PROJECT

2019-20
TOPIC: - BIOMOLECULES
CLASS: - XII
SUBJECT: - CHEMISTRY
Roll NO:-
.

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
PRAKHAR VERMA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to express my sincere thanks to my respected

principal sir and chemistry
teacher………………………………………….for
giving me a chance to research on the topic
biomolecules and it has been my pleasure doing so. This
has added many points to my knowledge about
chemistry and its practical application. I also thank them
for their support and valuable guidance which has
seemed great contribution in completion of my research
work as a project.
 Certificate

THIS IS CERTIFY PRAKHAR VERMA

A STUDENT OF CLASS XII SCIENCE
HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
THE RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE
TOPIC BIOMOLECULES UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF …………………………...
DURING THE ACADMIC YEAR 2019-20
 BIOMOLECULES

A biomolecule or biological molecular is a loosely

used team for molecules or more commonly ions that are
present in organisms. Biomolecules include large
macromolecules (or polyanions) such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small
molecules such as primary metabolites, secondary
metabolites, and natural products. A more general name
for this class of material is biological materials.
TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES

 Micromolecules
 Macromolecules

Micromolecules Macromolecules
Small in size Large in size
Have low molecular Have high molecular
weight weight
Highly soluble in Occur in colloidal
intracellular fluid state being insoluble
in intracellular fluids.
Examples:- These include only
Inorganic: Water, organic
mineral salt, gases polysaccharides
Organic: Amino
acids, sugar, lipids
and nucleotides.
 MICROMOLECULES
Amino Acid

Amino acid contains both amino and carboxylic acid

functional groups. (in biochemistry, the term amino acid
is used when referring to those amino acids in which the
amino acid carboxylate functionalities are attached to
the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an
amino acid).

Modified amino acids are sometimes observed in

proteins; this is usually the result of enzymatic
modification after translation (protein synthesis). Only
two amino acids other than standard twenty are known
to be incorporated into proteins during translation, in
certain organisms.
 SUGAR
MONOSHACCARIDESN
Simplest sugar, which cannot be hydrolyzed
further into smaller sugar

 Composed of 3-7 C atoms

 Tritose(3C)
 Tetrose(4C)
 Pentose(5C)
 Hexose(6C)
 Heptose(7C)
 LIPID
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules. They are a highly
efficient form of energy storage, and are major
constituents of the cell membrane. They are important
in cell signaling, function as the starting point for
various biosynthetic processes such as the synthesis of
estrogen and testosterone. Some lipids are able to
convey signals from cell surface receptors to targets in
the same or other cells. Phospholipids contain two fatty
acids joined to a polar head group. Besides the
phospholipids, cells have glycolipids and cholesterol.

HYDROPHILIC HEAD IS FORM ONE OF THREE

CLASSES:
Glycolipids, whose heads contain oligosaccharide
with 1-15 saccharide residues.
Phospholipids, whose heads contain a positively
charged group that is linked to the tail by a
negatively charged phosphate group.
Sterols, whose heads contain a planar steroid ring,
for example, cholesterol.
 NUCLEOTIDES
A nucleotide is an organic molecule that is the
building block of DNA and RNA. They also have
functions related to cell signaling, metabolism, and
enzyme reactions. A nucleotide is made up of three
parts: a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and
a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases in
DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
RNA contains uracil, instead of thymine. A
nucleotide within a chain makes up the genetic
material of all known living things. They also serve a
number of function outside of genetic information
storage, as messengers and energy moving
molecules.
 MACROMOLECULE

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or

complex carbohydrates. They have multiple simple
sugar. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
They are generally large and often have a complex
branched connectivity. Because of their size,
polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but their many
hydroxyl groups become hydrated individually when
exposed to water and some polysaccharides from
thick colloidal dispersions when heated in water.
Shorter polysaccharides, with 3-10 monomers, are
called oligosaccharides.
 NUCLEIC ACID

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules,

essential to all known forms of life. They composed of
monomers, which are nucleotides made of three
components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group a
nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a simple ribose, the
polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is
derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are the
most important of all biomolecules. They are found in
abundance in all living things, where they function to
create and encode and then store information in the
nucleus of every living cell of every life-from
organism on earth.
 PROTEINS

Proteins play an important role in most of the tasks

that an organism performs. Proteins carry out the
work of a cell, directed by the genetic information
carried by the nucleic acids. A cell holds many
thousands of proteins, which function as a cell’s
structural elements, storing and transporting small
molecules, transmitting data among cells, and
defending the body against the onset of infections.
But proteins also function as enzymes that accelerate
most chemical reactions. In this manner, proteins
guide most cellular activities.
 MONOMERS
Monomer, a molecule of any of a class of compounds,
mostly organic, that can react with other molecules
to form very large molecules, or polymers. The
essential feature of a monomer is polyfunctionality,
the capacity to form chemical bonds to at least two
other monomer molecules. Addition reactions are
characteristic of monomers that contain either a
double bond between two atoms or a ring of from
three to seven atoms; examples include styrene,
caprolactam (which forms nylon-6),
and butadiene and acrylonitrile (which copolymerize
to form nitrile rubber, or Buna N). Condensation
polymerizations are typical of monomers containing
two or more reactive atomic groupings; for example,
a compound that is both an alcohol and an acid can
undergo repetitive ester formation involving the
alcohol group of each molecule with the acid group of
the next, to form a long-chain polyester.
 METABOLIC BASIS FOR LIVING

Metabolic pathways involve the extraction of energy by

breaking molecules and using this energy to synthesize
the building blocks. The process of metabolism occurs in
two phases namely anabolism and catabolism.
The metabolic pathway in which a complex molecule is
produced from simple molecules is called an anabolic
pathway. Since it involves the synthesis of metabolites,
it is also known as the biosynthetic pathway.
Glycolysis is an example of the catabolic pathway where
more complex 6-C glucose molecule is reduced to 3-C
pyruvic acid.
Anabolism takes place at the expense of energy i.e.,
anabolic pathways need energy input and consume
energy. Catabolism liberates energy. Energy is released
when glucose is converted to lactic acid. In living
organisms, the liberated energy packs are stored and
reserved for later use.
 The living state

Thousands of chemical compound in a living

organism, otherwise called metabolites or
biomolecules are present at concentration
characteristics of each of them. For example,
healthy individual is 4.5-5.0 mm while that
hormone would be nanograms/ml
The most important fact of biological system is
that all living organism exit in a steady- state
characterized by concentration of each of these
molecule
These biomolecules are in metabolic flux
Any chemical or physical process moves
simultaneously to equilibrium. The steady state
is non- equilibrium state.
Metabolism provides a mechanism for the
production of the energy. Hence the living state
and metabolism there cannot be living state.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Ncert text book

2. BYJU’s.com
3. Medicalnet.com
4. YouTube
 CONTENTS
1. BIOMOLECULES
2. TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES
3. AMINO ACID
4. SUGAR
5. LIPID
6. NUCLEOTIDES
7. POLYSACCARIDES
8 .NUCLEIC ACID
9. PROTEINS
10. MONOMERS
11. METABOLIC BASIS FOR LIVING
12. THE LIVING STATE