Designation: D695 - 10 Standard. Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics' “ssn oe er eel Ssgion DS hmoa y alowing h esgen nte eyu ‘wie ntytion eth cas ein he yer of ois. Aart in pares ess the yee Is ppv A ‘Semerp een fe indica sn et chung ino te et eon oe Feappe sto as bn amas for ae by eens ofthe Deparment of afer. 1, Scope* 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the me- cchanicul properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plas- ties, including high-medulus composites, when loaded in compression ai relatively low uniform rates of straining or Foaling. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6.000.000 psi 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. Nore {For compressive propeties of resinsnatrix composites ei Force vith oriented continous, discontinuous pe erossply reinforce: Inenis, vests may be mice in sexorduace with Test Method 03410 Dass, 13 This stondard does uot purport to address all of she safety concems, if any, associated with fis use. ft is the... responsibility of the user of this standard 10 establish appro- priate safery and health practices and determine the applica" bility of regularory tinitavions prior 1 use. A specific pregat- sionary statement is given in 13.1. wpe Nove 2—This rosr method i ecinially equivalent ro ISO tts" 2, Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standard: Doli Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing O38 Test Method for Tensile Properties"of Plastics DAB3 Terminology Relating to Plastics DMIQ/DA4IOM “Test Method foc,Coihpressive Properties ‘of Polymer Matrix Composite Malerials with Unsupported Gage Section by Shear Loadiig, "Fst matin inner he oeitog of ASTM Commitee D0 0 sts and hike dn senpoalty of Sobeommeee D200 on Mestaiel Proper. (Correo edn spyoved Api, 010. bled Apri! 2010. Orgy pprved ia 1012. Lit previo ein approved by 2008 25 De95 08. DOL ou saomu6s5- a, Fe seference ASTM sanded, vi i ASTM website, worn. of conint ASTM Castner Serie a service ust.xe Vr Amal Book of ATM Studs volun ait, eet he zadar's Dourent Samer? PEE 8 BEAST web 14000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Maser- als 15947 Test Methods. fo8 Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Species. 4 Practices for Force Verification of Texting Machines £583 Practice fov-Werifcation and Classification of Bxten- someler Sysiems: E691 Practice,for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study 10 Determine the Precision of & Test Method 22 I8O;Stindard:> 180,604 Plastics Determination of Compressive Proper: ties: cTerminology ‘41 General— The definitions of plastics used in this test fitfetbod sre in accordance with Terminology D883 unless otherwise indicated, 3.2 Definitions: 3.2.1 cempressive deformation—the decrease in length pro duced in the gage length of the test specimen by a compressive Toad. It is expressed in units of length. 3.2.2 compressive sirain—the ratio of compressive defor- ration to the gage length of the test specimen, that is, the change in length per unit of original length along the longitu- inal axis. tis expressed as a dimensionless ratio. 3.23 compressive strength—the maximum compressive siress (nominal) cartied by test specimen during @ compres- sion test. It may or may not be the compressive stress (nominal) cartied by the specimen at the moment of rupture, 3.24 compressive strength at failure (nominal)—the com- pressive stress (nominal) sustained at the moment of failure of, the test specimen if shattering occurs. 3.2.5 compressive stress (nontinal)—the compressive load per unit area of minimum original cross section within the gage boundaries. cecried by the test specimen at any given moment, I is expressed in force per unit area. ™ pall from American Nail Sundar sta (ANS. 28 W. 31S. {Fon New York, RY 1ONS6, pwns “A Summary of Changes section appears atthe end ofthis standard, crpwon OASTH nana 10 Be Har Oo, PO Bo Cea. et Coreoraten, PA 1KABZEN, Us Ses ‘Gy 0685-10 5.1 Discussion—The expression of compressive proper- tes in terms of the minimum original cross section is almost universally used. Under some citcumstances the compressive properties have been expressed por unit of prevailing cross section. These properties are called “true” compressive prop= cntes. 3.26 compressive sivess-scrain diagram—a diagram in which values of compressive stress are plotted as ordinates against corresponding values of compressive strain as abscis- 3.2.7 compressive yield point—the frst point on the stress strain diagram at which an increase in stain occurs without an increase in stress, 3.28 compressive yield strengoh—normally the stress at the yield point (See also section 3.2.11). 3.29 enushing load—the maximum compressive force ap- plied to the specimen, under the conditions of resting, that produces a designated degree of failure 3.2.10 modulus of elasticity-—the ratio of stress (nominal) t0 corresponding strain below the proportional limit of @ materia It is expressed in force per unit area based on the averaze initial cross-sectional ares, 3.2.11 offset compressive yield strength—the stress at which the stress-strain corve deparis from linearity by a specitied percent of deformation toflsei) 3.2.12 percent compressive strain—the compressive defor sation of atest specimen expressed as a percent of the original ‘gage length. 3.2.13. proportional fimit—the greatest stress that a material is capable of sustaining without any deviation from propor tionality of tess to strain (Hooke's law). I is expressed force per unit area. os 32 slendemess ratlo—the ratio of the leigth of ncél- uma of uniform cross section to its least radius of gyration: For specimens of uniform rectangular cross section, the tidius of gyration is 0.289 times the smaller cross-sectional dimension. For specimens of uniform circular cross section, the radius of ‘gyration is 0.250 times the diameter. - 4, Significance and Use i 4.1 Compression tests provide infomation about the com- pressive properties of plastics when Employed under conditions ‘approximating those onder whicK thestests are made. 4.2 Compressive properiieg include modulus of elasticity, yield stress. deformation beyoud yield point, and compressive Strength (unless the material mierely fatiens but does not Jracture), Materials possessing a low order of dacility may not exhibit a yield point, In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shatlering [eacture. the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the ease of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive surength is an arbitrary one depending upon the dezree of dlistoriion that Is regarded us indicating complete failure of the material, Many plastic materials will continue to deform ip compression until a fat disk is produced. the compressive stress (wominal) rising steadily in che process, without any welllofinad fracwure occurring. Compressive strength can hhave no real meaning im such cases. 4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtain- ing éata for research and developmen: quality control, accep- lance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. ‘The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the Toad-time scale Of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests ssuch as impact, creep, and fatigue. 4.4 Before proceeding with this test method. reference should be made tw the ASTM specification for the material ‘being tested, Any test specimen preparation, conditioning. dimensions, and testing parameters covered it the materials, specification shall take precedence over those mentioned inthis, test method, If there is nazmaterial specification. then the default conditions apply.,Tubie"1 in Classification D400 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist 5. Apparatus 5.1 Testing Machiné—Any suitable testing machine capable of control of oSustafit-rafe-of-crosshead movement and com- prising essentially the following: Sul Driveéchanism—A drive mechanism for imparting to the mBvable cross-head member, a uniform, controlled velocity’ with’ respect to the base (fixed member), with this velocity‘to'be regulated as specified in Section 9 $41.2 Load Indicator—A Yoad-indicating mechanism oa- pale of showing the total compressive load carried by the test -sptcimen. The mechanism shall be essentially free from “Ynertiaclag a the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the load with an accuracy of 21 % of the maximum indicated ‘value of the test (oad). The accuracy of the testing machine shall be vetified at least once a year in accordance with Practices E4, 5.2 Compressometer—A suitable instrument for detecmin- ing the distance between two fixed points on the test specimen fat any time during the fest. Its desirable that this instrument automatically record this distance (or any change in it) as a function of the load on the test specimen. The instrumet shell bbe essentially free of inertia-lag atthe specified rate of loading and shall conform to the requirements for a Class B-2 extensometer as defined in Practice E83. Nore 3—-The regutements for extensometer cite! herein apply 10 ccompeessometers us wel 53. Compression Tool—A compression tool for applying the oad to the test specimen. This tool shall be so constructed that Joading is axial within 1:1000 and applied through surfaces that are flat within 0.025 mrn (0.001 in.) and paraltel to each other in a plane normal 10 the vertical loading axis, Examples of suitable compression sools are shown in Fig. | and Fi 5.4 Supporting Jig—A supporting jig for thin specimens is shows in Fig. 3 and Fiz. 4. 5.5 Micrometers-—Suitable micrometers, reading to 0.01 ‘mim or 0.001 in, for measuring the width, thickness. and length of the specimens. 6. Test Specimens 6.1 Unless otherwise specified in the materials specifies- tions. the specimens described in 6.2 and 0.7 shall be used. ‘These specimens may be prepared by machining operationsAly ve9s - 10 ee cs rt | oat se N N S a nt ec mes ie, et Spsines a seBrsunnrranbrarma ne rete ere Nort |—Deviees simile tothe one ssid have been suceesfally| ‘ued in @ number of diferent aboctlores. Deals f the device developed at the National Insitute foc Standards and Technology ae given in the paper by Aitchinson. CS. and Mier, J. A.A Subpress for Compressive “Tes” Naional Advisory Comite for Acronautis. Techaleal Nowe No. 912. 1983, FIG. 1 Subpress for Compression Tests, cnc EEE LMM Till Me 1? Sper from materials in sheet, plate. rod, tube, or similar fom, or they may be prepared by compression or injection molding of the material to be tested. All machining operations shall be done carefully so that smooth surfaces result. Great care shall bee taken in machining the eads so that smooth. flat parallel surfaces and sharp, clean edges, to within 0,025 mm (0.001 in.) perpendicular to the long axis of the specimen, result. 62 The standard test specimen, except 2s indicated in 6.7, shall be in the form of a right cylinder or prisim whose FIG. 2 Supp tig tor Thin Specimen Tength is twice its /principal width or diameter. Preferred specimen sizes aro"l2.7 By 12.7 by 25.4 mum (0.30 by 0.50 dy Vin) (prisms, or £2.7-mm in diameter by 25.4 mm ceylinder) Where elastic modulus and offset yield-stress data ure desired. the test speciqnen Shall be of such dimensions that the slender- ness ratio is iit range from |] to 16:1. In this ease, preferred specimen Sizes aro 12.7 by 12.7 by 50:8 mum (0.50 by 0.50 by 2 in) (prism), or 12.7 mm in diaraeter by 50.8 mam (cylinder). 6.3 Fred material, the test specimen stall have a diameter cequdlothe diameter of the rod and a sufficient length to allow 4 Specimen slendemess ratio in the range from 11 to 16:1 8a When testing tubes, the test specimen shall have a liiameter equal o the diameter ofthe tube and a length of 25.4 “man (1 in.) (Note 4, For eroshing-load determinations (a right ‘angles to the longitudinel axis), the specimen size shall be the saine, with the diameter becoming the height Nore 4—This specimen tan be used for tubes with wall highness of 1 a (0.0391) or overt aide diameters of Ga mm (025 in) or Ove ado ouside diameters of 50.8 num (2.0 fa) or fess 6.5 Where it is desired to test conventional high-pressure laminates in the form of sheets, the thickness of which is less than 25.4 mm (I jn), 2 pile-up of shests 25.4 mm square, with 2 suficient number of layers to produce a height of at least 25.4 ‘mm, may be used, 6.6 When testing material that may be suspected of anisot- ropy, duplicate sets of test specimens shall be prepared having their long axis respectively parallel with and normal to the suspected direction of anisotropy. 627 Reinforced Plastics. Including High-Strength Compos- ites and High-Strength Composites and Highly Orthotropic Laminares—The following specimens shall be used for rein- forced materis, or for other materials when necessary to comply with the slendemess ratio requirements or to permit attachment of a deformation-measuring device. 6.7.1 For materials 3.2 mm (YA in.) and over in thickness. a specimen shall consist ofa prism having a cross section of 12.7 sim (Yin, by the thickness of the material and a length such thatthe slenderness ratio isin the range from 11 ro 16:1 (Note 5) 6.7.2 For materials under 3.2 mm (V6 in.) thick. or where elastic: modulus testing is required and the siendeiness ratio does not provide for enough length for attachiment of a ‘compressometer or similar device, a specimen conforming to[Byer A Nowe 1—Cold rolled sel. Nowe Nore 3—Grind surfaces devoted "Ge FI. 4 Support Jig, Details that shown in Fig. 5 shall be used. The supporting jig shown in Fig, 3 and Fig. 4 sball be used to suppor the specimen during testing (Note 6). Nore Sif fulure for materials inthe thickness tongs of 3.2 mam (Yo in.) isby detamivaton rather tan by the desiable shear plane faces, tbe materi may be tested in accordance with 6.72. ‘Nore 6-—Round-obin cents have eseblishes tha reaivelysatsucrogh 7 ressurements of mits of elasicity may be obttined by appt, comprensometer tothe edge ofthe jig-aupporied specimen. 6.8 When testing syntactic four, the standard test speeimén shall be in the form of a right cylinder 25.4 mm (1 Ya) is in diameter by 50.8 mn (2 in.) in length 7. Conditioning a 7.1 Conditioning—Condition the test speciiiens in accom dance with Provedure A of Practice D6JB:uiless otherwise specified by contract or relevant ASTM mnterial specification. Conditioning time is specified as a minimum. Temperature and hhumidity tolerances shall be in accoR¥arice with Section 7 of Practice D6IS unless. specified differently by contract or smaterial specification. 72 Test Conditions—Condut th ture and humidity used for:conditioning with tolerances in accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618 unless otherwise specilied by contract or the relevant ASTM matecial specifica- 8, Number of Test Specimens 8.1. Atleast five specimens shall be 1ested for each sample in the case of isotropic materials. 8.2 ‘Ten specimens, five normal to and five parallel with the principal axis of anisotropy, shall be tested for each sample in the case of anisotropic materials. FFumished (our viel machine serews snd mus, round head. sloted, length 31.75 mv in. 8.3.Speotivens that bresk at some obvious flaw shall be disegdeh ead roots mode, lest such flaws conte variablg, the effect of wi is desired to study. 9! Speed of Testing 79.1 Spood of testing shall be the relative rate of motion of “othe ‘grips or test fixtures during the test, Rate of motion of the driven grip or fixture when the machine is running idle may be ised if it can be shown that che resulting speed of testing is within the limits of variation allowed. 9.2 The standard speed of testing shall be 1.3 += 0.3 mm (0.050 2 0.010 in. Yimin, except as noted in 10.5.4 10. Procedure 10.1 Measure the width and thickness of the specimen to the nearest 0,01 mm (0.001 in.) at several points along its length, Caleatate and record the minimum value of the cross-sectional area, Measure the length of the specimen and record the value 10.2 Place the test specimen between the surfaces of the compression tool, taking care to align the center line ofits long. ‘axis with the center line of the plunger und to ensure that the tends of the specimen are parallel with the surface of the Compression tool. Adjust the crosshead of the testing machine luni it jost contacts the top of the compression too! plunger. Nore 7—The compression tool may not be necessary for testing of ower modulss Gor example, 100 MPa to 3500 MPa (100.000 psi to ‘500,000 psi) materi if the Loading surfsoxs are mainsined smooth fas, and parallel tothe extent that Suckling 's not incurred. 10.3 Place thin specimens in the jig (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) so that they are Dush with the base and centered (Nowe $). The nuts fr screws on the jig shall be finger tight (Note 9} Place the ‘assembly in the compression tool as described in 3.3 Nore S-A roundcbin ist. designed 10 assess he influence of{90cm (ors FIG, 5 Compression Test Specimen for Materials Less than $.2 min Thick secimen positioning inthe suppowting jig (hati, ash versus centered ‘owiting) showed no significa effect on eempressive strength dee co this variable, However, lash imouning of the specimen wis the base of the jie I specified for coavenence and eae of mounting inne 9A roundetobia west onthe effect of lateral pressure at the supporting jg has etalihed thst eprodaibe das can be ebtained with the tightness of the jig ennuolled ws indicate, 104 IF only compressive strength or compressive yield strength. or both, are desired, proceed as follows: 104.1 Set the speed contol at 1.3 mm/min (0.050 in./min) and start he machine. 10.4.2 Record the maximum load carried by the specimen during he test (usually this wil be the load atthe moment of > rupture), 10.5 IF stress-strain data are desired, proceed as follons, 10.5.1 Attach compressometer. 105.2 Set the speed contol at 1.3 mm/min (0.050 asi) and start the machine. 10.5.3 Record loads and corresponding compressive sirain at appropriate intervals of strain or, if the testamachine is equipped with an automatic recording deve, fecord the ‘complete load-deformation curve. TOA After the yield poi has boen réghed. it may be desirable to increase the speed from 5 10.6 rim/min (0.20 to 025 inJewin) and allow the machine to run af this speed until the specimen breaks. This may be dové.only with relatively ductile materials and on a machipiewwith a weighing system ‘with response rapid enough to produce accurate results 11, Calculation 1.1 Compressive Strength—Calculate the compressive svengih by dividing the maximum compressive load canied by the specimen during the test by the original minimum cross- sectional area of the specimen. Express the result in megapas- cals or pounds-foree per square inch and report co three nificant igure. 1L2 Compressive Yeld Sirength—Caleulate the compres- sive yield strength by dividing the load carried by the specimen atthe yield point by the original minimum cross-sectional area = Supping dts hve oe Hs at ASTI Usman! Hesdquans ad my te ohsos hy vaqreing Resch Repo RRIDI 15 of the specimen, Expresé'the result in meyanescals or pounds Torce per square inch, and repor to thre: significam.figares. 113 Ofser Wield Strengrh—Calculste the offset yield strength by the ethod referred to in 3.2.11 114 Modilucof Elasticity Calculate the modulus of elas- ticity by-diawgiig a tangent to the initial linear portion of the load deformation curve, selecting any point on tis straight line portion sid dividing the compressive stress represented by this Point-by! the corresponding strain, measure from the point ‘whote the extended tangent ine intersects the strain-ais _o Bipress the result in gigapascals or pounds-foree per square “inch and report to three significant gures (see Annex AL). T15 For each series of tests, ealaulate to three significant ” figures the arithmetic mean ofall values obtained and report as the “average value” for the particular property in question. 116 Calenlate the standard deviation (estimated) as follows and report to two significant figures: a estimated standard deviation, value of single observation. number of observations. and acithmetic mean of the set of observations. Nort, 10—The method for determining the offset compressive yield _stength is similar to chat deserbed inthe Anex of Test Method DA 12, Report 12.1 Report the following information: 12.1.1 Complete identification ofthe material tested, includ ing type, source. manufacturer's code number, form. principal dimensions, previous history, ete. 121.2 Method of preparing test specimens. 12.1.3 Type of test specimen and dimensions. 12.1.4 Conditioning procedure used, 12.1.5 Atmospheric conditions in test room, 12.16 Number of specimens tested. 12.1.7 Speed of testing. 12.1.8 Compressive strength, average value, and standard deviation, 121.9 Compressive yield strength and offset yield strength average value, and standlard deviation, when of interest.Aly v695 -10 TABLE 1 Precision, Compressive Strength TABLE 2 Provision, Compressive Modulus (Values in Units of Megapasoais) {Walues in Units of Gigapescal) wisi Aeage SAS? Ware Aerge SA 6? Heat ro) 32801 ozs agg aD Poisons we 1438 88S 3a oor oma 0D? nenfted prenoie 1582775108 21.0 Unarilodphencle 62.2308 75s the wihinabartany sande Jovan fr the Hated re aid 27 pootng the wituo‘abeasry Sanda cowatons of ho te ats toma oe parepatng labo: "SMS (SOF 1 (SV, 4 ye be beteaerisborerne roprosiooii. oxposeed as a standard ris the wahrsabortoryrepetabty int. r= 28% 5, ° Ris te beineensabortoryroprecuelly fmt, = 28 x Sp 121.10 Modulus of elasticity in compression (if required), average value, standard deviation, [211 Date of test, and 12.112 Date of test method. 13, Precision and Bins 13.1 Table 1 and Table 2 are based on a round-robin test conducted in 1987 in accordance with Practice E691, involving three materials tested by six laboratories for Test Method D69SM. Since the test parameters overlap within tolerances and the test values are normalized, the same data are used for boih test methods. For each material, all ofthe samples were prepared at one source. Each test result was the average of five individusl determinations. Each laboratory obtained two test results for each material. (Warning—The following explana- 7 5; he wihinisbortry aanderd devaton fo tha Fdaiad alors ‘tia by poling ina witlasraery andar deviations of he Yee renute tom al fhe paneiatng eerste: ‘Ses lKSs + (Sa +. (5.0, 2 Su & ie betweenabororles epioWaBly, expressed eo sancoré seytin forho estos nator. ‘ris the witinsabortony repeal tnt, ra 23% S, © ise botweenlaborry reorecucblry len, B=28 x Sq. 13.2 Concepr of rand iiiTable I and Table 2—Hf S (7) and 5 (R) have been caleulatzt som a large enough body of data, and for test results,thar Were averages from testing of five specimens for eachtest Yesul, then: 1321 Repecuability—Two test results obtained within one laboratory shal} judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “r” for thet the material. “Pi the interval represent ing the criticatdifference between two test results for the same materialj,Qbtafned by the same operator using the same ‘equipment Gn the same day in the same laboratory. 132.2°Reproducibiin:. R—Two test results obtained by differentlaboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R" vaiue for that material. “R" isthe _cttéeval representing the critical difference between the two test tions of rand R (13.2-15.2.3) are ony intended to present a 4sresults forthe same material, obtained by different operators meaningful way of considering the approximate precision of. this test method. The data in Table | and Table 2 shiould not-be these data apply only to the materials tested in the round Yodin and are unlikely to be rigorously representative of othe. Jos, formulasons, conditions, materials, or laboratories, Usérs of this est method should apply the principles outlined it Practice B60! to goncrate data specific to their laboratory ai materials 2Susing diferent equipment in diferent laboratocies. Any judgement in accordance with 13.2.1 and 13. ously applied to acceptance of rejection of material, 4"” would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being correct. 13.3 There are no recognized standards by which to esti- ‘ate the bias of this test method. 14, Keywords or between specific laboratories. The priniplesf,132-132.3 14.1 compressive propentes: compressive strength; modu would then be valid for such data.) Jus of elasticity; plastics we ANNEX = (Mandatory Information) Al. TOE COMPENSATION All ln atypical stress-strain curve (Fig. Al.1) there is a strain point from which all extensions oF strains must be toe region, AC, that does not represent property of the material. It is an artifact caused by a takeup of slack, and alignment or seating of the specimen. In order to obtain comect values of such parameters as modulus. strain, and offset yield point, this artifact must be compensated for to give the eorected zero point on the strain of extension axis A12 In the case of a material exhibiting a region of Hookean (linear) behavior (Fig. Al.1). a continuation of the ear (CD) region of the curve is constructed. through the zero-stress axis, This intersection {B) is the corrected zero- measured. including the yield offse (BE), if applicable. The elastic modulus can be determined by dividing the stress st any point along the line CD (or its extension) by the sirain at the same point (measured from Point B. de(ined as zeto-siain). ALS. In the case of a material that does not exhibit any linear region (Fig. At.2). the same kind of toe correction of the zero-strain point can be made by constructing a tangent 10 the ‘maximum slope atthe inflection point (H"). This is extended 10, intersect the strain axis at Point 8’, the corrected zero-strain point. Using Point 8" as zero strain the stres at any point (G")lb Dees - 10 —o : Faia 7 Nove. 1—Somas.chat recorders plot ths minor image of this graph are 1+-Some chart recorders plo the miror image of this raph apr See FIG. Ai.t Material with Hookean Region cee no Tinede.région, any attempt to use the tangent through the ‘on the curve can be divided by the strain at that point to obtain inflection point as a basis for determination of an offset yield ‘secant modulus (slope of line 8’ G"). For those marerials with Point iHiay result in unacceptable error. SUMMARY-OF CHANGES ‘Committee D20 has identified the location of séleéd changes to this standard since the last issue (D69S - 08) {hat may impact the use of this standard. (April 43,2010) G) Revised Section 7, {STi namatona thee a0 poston razecing tne val of any patent righ aseetd in conncton wth any em meron 1 ie eand. sor ofthe sarcard ara apres ead al dlemination aha vata any such patent og, and Me ak otinngement such nts, ao antral how Yespanaly ‘The standard suit to eis 3 ary tne by te responsible tactical conmies ond mistbo rvined every ve years and ‘not rsec. ether reapers oF wien, Your onarts are ied aha frrovon oe tau” anal andres ‘end shout be acaresed fo ASTH Inematoral Hesequatar.Yourcarmant il eclva carl coisraton at amazing of he ‘responsi ccna! conf ich poo ay sin. Fy 8 a our comnts have fol eee a heavng yoo snes ‘make your wows krovn faite AST Canis on Sandesh aawess shown bab. his sansa copied by ATM Intemational, 109 Ba Harbor Dive, PO Bex C700, Wat Conshohackan, PA 19262559, Luntea Sats. raat eon (angi or mute cope) o is stand may ba oblaned by conacing ASTI 31 fe aDDW6 aceress o” ot 610-892-9500 (phon). 610-832-0885 (lax) a7 soricetastmon) (ermal), 0” freugh te ASTM wate fhomasin org). Pemisson righ fo photocopy the standard may seo be eacued fom the ASTM webale (wiwaatmorg! copraicwn,