CHPT2 - The Functions of Art, Philosophies, and Subject - 2 - 1920 PDF

THE FUNCTIONS
OF ART
The Sydney Opera House (1973)

Jørn Utzon ©jszmorales
QUESTIONS TO PONDER ON:
➤ Does art always have a function?

➤ Ifartwork do not have any function, will it
remain as an art?
THE FUNCTIONS OF ART
➤ Art can be generally classified into
two: Directly Functional and
Indirectly Functional.
➤ Directly Functional Art - Art that
we use in a daily basis and serves a
literal or tangible function in our
lives. (e.g. Clothes, Architectural
and Engineering Structures, Money,
Furniture)
➤ Indirectly Functional Art - Art that
are “perceived through the senses.”
Not used literally to live but
accompanies life. (e.g. Paintings,
Theatre, Literature)
The Leaning Tower of Pisa (1372)
???
➤ Both Directly Functional and
Indirectly Functional Arts tend
to cross each other’s paths
and change roles or even
fuse purposes.
➤ Some Directly Functional Art
have a sole purpose which is
for functionality, but the
designs incorporated made
the decorative art transcend
from its basic form to a highly
artistic form of art.
Flatiron Building (1902)
Daniel Burnham
➤ Artistic Functions can be

classified into 4:
➤ Aesthetic
➤ Utilitarian
➤ Social
➤ Cultural
Space Needle (1962)

John Graham, et al
➤ Aesthetic Function
➤ An artwork functions
aesthetically when it
becomes an instrument for
mankind to be cognizant of
its beauty, where feelings
of joy and appreciation are
manifested.
30 St. Mary Axe/The Gherkin (2003)

Foster and Partners
Burj Al Arab Jumeirah

(1999)
Tom Wright
➤ Utilitarian Function
➤ Art serves this function when it is used to give comfort, convenience, and
happiness to human beings. It serves basic functions such as clothing, food,
and shelter, and other things that make humans live with happiness and ease.
Tower Bridge
(1894)
Sir Horace Jones
➤ Social Function
➤ Art serves this purpose when the it bridges connection among people. Also
when it encourages unity and good relationship among people. With this,
people become more understanding and could somehow create a better
society.
Juste Une Chanson (2015)

Dom La Nena
Taj Mahal (1653)

Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
➤ Cultural Function
➤ Arts serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge, attitudes,
customs, and traditions of different groups of people. The art helps
preserve, share, and transmit culture of people from one generation to
another.
➤ Philosophical Perspectives
➤ Plato’s Theory of Mimesis
➤ In his theory of Mimesis,
Plato says that all art is
mimetic by nature; art is an
imitation of life. He believed
that ‘idea’ is the ultimate
reality. Art imitates idea and
so it is imitation of reality.
Plato (370 BC)

Silanion
➤ Aristotle’s Theory of Representation
➤ All the Arts have their own techniques
and rational principles, and it is through
mastery of these that the
artist/craftsman brings his conceptions
to life. Yes, the arts do copy nature, but
their representations are fuller and
more meaningful than nature gives
us in the raw. That is their strength.
We do not therefore need to insist on
some moral purpose for art, which is
thus free to represent all manner of
things present, past, imagined or
institutionally-required.
Aristotle (Circa 1st-2nd
Century)
Lysippos
➤ Kant’s “L’Art pour L’Art” (Art for Art’s Sake)
➤ Kant argued the purpose of art is to be
“purposeless”. It should not have to
justify any reason of existing and being
valued other than the fact that it is art. Our
experience of art – the ways we
appreciate and criticize work – is therefore
wholly commanded by aesthetic pleasure
and delight, separate to the rest of the
world.
Immanuel Kant (???)

Johann Gottlieb Becker
➤ Practically speaking, it usually meant that art should avoid social,

political, and moral themes and concentrate instead on creating beauty,
so it really meant "art for the sake of beauty and its elevating effects."
➤ Art as an Escape
➤ “The ceremony of art touches the deepest
realms of the psyche and the sacred
dimension of the artistic creative process.
The sacred level of art not only transforms
something into art, but also transforms the
artist at the very core of his or her being. This
way of doing and relating to art makes the
process and context of art-making infinitely
more important than the product.”
Tyrion Lannister (2011-
Present)
Peter Dinklage
➤ It’s an escape from the hustle and bustle of a long active day of work and
meetings. It’s an escape from the chaos that our uncertain thoughts cause within
us. It’s an escape from our unrelenting running footsteps that we focus on more
intensely than reminding ourselves to take magical depths of deep breaths.
➤ Consonance and Dissonance

➤ The impression of stability and repose (consonance) in relation to the
impression of tension or clash (dissonance) experienced by a listener
when certain combinations of tones or notes are sounded together.
➤ Dissonance
➤ What do you see?
➤ What did you expect?
➤ Did you think, “Isn’t this
guy suppose to be looking
back at me?”
Not to Be Reproduced (La reproduction interdite,

1937)
Rene Magritte
➤ Dissonance
La Clairvoyance (1936)
René Magritte
Michelangelo’s David: Powerful
➤ Scale and Proportion in Scale, Ideal in Proportion
➤ Scale refers to the size of an object
(as a whole) in relationship to
another object (as another whole).
In art the size relationship between
an object and the human body is
significant.
➤ Proportion refers to the relative
size of parts of a whole (elements
within an object). We often think of
proportions in terms of size
relationships within the human
body.
David (1501-1504)
Michelangelo
➤ Clarity and Radiance
➤ A clear design values clarity over
novelty. (Clear instead of clever.)
Novel for novel’s sake is for
designers who create solutions
for themselves. Solutions that
don’t value goals or problems.
➤ Radiance is a type of glowing:
either from a light source like the
sun or a healthy, beaming
person.
Radiant Light
(???)
Meganne Forbes
The Sound of Music (1965)

Robert Wise
➤ The Representational Theory

➤ States that the fundamental, definitive quality of art is the
ability to capture some aspect of reality.
➤ Subject
➤ The Subject of art refers to
any person, object, scene
or event described or
represented in a work of
art.
➤ Representational (e.g.
Paintings, Sculptures, etc.)
➤ Non-Representational (e.g.
Architectural Structures)
American Gothic (1930)

Grant Wood
➤ Many contemporary painters
have turned away from
representational to non-objective
painting. They have shifted their
attention to the work of art as an
object in itself, an exciting
combination of shapes and
colors that fulfills an aesthetic
need without having to represent
images or tell a story.
➤ Many modern paintings are like
this making them more difficult to
comprehend.
Golden Summer (???)
Makoto Fujimura
➤ Waysof Representing
Subjects
➤ Realism/Naturalism
➤ Generally the attempt

to represent subject
matter truthfully,
without artificiality and
avoiding artistic
conventions, or
implausible, exotic, and
supernatural elements.
A Basket of Mangoes (1949)
Fernando Amorsolo
➤ Ways of Representing
Subjects
➤ Impressionism
➤ Impressionism is a style
of art developed in the
mid 19th century that
focused primarily on a
fleeting moment.
Impressionist artist tried
to create the feeling of
movement by using loose
brush strokes, sketchy
lines, and blotches of
color that blend together
to create the feeling of an Rue Montorgueil Paris, Fiesta of June
30 1878 (1878)
impression Claude Monet
Subjects
➤ Fauvism
➤a style of painting with

vivid expressionistic
and nonnaturalistic use
of color that flourished
in Paris from 1905
The Open Window (1905)

Henri Matisse
➤ Ways of Representing Subjects
➤ Abstraction
➤ The artist selects and renders

the objects with their shapes,
colors and positions altered.
➤ In others, the original objects
have been reduced to simple
geometric shapes and they
can be rarely identified unless
the artist named it in title.
Lyrical Abstraction (2011)
Dawn Siler
➤ Artist’sconcern is the rendering of the essence of the

subject rather than the natural form itself.
Subjects
➤ Distortion
➤ Could mean twisting,

stretching or deforming
the natural shape of the
object.
➤ It is usually done to
dramatize the shape of a
figure or to create an
Donald Trump Caricature
emotional effect. (2016)
Mitchell Cowell
Subjects
➤ Surrealism
➤ It is a method where the

artist in giving expression
to what it is in the
subconscious composes
dreamlike scenes that
show an irrational
arrangement of objects. Carnival of Harlequin (1924)
Joan Miro
➤ The images are recognizable, sometimes drawn from the

nature but they are so combined in utterly fantastic and
unnatural relationships.
➤ Kinds
and Sources of
Subject
➤ Nature
➤ Animals
➤ Portrait or Human Figures

➤ History and Legends
➤ Still Life
➤ Religion and Mythology
➤ Dreams and Fantasies
➤ Cityscapes
➤ Seascapes October in the Forest

(2018)
Leonid Afremov
➤ Kinds
and Sources of
Subject
➤ Nature
➤ Animals

➤ Still Life
➤ Cityscapes
➤ Seascapes
The Goldfinch (1654)

Carel Fabritius
➤ Kinds
and Sources of
Subject
➤ Nature
➤ Animals

➤ Still Life
➤ Cityscapes
➤ Seascapes
Self Portrait (1889)

Vincent Van Gogh
➤ Kinds
and Sources of
Subject
➤ Nature
➤ Animals

➤ Still Life
➤ Cityscapes Liberty Leading the People (1830)
Eugène Delacroix
➤ Seascapes
➤ Kinds
and Sources of
Subject
➤ Nature
➤ Animals

➤ Still Life
➤ Cityscapes
➤ Seascapes
Still Life I (2010)
Han Choi
➤ Kinds
and Sources of
Subject
➤ Nature
➤ Animals
➤ Portrait or Human
Figures
➤ Still Life The Creation of Adam (1512)
Michelangelo
➤ Cityscapes
➤ Seascapes
➤ Kinds
and Sources of
Subject
➤ Nature
➤ Animals

➤ Still Life
➤ Cityscapes
➤ Seascapes Dreams of the Rain

(???)
Leonid Afremov
➤ Kinds
and Sources of
Subject
➤ Nature
➤ Animals
➤ Portrait or Human
Figures
➤ Still Life
➤ Cityscapes Times Square (2012)
Debra Herd
➤ Seascapes
➤ Kinds
and Sources of
Subject
➤ Nature
➤ Animals

➤ Still Life
➤ Cityscapes
The Shore of the Turquoise Sea (???)
Albert Bierstadt
➤ Seascapes
➤ Art and Beauty
➤ Beauty is much more than
cosmetic: it is not about
prettiness.
➤ Beauty is rather a measure
of affect, a measure of
emotion.
➤ Beauty in art is eternally
subjective.
-Joseph Nieters
➤ Art and Beauty
➤ “In the end, because of our
individuality and our varied
histories and traditions, our
debates will always be
inconclusive. If we are wise,
we will look and listen with an
open spirit, and sometimes
with a wry smile, always
celebrating the diversity of
human imaginings and
achievements.”
-David Howard
Dain Yoon
➤ Art and Beauty
➤ “Beautyis in the Phi of the
Beholder.”
➤ Dr. Stephen Marquardt has
studied human beauty for
years in his practice of oral
and maxillofacial surgery.
Dr. Marquardt performed
cross-cultural surveys on
beauty and found that all
groups had the same
perceptions of facial
beauty.
➤ Art and Beauty
➤ “Beautyis in the Phi of the
Beholder.”
➤ 1.618:1
➤ This particular relationship

is the “Golden Ratio.” It is a
mathematical ratio that
seems to appear recurrently
in beautiful things in nature
as well as in other things
that are seen as “Beautiful.”
➤ Art and Beauty
Sharknado 3 (2015)
Ferrante
➤ The Ugly and the Tragic in Art

➤ There is nothing that may be considered as an improper subject when it comes to art.
➤ Thegrotesque, the ugly, and the tragic are all legitimate subjects as the pleasurable
and the beautiful are.
➤ Many, in fact, have often deviated away from the stereotyped and beautiful subjects.
Miss Saigon
2017 Broadway Revival
Cast
➤ The Ugly and the Tragic in Art
➤ The greatest plays, movies, and musicals are invariably tragedies.
➤ And many of our songs speak about love denied or lost.
➤ Content (Levels of
Meaning)
➤ Factual Meaning -
The literal
statement or the
narrative content
in the work which
can be directly
apprehended
because the
objects presented
are easily
recognized. The Death of Young Bara (1794)
Jacques-Louis David
➤ Content (Levels
of Meaning)
➤ Conventional
Meaning - refers
to the special
meaning that a
certain object or
color has a
particular culture
or group of Philippine Flag (1898)
people. Marcela Mariño Agoncillo
➤ Content (Levels of
Meaning)
➤ Subjective Meaning -
any personal meaning
consciously or
unconsciously conveyed
by the artist using a
private symbolism
which stems from his
own association of
certain objects, actions
or colors with past
experiences.
The Scream (1893)
Edvard Munch

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THE FUNCTIONS

The Sydney Opera House (1973)

➤ Does art always have a function?

➤ Artistic Functions can be

Space Needle (1962)

30 St. Mary Axe/The Gherkin (2003)

Burj Al Arab Jumeirah

Juste Une Chanson (2015)

Taj Mahal (1653)

Plato (370 BC)

Immanuel Kant (???)

➤ Practically speaking, it usually meant that art should avoid social,

➤ Consonance and Dissonance

Not to Be Reproduced (La reproduction interdite,

The Sound of Music (1965)

➤ The Representational Theory

American Gothic (1930)

➤ Generally the attempt

➤a style of painting with

The Open Window (1905)

➤ The artist selects and renders

➤ Artist’sconcern is the rendering of the essence of the

➤ Could mean twisting,

➤ It is a method where the

➤ The images are recognizable, sometimes drawn from the

➤ Portrait or Human Figures

➤ Seascapes October in the Forest

➤ Portrait or Human Figures

The Goldfinch (1654)

➤ Portrait or Human Figures

Self Portrait (1889)

➤ Portrait or Human Figures

➤ Portrait or Human Figures

➤ Portrait or Human Figures

➤ Seascapes Dreams of the Rain

➤ Portrait or Human Figures

➤ This particular relationship

➤ The Ugly and the Tragic in Art

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