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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
2006 Electricity
Census Region Consumed
[million kWh]
Northeast 5,441
Midwest 30,774
South 24,169
West 13,057
Total 73,441
310
6.0
5.0
(billions, 2008 $US)
290
(trillion Btu)
4.0 280
270
3.0
260
2.0
250
Electricity expenditures ($US)
1.0
240
Purchased Electricity
0.0 230
Year
Source: EIA “Energy Outlook”, 2010
Single Stage Compression System
High pressure gas
Equalizer line
Evaporative
Evaporative Evaporative
Evaporative
Condenser
Condenser Condenser
Condenser
DX evaporator
3 3
T
High
Dry suction
Wet Overfed
1 return evaporator(s) Suction
To HPR Trap
4
Refrigerant
Transfer
System
4’
Pumped 4”’
Compressor(s) recirculator T Compressor(s)
Two-Stage Compression System
High stage discharge
Evaporative
Condenser(s) Equalizer
3 King valve
High
Pressure
Low Receiver
5 Medium pressure liquid
temperature 4’
evaporator(s)
4
Low Booster discharge High stage suction
6
temp
recirculator
Intercooler
Booster suction
5’’ 5’ 4’ 2
7
1
Booster High-Stage
Compressor(s) Compressor(s)
5
Let’s Explore Some Energy
Efficiency Improvement
Opportunities
10 Efficiency Improvement Opportunities
Lowering Head Pressure
Rules-of-thumb
Efficiency
Refrigerant Application
Gain [%/°F] 1
R22 1.2
Refrigeration
R410a 1.4
[High stage]
R717 1.3
R22 1.6
Air conditioning
R410a 1.8
1 Percent efficiency gain per °F decrease in saturated condensing temperature
Raising Suction Pressure
Rules-of-thumb
• Condenser fans
o All or none – expect 2 to 3% savings
• Evaporator fans
o 2 to 4% savings range
o Simple paybacks range from 1 to 5 years
• Compressor
o At most, one VFD comp per suction level
o Simple paybacks range from 1 to 4 years
Case Studies
Madison Ice Arena
• New system (one year old)
• City-owned and operated
• Rink operated year round
• 103 tons capacity
• Six compressors – max power = 240 kW
• R22 with ethylene glycol to rink
• Evaporatively condensed
• Annual electrical operating cost: $45,600
Madison Ice Arena
System #1 System #2
(1992) (1998)
Water Pumps
300 450
Total [HP]
System NH3
88,400 83,900
Charge [kg]
Condenser VFD Retrofit
System #1 retrofit project
• Installed 12-15HP, 12-25HP VFDs for 6 evaporative
condensers
• Set 15 Hz minimum condenser fan speed
• Did not upgrade to inverter duty motors
• Did not have motor failures due to VFDs
Condenser VFD Retrofit (continued)
Thank you!