasigan-tabing dapat
Solution: 30,000 + 50,000 = 80,000 5. alintana – hindi inaala-ala 29. datapwat- subalit
6. alingawngaw-ingay 30. dalita-aba
4. d. 13,500 7. bahagdan - porsyento
Solution: 90,000 X 15% ( or .15 ) = 13,500 31. dagok sa buhay-pagsubok sa buhay8.
balakid-hadlang, harang 32. dalampasigan-tabing dagat
5. c. 170,000 9.balintataw-guni guni 33. dumatal-dumating
Solution: 90,000 + 30,000 + 50,000 = 170,000 10. banaag- aninag 34. iagdong-iangat, isalba
6. e. Herald 11. beranda-balkunahe 35. inalipusta-inapi
Solution: In 12 (Females) -10 (Males) readership 12. busilak-malinis 36. iniinda-idinadaing
13. batingaw-kampana 37. lipulin-puksain
7. a. 8.1 million 14. binabagtas- nilalakaran 38. lagpak-bagsak
Solution: 1.1 million + 4 million + 3 million = 8.1 million 15. banaag-naaaninag, nakikita 39. mabulid-mahulog.
matumba,(ibang anyo hal. mapasama sa kasamaan)
8. d. 6.5 million 16. bungad-harap
Solution: 3.6 million + 2.9 million = 6.5 million 40. marahuyo- maingganyo, maingganya, biglang maaya o
maisama o maakit
9. b. 18.6 million 17. bukang liwayway-umaga 41. malumanay-mahinahon
Solution: 4.8 million + 13.8 million = 18.6 million 18. kaulayaw- laging kasama , laging kausap
42. mawatasan-maunawaan
10. e. Manila Times 19. kakarampot- konti lang
Solution : Manila Times = 30 males, 23 females 43. mawari-matanto, malaman, maintindihan
20. kahulilip-walang kapantay 44. magarbo-magara

188 189
21. kalaban-kaaway 45. magbungkal-maglinang 69. pinagtagni-pinagdugtong
22. kalipon-kausap 46. magsikhay - maghanapbuhay 70. subalit-ngunit
23. kasiping- katabi 47. malanta-matuyo 71. supling-anak
24. kaakibat-kaagapay, kasama 72. sapantaha-hinala
48. malasutla - malambot 73. sandamakmak-marami
49. malamyos-mahinahon, malambing 74. sinasambit-winiwika, sinasabi
76. tinatahak-nilalakbay 75. Takipsilim-paglubog ng araw
50. manlupaypay-manlambot, manghina
77. tinanuran-binantayan source:http://dregm.wordpress.com/2011/02/08/mga-salitang-may-malalim-na-
kahulugan/
51. masimod-matakaw
78. Tumalilis- tumakbong mabilis
52. naantala-naabala
79. tungayawin – sumpain
53. naudlot-napigil, napahinto
54. nasadlak-napapunta
55. nabanaag – nakita
56. nabatid-nalaman
57. nagbabalatkayo-nag-iibang anyo, nagkukunwari
58. nagkukumahog- nagmamadali
59. nagagalak- nasisiyahan
60. nakahandusay-nakalugmok, nakahiga, nakalupagi
61. nalugmok-nadapa, napalupagi
62. nanlumo-nanlambot (hal. nanlumo ako sa aking nakita)
63. namamayagpag-nagtatagumpay, sumisikat, unti unting
nakikilala
64. naapuhap-nahanap
65. nagniningning-kumikinang
66. napadupilas-nadulas
67. nasukol-nahuli
68. papagayo-sarangola

190 191
 FILIPINO SAMPLE TEST 7. Nababanaag ni Aling Juana ang anino ni Mang Ador.
a. nakita b. napansin
Sagutan lamang ng 5 minuto ang filipino tests.
8. Nalugmok sa kahirapan ang buhay nila dahil sa mga
A. TALAHULUGAN bisyo.
a. nakahiga b. nadapa
Panuto: Piliin ang salitang pinakamalapit ang ibig sabihin sa
salitang may salungguhit. 9. Nanlumo si Miguel ng malaman niya na bagsak siya sa
pagsusulit.
1. Dinig hanggang kabilang bayan ang alingawngaw ng a. Nanghina b. Nanghinayang
mga putok.
a. ingay b. langaw 10. Nasukol ng mga tanod ang pinagtataguan ng
magnanakaw.
2. Siya ay pinagpala dahil sa busilak nyang kalooban. a. Nahuli b. Napabayaan
a. malinis b. maliwanag
WASTONG GAMIT
3. Pag bungad pa lang ni juan tamad sa kanilang pintuan,
sermon na ang inabot niya. Panuto: Punan ng tamang sagot ang patlang sa bawat
a. alis b. harap pangungusap.

4. Ang ganda ni Maria ay kahulilip talaga. 1. Si Ana ay naglahong parang _______

a. kaaya aya b. walang kapantay a. bula b. bola

5. Malamyos ang tinig ni Maria Clara habang kausap si 2. ______siya ng takbo dahil sa takot.
Crisostomo Ibarra. a. tumalilis b. tumagilid
a. kaakit akit b. mahinahon
3. Lakas loob na _______ ni Juan ang krus na daan.
6. Naantala ng malakas na ulan ang dating ng mga relief a. tinignan b. tinahak
goods.
a.naabala b. napabilis 4. Naging ______ ang kaarawan ni kriztal dahil sa pagdating
ng ate nya galing abroad.

192 193
 a. magarbo b. matamis FILIPINO SAMPLE TEST ANSWERS

5. _____ si Randy si pagsusulit sa math kahit naga pa tutor

na siya. A. Talahulugan
a. lagapak b. lagpak
1. a. Ingay
6. Nasa dugo na ng mga katipuneros ang mithiing _______ 2. a. malinis
ang mga dayuhang espanyol. 3. b. harap
a. lipulin b. itakwil 4. b. walang kapantay
5. b. mahinahon
7. ______ Sila ay mahirap lamang,tahimik naman ang 6. a.naabala
kanilang pamumuhay. 7. a. nakita
a. Datapuwat b. Subalit 8. b. nadapa
9. a. Nanghina
8. Nais kung ________ sa inyo ang taos puso kung 10. a. Nahuli
pasasalamat.
a. ipapagayo b. ipabatid B. Wastong Gamit

9. Si Budoy and nawawalang _____ nila Dona Nenita. 1. a. bula

a. sapantaha b. supling 2. a. tumalilis
3. b. tinahak
10. _______ na nang dumating sila Mang gorio galing sa 4. a. magarbo
pangagaso. 5. b. lagpak
a. takipsilim b. nagningning 6. a. lipulin
7. a. Datapuwat
8. b. ipabatid
9. b. supling
10. a. takipsilim

195
194
 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION AND GENERAL
INFORMATION
I included here some important study guides were in very
useful in an exam type test like this one. The information
listed here are somehow base on constitution and general
information.
Study Guides Coverage
1. Presidents of the Philippines
2. Philippine laws and constitution
3. Mixed definition of terms
196
1. Presidents of the Philippines in Chronological Order
1. Emilio F. Aguinaldo (1898-1901)
-The president of the first Philippine republic
2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)
The first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines under American rule.
3. Jose P. Laurel (1943-1945)
-President of the Second Republic
4. Sergio S. Osmeña (1944-1946)
-The first Filipino national leader under the American
regime as speaker of the Philippine assembly and the
second president of the Philippines
5. Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948)
The last president of the Philippine Commonwealth and the
first president of the republic.
6. Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953)
-champion of the masses
7. Ramon F. Magsaysay (1953-1957)
-He had been President Quirino’s secretary of defense
who was instrumental in suppressing the HUK rebellion
8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
-Remembered for his Filipino First Policy.
197
9. Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965)
-He asked Congress to pass the Agricultural Land
Reform Code, It was during his presidency that
Independence Day was moved from July 4 to June 12
10. Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
-Declared martial law on September 21, 1972.
11. Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
-She first established a revolutionary government
under the Freedom Constitution, later replaced by the
Constitution of 1987, which served as the basis for
reestablishing democracy
12. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
-His presidency is remembered for better integrating
the national economy in the global scheme
. Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology, Arts,
13. Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001)
-ousted from power anyway as a peaceful People’s
Power II revolution arose and called for his resignation
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001-June 30,
2010)
15. Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III (June
30, 2010- )
198
2. The 1987 Constitution
The Constitution is divided into 18 parts (excluding the
Preamble) which are called Articles.
Article I - National Territory
Article II - Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Article III - Bill of Rights
Article IV - Citizenship
Article V - Suffrage
Article VI - Legislative Department
Article VII - Executive Department
Article VIII - Judicial Department
Article IX - Constitutional Commission
Article X - Local Government
Article XI - Accountability of Public Officers
Article XII - National Economy and Patrimony
Article XIII - Social Justice and Human Rights
Culture and Sports
Article XV - The Family
Article XVI - General Provisions
Article XVII - Amendments or Revisions
Article XVIII - Transitory Provisions
199
 Designations used for Philippine laws 2. Revised Penal Code contains the general penal laws of the
Philippines and is one of the major sources of criminal laws
Philippine laws have had various nomenclature designations in the Philippines. It was enacted in 1930 and has undergone
at different periods in the history of the Philippines, as several amendments.
shown below:
3. Labor Code, enacted in 1974, governs employment
Nomenclature practices and labor relations in the Philippines.
Designation AbbreviationForm of government Dates
Act Act Philippine government under 4. National Internal Revenue Code is the law establishing the
United States sovereignty 1900-1935 system of national taxation in the Philippines. The most
Commonwealth Act CA Philippine Commonwealth recent extensive revision of the Code occurred in 1997,
1935-1946 although the Code was amended in 2005 to expand the
Batas Pambansa BP Modified parliamentary coverage and rates of value-added tax.
republic 1978-1985
Presidential Decree PD Republic under Martial Real property taxes are considered as local, rather than
Law/Fourth Republic 1972-1986 national taxes, and are covered instead under the Local
Presidential Proclamation PP Republic under Government Code. Tariffs and duties are covered under the
Martial Law 1972-1986 Tariff and Customs Code.
Executive Order EO Republic under Provisional
Constitution 1986-1987 5. Local Government Code, enacted in 1991, establishes the
Presidential Proclamation PP Republic under system and powers of provincial, city, municipal and
Provisional Constitution 1986-1987 barangay governments in the Philippines, known collectively
Republic Act RA Republic 1946-72, as Local Government Units or LGUs. It is the governing law
1987-present on local governments.
Brief Notable Philippine legal codes 6. Administrative Code “incorporates in a unified document
1. Civil Code governs private law in the Philippines, the major structural, functional and procedural principles and
including obligations and contracts, succession, torts and rules of governance.” Its primary function is to prescribe the
damages, property. It was enacted in 1950. Book I of the Civil standards, guidelines and practices within the executive
Code, which governed marriage and family law, was branch of government.
supplanted by the Family Code in 1987.

200 201
 Act 2871 October 24, 1919
7. Intellectual Property Code governs the protection of Repealed the Flag Law and legalized the use of
intellectual property in the Philippines. Initially, the legal the National Flag and the National Anthem.
protection of intellectual property was contained in a few Act 3436 November 28, 1928
provisions in the Civil Code. However, the growing concern Established the Philippine Long Distance
over intellectual property protection led to the passage of Telephone Company (PLDT) with the bill
more comprehensive special laws until the final codification granting it a 50-year charter.
of intellectual property law through the Code, enacted in Act 3815 December 8, 1930 The Revised Penal Code.
1997. CA 1 December 21, 1935
The National Defense Act of 1935,
8. Corporation Code provides for the rules and regulations in which created the Armed Forces of the
the establishment and operation of stock and non-stock Philippines.
corporations in the Philippines. It was enacted in 1978. The CA 111 October 31, 1936
regulation of securities and practices in the stock market The act that created the Boy Scouts of
governed by the 2000 Securities Regulation Code. thePhilippines by President Manuel L.
Quezon.
Notable Laws CA 473 June 17, 1939 Revised Naturalization Law.
Designation Date Passed Result RA 1 July 15, 1946
Act 1696 September 6, 1907 Known as the Flag Act appropriating funds for the operation of the
Law, this law proscribed display of "any flag, banner, Government of the Philippines. The first
emblem, or device used during the late insurrection in legislation passed by the Congress of the
the Philippine Islands to designate or identify those in Philippines upon independence.
armed rebellion against the United States, or any flag, banner, RA 53 October 5, 1946
emblem, or device used or adopted at any time by the public Press Freedom Law (now known as the Sotto Law).
enemies of the United States in the Philippine Islands for the RA 85 October 29, 1946
purposes of public disorder or of rebellion or insurrection Charter of the Development Bank of the
against the authority of the United States in the Philippine Philippines.
Islands, or any flag, banner, emblem, or device of the RA 265 June 15, 1948 Established the Central
Katipunan Society or which is commonly known as such.[1]" Bank of thePhilippines.
This law was repealed in 1919. RA 333 July 17, 1948
Declared Quezon City the national capital.

202 203
 RA 6955 June 13, 1990The Anti-Mail Order Bride Law
RA 387 June 18, 1949 Petroleum Act of 1949 RA 6975 December 13, 1990
RA 1425 June 12, 1956 The Rizal Law, which Department of the Interior and Local
mandates the inclusion of courses on José Rizal Government Act of 1990. Created or re-
in the curricula of all educational institutions in organized under the DILG the National Police
the Philippines. Commission, the Philippine National Police,
RA 3844 August 8, 1963 the Bureau of Fire Protection, the Bureau of Jail
Established the pace for land reform and the Management and Penology, and the Philippine
formation of Landbank. Public Safety College.
RA 4200 June 19, 1965 The anti-wiretapping law. RA 7042 June 13, 1991
RA 6173 Oil Industry Commission Act Foreign Investments Act of 1991
BP 185 March 16, 1982 Provides that a natural-born RA 7156 September 12, 1991 Mini-Hydro Law
citizen of the Philippines who has lost Philippine RA 7160 October 10, 1991
citizenship may be a transferee of private land, "for Local Government Code of 1991
use by him as his residence, subject to the provisions RA 7610 June 17,1992
of this Act." Special Protection of Children Against Abuse,
BP 881 December 3, 1985 Exploitation and Discrimination Act
Omnibus Election Code of the Philippines RA 7653 June 14, 1993
RA 6635 October 23, 1972 Revision of the The New Central Bank Act; Establishes the
Tariffs and Customs Code of the Philippines Bangko Sentral ngPilipinas
RA 6639 November 27, 1987 RA 7638 December 9, 1994
Changed the name of the Manila Charter of the Department of Energy
International Airport to Ninoy Aquino RA 7648 April 5, 1993
International Airport. Electric Power Crisis Act
RA 6734 August 1, 1989 Created the Autonomous RA 8293 June 6, 1997
Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), which The Intellectual Property Code of the
was officially inaugurated on 6 November 1990 Philippines (theCopyright law).
in Cotabato City. RA 8353 September 30, 1997
RA 6735 August 4, 1989 The Anti-Rape Law of 1997.
Set up a system of initiative and referendum.

204 205
RA 8749 June 23, 1999
"Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999" / An act
providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution
Control Policy and for Other Purposes
RA 8981 December 5, 2000 "PRC Modernization
Act Of 2000" / An act providing for the
modernization of the Professional Regulation
Commission.
RA 9006 February 12, 2001
"Fair Election Act of 2001" / An act to enhance the
holding of free, orderly, honest, peaceful and
credible elections through fair election practices.
RA 9136 June 8, 2001
"Electric Power Industry Reforms Act of 2001" / An
act ordaining reforms in the electric power industry,
amending for the purpose certain laws and for
other purposes
RA 9139 June 8, 2001
"The Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000"
RA 9160 September 29, 2001
"Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001".Subsequent
foreign pressure by the FATF and by other nations
resulted in this act being amended.
RA 9164 March 19, 2002 "Synchronized
Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections"
RA 9165 June 7, 2002 "Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002"
206
RA 9189 February 13, 2003
"Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003" / An act
providing for a system of overseas absentee voting by
qualified citizens of the Philippines abroad,
appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes
RA 9208 May 26, 2003
"Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003" / An
act providing for policies to eliminate and
punish human trafficking, especially women and
children, establishing the necessary institutional
mechanisms for the protection and support of
trafficked persons.
RA 9262 March 8, 2004
Inspired by the life of Dolores Lorenzo, this
act gives protection of the law to women and children
suffering from domestic abuse.
RA 9334 December 21, 2004
An act increasing the excise tax rates imposed on
alcohol and tobacco products, amending for the
purpose sections 131, 141,142, 143, 144, 145, and 288
of the National Internal RevenueCode of 1997, as
amended. Also known as the "Sin Tax Law".
RA 9335 January 25, 2005
"Lateral Attrition Act of 2005" / an act to improve the
Revenue collection performance of the Bureau of
Internal Revenue (BIR) and the Bureau of Customs
(BOC) through the creation of a rewards and
incentives fund and of a revenue performance
evaluation board and for other purposes
207
RA 9337 May 24, 2005
An act amending sections 27, 28, 34, 106, 107, 108,
109, 110, 111,112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 121, 148,
151, 236, 237 and 288 of the National Internal
Revenue Code of 1997, as amended, and for other
purposes. Also known as the "expanded value-added
tax" or the "E-VAT" law.
RA 9340 May 25, 2005
"Synchronized Barangay and Sangguiniang
Kabataan Elections Resetting" / An act resetting the
Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections,
extending the term of officeof Barangay and
Sangguiniang Kabataan Officials and for other
purposes.
RA 9346 June 24, 2006
The act repealing the death penalty and granting
universal commutation to life imprisonment and
reclusión perpetua.
RA 9367 January 12, 2007
"Biofuels Act of 2006" / An act to direct the use of
Biofuels, establishing for this purpose the Biofuel
Program, appropriating funds therefor, and for other
purposes.
RA 9369 January 23, 2007
"Amending the Election Modernization Act" / An act
amending Republic Act No. 8436, Entitled "An Act
Authorizing The Commission on Elections to use an
Automated Election System in the May 11, 1998
208
National orLocal Elections and in Subsequent
National and Local Electoral Exercises, to Encourage
Transparency, Credibility, Fairness and Accuracy of
Elections, amending for the purpose Batas Pambansa
Blg. 881, as amended, Republic Act No. 7166 and
other related elections laws, providing funds therefor
and for other purposes
RA 9372 March 6, 2007
The Human Security Act of 2007
RA 9500 April 29, 2008
The University of the Philippines Charter of 2008
declaring it as the national university.
RA 9999 February 23, 2010
Free Legal Assistance Act
RA 10000 February 23, 2010
The Agri-Agra Reform Credit Act.
RA 10066 March 26, 2010
National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009, establishing
the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property
RA 10175 September 12, 2012
The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
RA 10354 December 21, 2012
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
Act of 2012
RA 10627 The Anti-Bullying Act of 2013
209
 Other Notable laws 5. Mixed Definition of Terms

R.A 8479 An Act Deregulating the Downstream Oil 1. Constitution - The system of fundamental laws and
Industry and for Other Purposes principles that prescribes the nature, functions, and
R.A. 8485 The Animal Welfare Act of 1998 limits of a government or another institution. THE 1987
R.A. 8544 An Act Regulating the Practice Of the CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE
Merchant Marine Profession in the Philippines PHILIPPINES.
R.A. 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
R.A. 8792 The E-commerce Law 2. Rights - are legal, social, or ethical principles of
R.A. 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental
2000 normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to
R.A. 9006 Fair Elections Act people, according to some legal system, social convention, or
R.A. 9136 Electric Power Industry Reforms Act of 2001 ethical theory.
R.A. 9160 The Anti-Money Laundering Law
R.A. 9161 Rental Reform Act of 2000 3. Bill of rights - is a list of the most important rights to the
R.A. 9165 Comprehensive Dangerous citizens of a country.
Drugs Act of 2002
R.A. 9184 An Act Providing for the 4. human rights - rights (as freedom from unlawful
Modernization,Standardization and imprisonment, torture, and execution) regarded as belonging
Regulation of the Procurement Activities fundamentally to all persons
of the Government and for Other
Purposes 5. legal rights – (civil rights ) are based on a society's customs,
R.A. 9189 The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003 laws, statutes or actions by legislatures. An example of a legal
R.A. 9194 An Act Amending Republic Act No. 9160, right is the right to vote of citizens.
Otherwise Known as the “Anti-Money
Laundering Act of 2001″ 6. taxation -the action, process, or system of taxing people
R.A. 9337 The New Expanded VAT Law of 2005 or things
R.A. 9729 Climate Change Act of 2009
7. income -money that is earned from work, investments,
business, etc.

210 211
8. levy -an amount of money that must be paid and that
is collected by a government or other authority
9. debt -an amount of money that you owe to a person,
bank, company, etc
10. arrears - an unpaid and overdue debt
11. delinquency -crimes or other morally wrong acts : illegal
or immoral behavior especially by young people
- the condition of someone who owes money and
is not making payments at the required or expected time
12.Affidavit - A voluntary, written, or printed declaration of
facts, confirmed by oath of the party making it before a
person with authority to administer the oath.
13.Appellate court-A court having jurisdiction to hear appeals
and review a trial court's procedure.
14.Arrest -To take into custody by legal authority.
15.Bail - Money or other security (such as a bail
bond) provided to the court to temporarily allow a person's
release from jail and assure their appearance in court. "Bail"
and "Bond" are often used interchangeably. (Applies
mainly to state courts.)
16.Beneficiary- Someone named to receive property or
benefits in a will. In a trust, a person who is to receive benefits
from the trust.
212
17.Certiorari-A writ of review issued by a higher court to a
lower court. A means of getting an appellate court to review
a lower court's decision. If an appellate court grants a writ of
certiorari, it agrees to take the appeal. (Sometimes referred to
as "granting cert.")
18.Chattel -An article of personal property.
19.Civil action-An action brought to enforce or protect
private rights.
20.Commutation-The reduction of a sentence, as from death
to life imprisonment.
21.Contract -An agreement between two or more persons
which creates an obligation to do or not to do a particular
thing. A legally enforceable agreement between two or more
competent parties made either orally or in writing.
22.Domicile - The place where a person has his permanent
home to which he intends to return.
23.Eminent Domain-The power of the government to take
private property for public use through condemnation.
24.Fair market value- The value for which a reasonable seller
would sell an item of property and for which a
reasonable buyer would buy it.
25. Habeas corpus- The name of a writ having for its object
to bring a person before a court.
213
26.Impeachment- A criminal proceeding against a public
official.
27.Inheritance tax- A state tax on property that an heir or
beneficiary under a will receives from a deceased person's
estate. The heir or beneficiary pays this tax.
28.Jurisprudence- The study of law and the structure of the
legal system.
29.Leniency- Recommendation for a sentence less than the
maximum allowed.
30.Memorandum- An informal note or instrument embodying
something the parties desire to have in written evidence.
31.Perjury -The criminal offense of making a false statement
under oath.
32.Proprietor- Owner; person who has legal right or title to
anything.
33.Union- An organization of workers formed for the
purpose of collective bargaining.
34.Void- Invalid; a void agreement is one for which there is
no remedy.
35.Waiver -Intentionally given up a right.
214
36.SARO – Special Allotment Release Order.is a specific
authority issued to one or more identified agencies to incur
obligations not exceeding a given amount during a specified
period for the purpose indicated
37. IRA – Internal Revenue Allotment.Is a local government
unit’s (LGU) share of revenues from the Philippine
national government
38. LGU – Local Government Unit.An administrative body
for a small geographic area,such as a city, town, county, or
state.
39. GAA -General Appropriations Act. the law setting the
operating budget of the Republic of the Philippines for
a particular year.
40. ARO - Allotment Release Order.is a formal document
issued by DBM to the head of the agency containing the
authorization, conditions and amount of an agency
allocation.
41. GARO - General Allotment Release Order. is a
comprehensive authority issued to all agencies to incur
obligations not exceeding an authorized amount during a
specified period for the purposes indicated.
41.GAAP - Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. is a
framework of accountingstandards, rules and procedures
defined by the professional accounting industry, which has
been adopted by nearly all government and publicly
traded companies.
42. Internet - s an international system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol
suite to connect users worldwide.
215
43. HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol.Is an application
protocolfor distributed, collaborative,
hypermediainformation systems .
44. WWW - World Wide Web.Collection of internet
resources (such as FTP, telnet, Usenet), hyperlinked text,
audio, and video files, and remote sites that can be accessed
and searched by browsers based on standards such as
HTTP and TCP/IP.
44. U.N – United Nations.An international organization
composed of most of the countries of the world. It was
founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and economic
development.
48. EDSA People Power - a series of popular
demonstrations that began in 1983 and culminated in 1986
resulted in overthrow of President Ferdinand E. Marcos.
49. EDSA 2 - a 4-day political event that peacefully
overthrew President Joseph Estrada from January
17–20, 2001.
50. Renato C. Corona – the 23rd Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of the Philippines and the 1st first government official
to be convicted by an impeachment court on Dec. 12, 2011

45. PDAF -Priority Development Assistance Fund or Pork

barrel is the appropriation of government spending for
localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money
to a representative's district.

46. DAP - Disbursement Acceleration Program is a stimulus

package under the Aquino administration designed to
fast-track public spending and push economic growth

47. EDSA – Efifanio De Los Santos Avenue.Named After

Epifanio delos Santos, also known as "Don Panyong"a
lawyer, journalist, historian, philosopher, bibliophile,
biographer, painter, poet, musician, literary critic,
antique collector, and librarian.

217
216
 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION AND GENERAL 5.What law are passed pertaining to Comprehensive
INFORMATION TEST Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002?
-------------------Tests Begins Here--------------
Direction:Read each question carefully and choosethe best a. CA 111 c. R.A. 9189 e. RA 8749
answer from the given options. b. RA 10172 d. R.A. 9165

1. Which of the following rights ensure the citizen to vote 6.Who is the Philippine President which has branded as “the
for elected official on National and Local elections? champion of the masses”?
a. Bill of Rights c. Cultural Rights e. Right of Way
b. Legal Rights d. Social Rights a. Ferdinand E. Marcos
b. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
2.Which specialized agency of the United Nations which c. Joseph Ejercito Estrada
goal is to to assist in the reconstruction of the world's d. Elpidio R. Quirino
international payment system post–World War II? e. Bro.Eli Soriano
a. IMF c. IFAD e. IAEA
b. UNIDO d. UNWTO 7. The abbreviation NSO stands for?
a. National Social Organization
3. Which of the following is a criminal proceeding against a b. National Statistics Office
public official? c. National Standard Operation
a. Trial Court trials d. National Statistical Office
b. Shariya Court trials e. National Social Office
c. Special Comelec trials
d. International Court of Justice trials 8.The scope of RA 6955 which inacted into law on June 13,
e. Impeachment trials 1990 pertain to?

4. What application design for protocolfor distributed, a. Revised Naturalization Law.

collaborative, hypermedia andinformation systems? b. Foreign Investments Act of 1991
a. World Wide Web c. HTTP e. Android O.S c. The Anti-Mail Order Bride Law
b. Facebook d. Twitter d. The National Defense Act of 1935
e. The Anti-Rape Law of 1997

218 219
9.A process wherein the name of a writ having for its object
is to bring a person before a court ? 14.What legal code that governs the employment practices
a. Habeas corpus c. Eminent domain and labor relations in the Philippines?
b. Domicile d. Warrant of Arrest a. Revised Penal Code c. Labor Code
e. Court contempt b. Local Government Code d. Corporation Code
10.Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III is the e. Administrative Code
President of the Philippines in what ordinal order?
a. 14th c. 13th e. 15th 15.Which office of the government serves as a special
b. 17 d. 16 appellate collegial court that has jurisdiction over graft and
corruption cases?
11. What is the LGU's share of revenues from the Philippine a. Supreme Court c. Court of appeals
national government called? b. Trial Court d. Office of the Ombudsman
a. SARO c. GAA e. DAP e. Sandiganbayan
b. IRA d. PDAF
16.What is the action, process, or system of taxing people or
12. The abbreviation ASEANS stands for? things?
a. Association of Southeastern Asian Nations a. Taxation c. Income taxation e. Levy funds
b. Association of Southeast Asian Nations b. Levy d. Sin tax
c. Association of Southwest Asian Nations
d. Association of Southern Asian Nations 17.The "expanded value-added tax" or the "E-VAT" law
e. Association of Special Asian Nations was signed into law on?
a. December 5, 2000 c. June 24, 2006
13. Which in the following agency is not under the office of b. September 12, 2012 d. May 24,2005
the President? e. September 12, 1991
a. National Historical Institute (NHI)
b. National Youth Commission (NYC) 18.Which law focus on act providing for a Comprehensive
c. Philippine National Police (PNP) Air Pollution Control Policy and for Other Purposes?
d. Presidential Anti-Graft Commission (PAGC) a. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
e. Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC) b. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
c. Revised Naturalization Law
d. The anti-wiretapping law
e. Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001
220 221
19.What is a set of procedures, laws or regulations designed 24.Where is the official residence and principal workplace
to stop the practice of generating income through illegal of the President of the Philippines?
actions ? a. Imperial Palace c. Crystal Palace
b. People's Palace d. Coconut Palace
a. Wire tapping c. Anti Money Laundering e. Malacañang Palace
b. Oil Deregulation d. Cybercrime Prevention
e. Crime Prevention 25.What is the governing law on local governments?
a. Omnibus Code c. Philippine Constitution
20.When did former President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared b. Local Government Code d. Local Administrative
the Martial Law? Code
a. October 21, 1972 c. September 21, 1973
b. October 22,1972 d. September 22, 1972 e. Code of Conduct
e. September 21, 1972 26.How many articles the 1987 Constitution have?
21. What is the other common term for Priority a. 18 articles c. 16 articles e.
Development Assistance Fund or PDAF? 14 articles
a. Pork Bargaining c. Janeth Napoles fund b. 17 articles d. 15 articles
b. Pork Barrel d. Legislative Barrel fund
e. Pork chop 27.What is the proper salutation when addressing a letter to
the President of the Philippines?
22.What is the peaceful revolution thats had a series of a. Your Excellency, Mr. President c. Dear Mr. President
popular demonstrations that began in 1983 and culminated in b. Your Highness, Mr. President d. Dear President
1986 resulting in the ouster of Ferdinand E. Marcos and the e. Dear President of the Philippines
restoration of the country's democracy? 28.EDSA means Efifanio De Los Santos Avenue,named
a. EDSA 2 c. Communist Revolution after a famous?
b. EDSA 3 d. People Power Edsa Revolution a. Scientist c. World War 2 hero
e. Martial Law Revolution b. National hero d. historian/ librarian
e. Politician
23.Where is the main headquarters of the United Nation
located at? 29. The Famous line “ I shall return “ was delivered for the
a. Beijing City c. New York City Filipino people by whom?
b. Tokyo City d. Los Angeles City
e. Baghdad City
222 223
 PHIL. CONS. & GENERAL INFO. TEST ANSWERS
a. Gen. George S. Patton 1. b. Legal Rights
b. Gen. Erwin Rommel 2. a. IMF
c. Gen. George Marshall 3. e. Impeachment trials
d. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower 4. c. HTTP
e. Gen. Douglas Mc Arthur 5. d. R.A. 9165
6. d. Elpidio R. Quirino
30. Who is the disgruntled former police senior inspector 7. b. National Statistics Office
who hijacked a bus in the infamous Manila hostage crisis or 8. c. The Anti-Mail Order Bride Law
Rizal Park hostage-taking incident on August 23,2010 ? 9. a. Habeas corpus
10. e. 15th
a. Leandro Mendoza 11. b. IRA
b. Rolando Mendoza 12. b. Association of Southeast Asian Nations
c. Rolando Dela Cruz 13. c. Philippine National Police (PNP)
d. Juan Dela Cruz 14. c. Labor Code
e. Ronald Lim 15. e. Sandiganbayan
16. a. Taxation
17. d. May 24, 2005
18. a. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
19. c. Anti Money Laundering
20. e. September 21, 1972
21. b. Pork Barrel
22. d. People Power Edsa Revolution
23. c. New York City
24. e. Malacañang Palace
25. b. Local Government Code
26. a. 18 articles
27. c. Dear Mr. President
28. d. historian/ librarian
29. e. Gen. Douglas Mc Arthur
30. b. Rolando Mendoza

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 CLERICAL ABILITY TEST 8. Do not provide unnecessary information.
( For Civil Service Sub Prof & Private Job Hiring ) a. true b. false
-----------------------Test Begin Here----------------------
9. Making notes of each call is a waste of time.
Directions: Choose the right manner pertaining to each a. true b. false
questions.
10. When answering the phone, always introduce yourself
1. Wait for the caller to rest; do not provide an immediate and state your organization or department.
response. a. true b. false
a. true b. false
GRAMMAR
2. We can't imagine that they did that to you. Directions: For each sentence, choose the correct pronoun
a. poor b. good from those given in parentheses.

3. Tatoo is acceptable. 11. They gave the calculator to ___.

a. true b. false a. we c. myself e. they
b. us d. she
4. Analyze this sentence: I'm sorry, Mr. Narciso is not in yet.
a. Good sentence--"I'm sorry" connects you to the customer. 12. The last time ____had happened, canes was sick, and
b. Poor sentence--never apologize. adams was saying goodbye.
a. it c.these e.did
5. When a female caller is on the line, it is always correct to b.its d. this
say, "Maam."
a. Yes b. No 13.Some of the t-shirt are dirty. ____ are the ones that need
to be washed .
6. I don't know, but I will transfer you to someone who does. a. Those c. These e. Them
a. poor b. good b. That d. This
14. Did you buy _________ a gift?
7. May I help you? Is an example of a. themselves c. yourselves e. yourself
a. a closed question b. an open question b. themself d. myself

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15. Pedro and Juan want some isaw-isaw, so please give it to
_____. 19. 1. Laylayan, Juan
a.their c. them e. him 2. Lavoro, Rochelle
b. those d. there 3. Laviste, Pedro
4. Laway, Vivien
5. Lasaro, Mario
FILING
Directions: Choose the right arrangement base on Choices: a. 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 d. 5, 2, 4, 3, 1
chronological order. b. 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 e. 2, 3, 5, 1, 4
c. 2, 3, 5, 4, 1
16. Randy L. Alfonso would be filed between:
A. Roberto Alfonso and Stevan Alfonso 20. 1. 23181
B. Pablo Alfonso and Tina Alfonso 2. 23731
C. Roy Alfonso and Richie M. Alfonso 3. 24413
D. Pedro Alfonso and Rose Alfonso 4. 23963
E. Ryan Alfonso and Roben Alfonso 5. 24173

17. M. H. Bayani would be filed between Choices: a. 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 d. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3

A. N. A. Bayani and T. R. Bayani b. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 e. 2, 5, 3, 4, 1
B. Morgan E. Bayani and Nicole Bayani c. 4, 5, 2, 3, 1
C. M. J. Bayani and Wallace Bayani
D. Daniel G. Bayani and M. G. Bayani
E. Dodong G. Bayani and Panot Bayani 21. 1. July 30, 1999
2. January 22, 1998
18. Jessie Eklog would be filed between 3. December 12, 1996
A. John Eklog and Lee Eklog 4. February 11, 1997
B. B. M. Eklog and Thomas Eklog 5. September 3, 1999
C. K. R. Eklog and R. D. Eklog
D. Gorio Eklog and Leslie Eklog Choices: a. 3, 4, 2, 5, 1 d. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
E. Entoy Eklog and Kalbo Eklog b. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 e. 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
c. 3, 4, 2, 1, 5

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22. 1. February 02,1976
2. January 30, 2014 Choices: a. 0 c. 2
3. March 13, 1989 b. 1 d. 3
4. December 11, 2001
5. September 30, 1899
25. A. J. Crisostomo - A. J. Cresostomo
Choices: a. 24315 d. 51241 Santino Morauek - Santino Morauec
b. 23153 e. 51342 Pedroso Maniquen - Pedroso Maniquen
c. 21354 O. B. Manansala - A. B. Manansala

NAME CHECKING Choices: a. 0 c. 2

b. 1 d. 3
Directions: Count the number of identical pairs of names in
each group

23. Jeanne Cambras - Jeane Cambras

R. Orschenski - R. Orchenski
P. R. Shalem - P. R. Shaleem
Alberto C. Alpers - Alberto C. Alperis

Choices: a. 0 c. 2
b. 1 d. 3

24. Odith Ludwig - Othel Ludwig

M. J. O’Bryan - M. J. O’Bryan
L. C. Bodegaard - L. C. Bodeguard
Cedie Lisborn - Cedie Lisborn

230 231
 CLERICAL ABILITY TESTS ANSWERS 2. 23731 would be filed first;
4. 23963 would be filed second;
1. b. false 1. 23181 would be filed third;
2. a. poor 5. 24173 would be filed fourth;
3. b. false 3. 24413 would be filed fifth.
4. a. Good sentence--"I'm sorry" connects you to the
customer. 21. c. 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
5.a. Yes Explanation: ( Based in chronological order of the year is
6.b. good the proper filling )
7.a. a closed question 3. December 12, 1996 would be filed first;
8.a. true 4. February 11, 1997 would be filed second;
9.b. false 2. January 22, 1998 would be filed third;
10.b. False 1. July 30, 1999 would be filed fourth;
11.b. us 5. September 3, 1999 would be filed fifth.
12. d. This
13. a. Those Therefore, the correct order is 3, 4, 2, 1, 5. The correct
14.e. yourself answer is the third option.
15. c. Them
16. c. Roy Alfonso and Richie M. Alfonso 22. e. 51342
17.E. Dodong G. Bayani and Panot Bayani Explanation: ( Based in chronological order of the year is
18.E. Entoy Eklog and Kalbo Eklog the proper filling )
19. b. 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 5. September 30, 1899
Explanation: 1. February 02,1976
5. Lasaro, Mario would be filed first; 3. March 13, 1989
3. Laviste Pedro would be filed second; 4. December 11, 2001
2. Lavoro, Rchelle would be filed third; 2. January 30, 2014
4. Laway, Vivien would be filed fourth;
1. Laylayan, Juan would be filed fifth.
20. d.2, 4, 1, 5, 3 23. a. 0
Explanation: (Based in lower number to higher is proper 24.c. 2
arrangement) 25. c. 2

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 PREPARATION BEFORE AND ON THE DAY OF
EXAM
You must be Physically, mentally, emotionally
andspiritually preparedin taking the exam.
1. Physically prepared – you are not sick, you sleep well, eat
right and you take your bath. There was an incidence when an
examinee took the exam. Because of its early time of starts,
he escapes his breakfast meal. In the middle of the exam, He
shakes due to hunger. Avoid this when u take the exam.
2. Emotionally prepared – forget other problem for the
meantime. Relax and focus on the exam. Being relax during
the exam is very important.
3. Mentally prepared – makes sure you don’t forget all the
techniques and studies here in the manual. While waiting for
the exam to start, you can simply browse this manual for final
4. Spiritually prepared – Pray or visit your Church before the
exam proper. Bring your rosary,small bible, or any charm that
you know who can help you to pass the exam.
234
St. Jude is known to be a patron saint of hopeless cases, I don't
mean that exams are hopeless situations, but there is nothing
wrong with asking his intercession for that special
time.
Prayer to pass the exam
Most Holy Apostle, St. Jude Thaddeus, faithful
servant and friend of Jesus, the name of the traitor who
delivered your beloved Master into the hands of his enemies
has caused you to be forgotten by many. But the Church
honors you, and I invoke you as the special advocate of
those who are in trouble and almost without hope. Help me
to realize that through our faith we triumph over life's
difficulties by the power of Jesus who loved us and gave his
life for us. Come to my assistance that I may receive the
consolation and succor of heaven in all my needs, trials, and
sufferings, particularly (here make your request) and that I
may praise God with you and all the saints forever.
St. Jude, apostle of the Word of God, pray for us.
St. Jude, follower of the Son of God, pray for us.
St. Jude, preacher of the love of God, pray for us.
St. Jude, intercessor before God, pray for us.
St. Jude, friend of all in need, pray for us.
St. Jude, pray for us, and for all who invoke your aid. Amen
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The Mantra of Passing the Exam

In other religion,the practice of mantra is like a prayer which

has a positive result. Before the exam date, every day always
say in your mind “ I pass the exam!!!” ,” or Im CS passer “ or
“ I’mNAPOLCOM Passer “. Repeat it for thousand times.
Then think and act as if you alredy pass. Its effectiveness can
be counted on subconscious mind. What we hope or think
the subconscious mind always wins in doing the
opposite things happens. In order to use the power of the sub
conscious mind,the trick is to think things in future tense way.
Like the sentence above. You can use this technique in your
other desires. As long as for good reason and only affect you.
It’s your power of will.Don’t use it in love life or gambling,
its negative effect might bring to karma.

The Myth on eating Round shape foods

It’s funny to say, but sometimes it happens. Eating round

shape foods like egg are a bad omen in taking the exam or
any challenges that you will take. Its round shape was
constituted in obtaining zero or lower prizes or value. The
belief can also be like sa not wearing red dress in the funeral
mourn.

- END –

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