Engineering Physics

1 a) Explain the term “coherence”.

The definition of coherence is something logical or consistent and something that makes
sense as a whole. An example of coherence is an argument that has no inconsistencies.

Noun. 1. coherency - the state of cohering or sticking together. coherence, cohesion,

cohesiveness. connectedness, connection, link - the state of being connected; "the
connection between church and state is inescapable"

b)What are the conditions to obtain total internal reflection in an optical fiber?

Two important conditions for total internal reflection are: Angle of incidence (i) should
be greater than critical angle (ic). Ray should travel from denser medium to rarer medium

Total internal reflection is a very useful natural phenomenon

since it can be used to confine light. One of the most
common applications of total internal reflection is in fibre
optics. An optical fibre is a thin, transparent fibre, usually
made of glass or plastic, for transmitting light. Optical fibres
are usually thinner than a human hair! The construction of a
single optical fibre

c) Explain Meissner effect in superconductors.

Meissner effect, the expulsion of a magnetic field from the interior of a material that is in
the process of becoming a superconductor, that is, losing its resistance to the flow of
electrical currents when cooled below a certain temperature, called the transition
temperature, usually close to absolute zero.

d) State and explain Stoke’s theorem.

Stokes Theorem (also known as Generalized Stoke’s Theorem) is a declaration about the integration of
differential forms on manifolds, which both generalizes and simplifies several theorems from vector
calculus. As per this theorem, a line integral is related to a surface integral of vector fields. Learn the
stokes law here in detail with formula and proof.

f) Define the terms of a) relaxation time and b) mobility.

a) relaxation time
Definition of relaxation time. 1 : the time required for an exponentially decreasing
variable (as the amplitude of a damped oscillation) to drop from an initial value to 1/e or
0.368 of that value (where e is the base of natural logarithms)
b) mobility.
Mobility is formally defined as the value of the drift velocity per unit of electric field
strength; thus, the faster the particle moves at a given electric field strength, the larger the
mobility. The mobility of a particular type of particle in a given solid may vary with
temperature.

f) Discuss the effect of temperature on fermi level in extrinsic semi conductors.

Fermi level of Extrinsic Semiconductor. Extrinsic semiconductors are formed by
adding suitable impurities to the intrinsic semiconductor. The added impurity is very
small, of the order of one atom per million atoms of the pure semiconductor. The added
impurity may be pentavalent or trivalent.

Fermi level in n-type semiconductor

In n-type semiconductor pentavalent impurity is added. Each
pentavalent impurity donates a free electron. The addition of
pentavalent impurity creates large number of free electrons
in the conduction band.

The Fermi level for n-type semiconductor is given as

Fermi level in p-type semiconductor

In p-type semiconductor trivalent impurity is added.

Each trivalent impurity creates a hole in the valence

band and ready to accept an electron. The addition

of trivalent impurity creates large number of holes in

the valence band.

The Fermi level for p-type semiconductor is given as

Where NV is the effective density of states in the valence band.

NA is the concentration of acceptor atoms.
 PART-B
2. (a) Analyze qualitatively double slit diffraction.