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Study on Communication System!!!

Project
Submitted to:
The Kids Club Senior Secondary School,
Vijayapuram.

Submitted By

N.MITHRA

Under the Guidance of

Mr.Sanjay Kumar
Mr.Vysakh
JANUARY 2019
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
KIDS CLUB SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL,
Affiliated to CBSE (NCERT Curriculum)
Vijayapuram, Tirupur- 641606
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Dedicated to My
Friends, My Teachers &
My Entire Family....
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
“It is not possible to prepare a project without the assistance &
encouragement of people. This one is certainly no exception.”
First of all I would like to thank God Almighty for giving me this
opportunity.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents for giving
encouragement, enthusiasm and invaluable assistance to me.
Without all this I might not have been able to complete to this
project properly.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my Institution – Kids Club Senior
Secondary School and the Management, our trust members
Chairman: Mr.Mohan.K.Karthick
Correspondent: Mrs.K.Vinodhini,
Trustee: Mr.K.Ramesh,
Secretary: Mrs.Nivethika Sriram,M.A.,M.phil.,P.hd.,
AdminDirector: Mrs.Ishwariya NikilSursh,B.A.,M.Sc.,
(Business Admin UK)
and the principal for giving me this opportunity.

I am also extremely thankful to my Biology Teacher

Mr.Duraisamy, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.d., for his guidance and support,
without whom this project would not have been possible.
Besides, I am extremely grateful to Ms.Vijiya Lakshmi and Ms.
P.Sasikala, M.Sc., (Microbiologist) for their valuable support on
completion of this project .
Last but not the least I would like to extend my sincere thanks to
my friends especially Athish,Mahanda,Ajitha who helped me
directly or indirectly to complete this project successfully.
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CONTENTS
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S.No TOPICS COVERED PG.NO

1. Overview

2. Intorduction

3. Evolution of communication system

4. Generalized communication system

5. Signals

6. Modulation

7. Modes of communication

8. Terminologies involved

9. Propagation of EM waves

10. Optical fibers

11. Conclusion
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OVERVIEW:
The project contains all the information about the communication system. It
tells compares the past , present and the future modes of communication.It also
tells us about the components of communication system.It helps us to know
about the evolution of communication system.It explains the generalized
communication system ,the modes of communication,modulation,terminology
used in communication system.

INTRODUCTION:
Communication is part of people’s culture from the ancient times. This part of the
social life has ensured effective interactions between people of the same society,
and people of different societies. Communication aspect has been dynamic and has
undergone numerous changes based on time, lifestyle and situations and as a result
of technological improvement. In the past, different societies had their unique ways
of communication such as the use of smoke signals to send simple messages.
Besides, people used messengers and drum sounds for communication. The means
and mode, as well as forms of communication, have changed to the use of the
telegraph, telephone, mobile phone calls, the internet, video conferencing and
letters among others in the current society thanks to technological advancement.
Irrespective of such changes both old and modern means of communication serves
the same purpose of sending and receiving information and providing feedback.

The modern means of communication were based on the telegraph system. The
invention of telephones, cable televisions, the radio, the internet and mobile
technologies were achieved due to the technique used in telegraph system. The
telephone was the first to exist at the modern times which increased the speed of
electronic communication. It was wired on the electronic platform and used similar
cables as in the Telegraph. However, the underwater cables had almost zero
signals. The challenge of poor signals led to the invention and use of steel wires
that were wrapped in copper tubes, armor, and plastic jackets to enable movement
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of signals invented by the AT & T Company. The idea led to the development of
cable televisions and eventually the development of cell phones. Due to
technological advancement, the use of cable system is currently overtaken by the
digital boxes that do not rely on the antenna amplifiers.

EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:

Early Modes of Communication:
Among all living beings on Planet Earth, only humans seem to have
developed language.
The evolution of language in humans

1. Hominids use hand gestures and movements to communicate.

2. Vocal communication develops ( not language-based ) which is sound-
based for e.g. singing and humming.
3. Human speech begins with calls similar to the ones made by primates.
4. Initially, humans possess small numbers of speech sounds which
gradually develops into language.

When Language appeared ?

3 views
1. Homo habilis had the anatomical capability to speak. If they did speak,
then language may have appeared as early as 2 mya.
2. The evolution of vocal tract around 200,000 years ago could be when
language appeared.
3. Language could have developed simultaneously with art around 40 -35000
years ago.
Art
Paintings of animals done between 30,000 - 12,000 years ago discovered in
Europe.
Animals painted were bison, horses, ibex, dear, mammoths, rhinos, lions,
bears, panthers, hyenas, owls.
It has been suggested that art and painting animals was associated with
rituals and magic. The act of painting could have been a pre-hunting ritual. It
is also suggested that they were forms of media to pass information to the
next generations.
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Modern Modes of Communication:

 Social media
 Web chat
 Video chat
 E-mail
 Radio
 Television
There are various others modes also but only few are mentioned here.
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GENERALISED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:

The Communication Process
In the most fundamental sense, communication involves the transmission of
information from one point to another through a succession of process as listed
below :

1. The generation of a thought pattern or image in the mind of an originator.

2. The description of that image, with a certain measure of precision, by a set of
oral visual symbols.
3. The encoding of these symbols in a form that is suitable for transmission over
a physical medium of interest.
4. The transmission of the encoded symbols to the desired destination.
5. The decoding and reproduction of the original symbols.
6. The recreation of the original thought pattern or image, with a definable
degradation in quality, in the mind of recipient.
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Block Diagram of Communication System:

The essential components of a communication system are:

 Information source
 Transmitter
 Channel
 Receiver
 User of Information
 Noise
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1.Information source :-
 The objective of any communication system is to convey information from
one point to the other. The information comes from the information source,
which originates it
 Information is a very generic word signifying at the abstract level anything
intended for communication, which may include some thoughts, news,
feeling, visual scene, and so on.
 The information source converts this information into physical quantity.
 The physical manifestation of the information is termed as message signal
2.Transmitter :-
 The objective of the transmitter block is to collect the incoming message
signal and modify it in a suitable fashion (if needed), such that, it can be
transmitted via the chosen channel to the receiving point.
 Channel is a physical medium which connects the transmitter block with the
receiver block.
 The functionality of the transmitter block is mainly decided by the type or
nature of the channel chosen for communication.
3.Channel :-
 Channel is the physical medium which connects the transmitter with that of
the receiver.
 The physical medium includes copper wire, coaxial cable, fibre optic cable,
wave guide and free space or atmosphere.
 The choice of a particular channel depends on the feasibility and also the
purpose of the communication system.
4.Receiver:-
 The receiver block receives the incoming modified version of the message
signal from the channel and processes it to recreate the original (non-
electrical) form of the message signal.
 There are a great variety of receivers in communication systems, depending
on the processing required to recreate the original message signal and also
final presentation of the message to the destination.
5.Destination:-
 The destination is the final block in the communication system which
receives the message signal and processes it to comprehend the information
present in it.
 Usually, humans will be the destination block.
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SIGNALS:
Analog vs Digital Signals
There are two types of signals that carry information – analog and digital signals.
The difference between analog and digital signals is that analog is a continuous
electrical signal, whereas digital is a non-continuous electrical signal.
Analog Signals vary in time, and the variations follow that of the non-electric
signal. When compared to analog signals, digital signals change in individual steps
and consist of pulses or digits. Analog signals are a model of the real quantity and
the voice intensification that causes electric current variations. Digital signals have
discrete levels, and the specified value of the pulse remains constant until the
change in the next digit. There are two amplitude levels, which are called nodes,
that are based on 1 or 0, true or false, and high or low.
Digital signals, similar to Morse code, are sent to a computer which interprets these
into words. A digital signal, a 0 or 1, is sent through the phone line. For example,
when you type the letter A into your computer, it converts it into 01000001. This
01000001 goes to other computer, which interprets it as A. A series of eight 0’s
and 1’s is called a byte, whereas each 0 or 1 is called a bit.
The difference between digital and analog signals can also be understood by
observing various examples of different waves, and how they work. In the 1800’s,
analog waveforms were used in conjunction with copper to relay or transmit
conversations. Since they have the tendency to catch distorting electromagnetic
waves, or noise which drops the quality of the signal, they soon became
troublesome and difficult to maintain. Soon the change from analog to digital
occurred, because digital signals were easier to transmit and were more reliable
compared to analog signals.
A signal is the transmission of data that we constantly deal with during our daily
routine life. From telephones to cellular devices, and music to computers, signals
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are very important. With the advent of modern technology, telephone and
computers etc have became a necessity, and the cost of analog signal transmission
has become not only expensive, but troublesome. Digital signals soon replaced
analog because they are simply different and uniformed, and not severely altered
by noise or distortion. Almost all electronic devices use digital signals, because
they remain accurate in shape and amplitude. Digital signals provide better
continuous delivery, and are preferred over analog signals.
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MODULATION:
The process of superimposing the audio signal over a high frequency carrier wave
is called modulation.
Transmission of information by communication systems over large distances is
quite a feat of human ingenuity. We can talk, video chat and text anyone on this
planet! Communication system uses a very clever technique called Modulation to
increase the reach of the signals. Two signals are involved in this process.
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Message signals also known as baseband signals are the band of frequencies
representing the original signal. This is the signal to be transmitted to the receiver.
Frequency of such a signal is usually low. The other signal involved with this is a
high frequency sinusoidal wave. This signal is called the carrier signal. The
frequency of carrier signals is almost always higher than that of the baseband
signal. The amplitude of the baseband signal is transferred to the high frequency
carrier. Such a higher frequency carrier is able to travel much farther than the
baseband signal.

1. Size of the Antennae

When the transmission occurs over free space, the antennae radiate the signal out
and receiver receives it. In order to operate efficiently, antennae need to be in order
of the magnitude of wavelength of the transmitted signal.

2. Wireless Communication

By using modulation to transmit the signals through space to long distances, we

have removed the need for wires in communication systems. The technique of
modulation helped humans to become wireless. Telephones no longer had to be
plugged to a wall. Using a mobile phone went from a dream to the next big thing.

3. Interference from other signals

This is a point from the practical side of things. Suppose you are transmitting the
baseband signal to a receiver, say your friends phone. Just like you there will be
thousands of people in the city using their mobile phones. There is no way to tell
such signals apart and they will interfere with each other leading to a lot of noise in
the system and a very bad output. By using a carrier wave of high frequencies and
allotting a band of frequencies to each message, there is no mixing up of signals
and the received signals are absolutely perfect.
There are three types of Modulation:

 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation

AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
AM is the simplest way of modulating a signal. Production of amplitude modulated
signals is easy. Also, the requirements are feasible. When an amplitude modulated
signal is created, the amplitude of the created signal represents the original
baseband signal to be transmitted. This amplitude forms an envelope over the
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underlying high-frequency carrier wave. Here, the overall envelope of the carrier is
modulated to carry the audio signal. However, AM waves are interrupted by
electrical and other disturbances which make them weak and noisy.
Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave (Demodulation)
Demodulation or detection is a process where the signal that is a mixture of the
amplitude of the baseband signal and the frequency of the carrier signal, is
deconstructed to yield the original signal that is to be transmitted. Simply, it is the
recovery of modulating signal from the modulated wave.

Amplitude modulation and demodulation are equally simple to perform. The

amplitude modulated signal needs just a simple diode detector circuit to
demodulate. The diode rectifies the incoming signal, allowing only one-half of the
signal waveform to pass through. The capacitor then is used to remove the
radio frequency parts of the signal, leaving just the original waveform. As you see,
the equipment for demodulation is very cheap, and this enables the cost of the
receivers to be kept low.
Thus, amplitude modulated wave can be demodulated in two steps:

 Rectification of modulated wave.

 Elimination of RF component of the modulated wave.

FREQUENCY MODULATION:
A method of transmitting information using a radio-frequency carrier wave.
The frequency of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with
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the amplitude and polarity of the input signal, the amplitude of the
carrier remaining unchanged

Advantage of frequency modulation :

 Amplitude of frequency modulation signal is remain constant.

 Less susceptible to noise.
 Provides good sound quality.
 More efficient use of power.
 Operate in very high frequency.
Disadvantages of frequency modulation :

 More complex and costly.

 Require higher bandwidth.
 Coverage area is limited.
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PHASE MODULATION:

As the name implies, phase modulation, PM uses variations in phase for carrying
the modulation.
As phase and frequency are interrelated, this relationship carries forwards into
phase modulation where it has many commonalities with frequency modulation.
As a result the term angle modulation is often use to describe both.
Phase modulation, PM is sometimes used for analogue transmission, but it has
become the basis for modulation schemes used for carrying data. Phase shoft
keying, PSK is widely used for data communication.
Phase modulation is also the basis of a form of modulation known as quadrature
amplitude modulation, where both phase and amplitude are varied to provide
additional capabilities.

Advantages:
Phase Modulation (PM) is an easier technique in terms of modulation and
demodulation as compared with Frequency Modulation (FM)-Phase Modulation
(PM) is specially used in determining the velocity of a moving .

Disadvantages:

 Phase Modulation (PM) has been having problems when the transition index
exceeds pi rad (180 degrees)π.
 Phase Modulation (PM) needs an additional circuitry called frequency
multiplier so that the phase modulation index can be maximized.
 Phase Modulation (PM) has very complex hardware requirements.
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TWO MODES OF COMMUNICATION:

Point-to-Point Communications:
A point-to-point connection is a dedicated communication link between two
systems or processes.
A point-to-point connection is an exclusive communication link between two
systems. Like my matchbox phone, a direct connection between two systems. The
systems use that connection exclusively to communicate with each other. Think of
this as the opposite of broadcasting, where one system transmits to many.
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BROADCASTCOMMUNICATION
SYSTEM:
In computer networking and telecommunications, a broadcast
communication network is a communication network which
uses broadcasting for communication between its nodes. They take
messages from a single sender and transmit to all endpoints on the network.
For example, Radio, Television, etc...

TERMINOLOGIES INVOLVED:
TRANSDUCER:
A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another.
Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in
another. The process of converting one form of energy to another is known
as transduction.
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TRANSMITTER:
A transmitter is an electronic device used in telecommunications to produce
radio waves in order to transmit or send data with the aid of an antenna.
The transmitter is able to generate a radio frequency alternating current that
is then applied to the antenna, which, in turn, radiates this as radio waves.
RECEIVER:
In the communication process, the receiver is the listener, reader, or
observer—that is, the individual (or the group of individuals) to whom a
message is directed. Another name for receiver is audience or decoder. The
person who initiates a message in the communication process is called the
sender.
ATTENUATION:
Attenuation is a general term that refers to any reduction in the strength of a
signal. Attenuation occurs with any type of signal, whether digital or analog.
Sometimes called loss, attenuation is a natural consequence of signal
transmission over long distances.
AMPLIFICATION:
Amplification is the process of increasing the amplitude of a signal multiple
times using an amplifier. Amplification is required in communication
system to overcome the attenuation of the signal.
BANDWIDTH:
Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cut off
frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a communication channel, or
a signal spectrum. Baseband bandwidth applies to a low-pass filter or
baseband signal; the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff frequency.
REPEATER:
In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a
signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that
the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an
obstruction.
DEMODULATION:
Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information- bearing
signal from a modulated carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit
(or computer program in a software-defined radio) that is used to recover the
information content from the modulated carrier wave.
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION:

Electromagnetic Waves also called Electromagnetic Radiations are basically
defined as superimposed oscillations of an Electric and a Magnetic Field in
space with their direction of propagation perpendicular to both of them. In
simple words, electromagnetic waves are oscillations produced due to crossing
over of an electric and a magnetic field.
The direction of the propagation of such waves is perpendicular to the direction
of the force of either of these fields as seen in the above figure. Like all
waveforms, these have some properties as well.

Properties of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation:

 These waves travel at the speed of light.

 These waves do not require any medium for propagation.
 Electromagnetic waves travel in a transverse form.
 Electromagnetic waves are not deflected by electric or magnetic field.
 These waves can be polarized.
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 Electromagnetic Waves undergo interference and diffraction.

Ground Wave Propagation:

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Used for a low-frequency range transmission, mostly less than 1 MHz. This type of
propagation employs the use of large antennas order of which is equivalent to the
wavelength of the waves and uses the ground or Troposphere for its propagation.
Signals over large distances are not sent using this method. It causes severe
attenuation which increases with increased frequency of the waves.

Sky Wave:

Used for the propagation of EM waves with a frequency range of 3 – 30 MHz. Make
use of the ionosphere so called due to the presence of charged ions in the region of
about 60 to 300 km from the earth surface.

These ions provide a reflecting medium to the radio or communication waves within
a particular frequency range. We use this property of the ionosphere for long-distance
transmission of the waves without much attenuation and loss of signal strength.

Another important point to note is the consideration of the angle of the emission of
these waves from the ground.

The transmitter emits the EM Waves at a critical angle to ensure total reflection to the
ground just like the total internal reflection of optic waves otherwise the waves may
escape into space.
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Skip Distance is the distance between the 2 points between which the wave
transmission happens.

SPACE WAVE:

The high frequency electromagnetic wave is not reflected back by the ionosphere, so to
use high frequency electromagnetic wave in communication we used space wave
propagation.

Space waves are used in two types of communication −

 Line-of-sight (LOS) propagation.

 Satellite communication

Line-of-sight (LOS) propagation

In line of sight propagation a space wave travels in a straight line from transmitting
antenna to the receiving antenna. At frequencies below 40 MHz . For this type of
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propagation there should be no obstacle between the transmitting antenna and the
receiving antenna.

In line-of-sight propagation, space waves are very powerful, the signals are very clear, the
bandwidth is very large and a huge amount of information can be transmitted.

In line-of-sight propagation, direct waves get blocked at some point by the curvature of
the earth. If the signal is to be received beyond the horizon then the receiving antenna
must be high enough to intercept the line-of-sight waves. Range of transmission is
dependent upon the height of the antenna, relation between range and height of antenna is
given by −

From figure −

(R + h)2 = R2 + r2

∴ R2 + 2hR + h2 = R2 + r2
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As we know, radius of earth is approximately 6400km while the height of the antenna is
few meters. So we can neglect h2

∴ 2hR = r2

∴ r = √2hR

Where,

r = range

h = height of antenna

R = radius of earth

Observation

For a greater range of electromagnetic wave, an antenna of large height is required.

Distance between two antennas for line-of-sight propagation is given by −

r1 = √2h1R

r2 = √2h2R

∴ (r1 + r2) = √2R(h1 + h2)

Where,

r1 = range of antenna 1

r2 = range of antenna 2

h1 = height of antenna 1

h2 = height of antenna 2

R = radius of earth
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Area covered by a transmitting antenna is given by −

Area = π r2

We have, r2 = 2hR

∴ Area = π 2hR

OPTICAL FIBRES:
Unlike copper wire based transmission where the transmission entirely depends on
electrical signals passing through the cable, the fiber optics transmission involves
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transmission of signals in the form of light from one point to the other.
Furthermore, a fiber optic communication network consists of transmitting and
receiving circuitry, a light source and detector devices like the ones shown in the
figure

When the input data, in the form of electrical signals, is given to the transmitter
circuitry, it converts them into light signal with the help of a light source. This
source is of LED whose amplitude, frequency and phases must remain stable and
free from fluctuation in order to have efficient transmission. The light beam from
the source is carried by a fibre optic cable to the destination circuitry wherein the
information is transmitted back to the electrical signal by a receiver circuit.

The Receiver circuit consists of a photo detector along with an appropriate

electronic circuit, which is capable of measuring magnitude, frequency and phase
of the optic field. This type of communication uses the wave lengths near to
the infrared band that are just above the visible range. Both LED and Laser can be
used as light sources based on the application.
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Types of Optical Fibers

Single-Mode Fibres: Single mode fibers are used to transmit one signal per fibre;
these fibres are used in telephone and television sets. Single mode fibres have
small cores.
Multi-Mode Fibres: Multimode fibres are used to transmit many signals per fibre;
these signals are used in computer and local area networks that have larger cores.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, wireless communications globally is something that people can

expect as technology advances. Wireless communications has a lot of benefits and
can make the world a lot more efficient. It does have concerns though as with
every other new advancement that is made in today’s world. The issues with
security regarding access to a person’s personal information or the negative impact
that it may seem to have on society are a few things that are holding back the
progress that wireless technology could be making. With more research and
experiments conducted, the problems associated with wireless communications can
be reduced and make it a more significant part of the world. Wireless technology
will be very important in the near future where the need for wires connecting
individual devices seems to be coming to an end.
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