Lecture 1

S IMPLE H ARMONIC M OTION

DAMPED H ARMONIC M OTION
 Lecture 1

S IMPLE H ARMONIC M OTION

DAMPED H ARMONIC M OTION

1 Damped Oscillations

2 Mathematical model

3 Analysis of Solution

4 Energy and Q-factor

 Damped Oscillations

Energy is usually dissipated

in most systems: resistance

Simple Harmonic Motion Damped Oscillations 1/11

 Damped Oscillations

Energy is usually dissipated

in most systems: resistance
Amplitude of initial SHM

Simple Harmonic Motion Damped Oscillations 1/11

 Damped Oscillations

Energy is usually dissipated

in most systems: resistance
Amplitude of initial SHM
dies down.

Simple Harmonic Motion Damped Oscillations 1/11

 Damped Oscillations

Energy is usually dissipated

in most systems: resistance
Amplitude of initial SHM
dies down.

Simple Harmonic Motion Damped Oscillations 1/11

 Damped Oscillations

Energy is usually dissipated

in most systems: resistance
Amplitude of initial SHM
dies down.

Viscous resistance: f ∝ −ẋ

Simple Harmonic Motion Damped Oscillations 1/11

 Damped Oscillations

Energy is usually dissipated

in most systems: resistance
Amplitude of initial SHM
dies down.

Viscous resistance: f ∝ −ẋ

Viscous drag thru a fluid
Resistance in an
electrical oscillator

Simple Harmonic Motion Damped Oscillations 1/11

 Modelling Damped Motion

f = −bẋ,

Simple Harmonic Motion Mathematical model 2/11

 Modelling Damped Motion

f = −bẋ, total force is F = −kx − bẋ

Simple Harmonic Motion Mathematical model 2/11

 Modelling Damped Motion

f = −bẋ, total force is F = −kx − bẋ

∴ mẍ + kx + bẋ = 0

Simple Harmonic Motion Mathematical model 2/11

 Modelling Damped Motion

f = −bẋ, total force is F = −kx − bẋ

∴ mẍ + kx + bẋ = 0

b
Or, ẍ + γ ẋ + ω02 x = 0 where γ = .
m

Simple Harmonic Motion Mathematical model 2/11

 Modelling Damped Motion

f = −bẋ, total force is F = −kx − bẋ

∴ mẍ + kx + bẋ = 0

b
Or, ẍ + γ ẋ + ω02 x = 0 where γ = .
m

γt γt
x(t) = A1 e− 2 eiω1 t + A2 e− 2 e−iω1 t

Simple Harmonic Motion Mathematical model 2/11

 Modelling Damped Motion

f = −bẋ, total force is F = −kx − bẋ

∴ mẍ + kx + bẋ = 0

b
Or, ẍ + γ ẋ + ω02 x = 0 where γ = .
m

γt γt
x(t) = A1 e− 2 eiω1 t + A2 e− 2 e−iω1 t

where

Simple Harmonic Motion Mathematical model 2/11

 Modelling Damped Motion

f = −bẋ, total force is F = −kx − bẋ

∴ mẍ + kx + bẋ = 0

b
Or, ẍ + γ ẋ + ω02 x = 0 where γ = .
m

γt γt
x(t) = A1 e− 2 eiω1 t + A2 e− 2 e−iω1 t

where
γ2
ω12 = ω02 −
4

Simple Harmonic Motion Mathematical model 2/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 1: γ < 2ω0 :

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 3/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 1: γ < 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = γ2 real:
ω02 −
4

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 3/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 1: γ < 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = γ2 real:
ω02 −
4
+A
γt
x = Ae− 2 cos(ω1t + φ)

Ae−γt/2 Damped Harmoni Motion

0
ωt
2π 4π 6π 8π 10π 12π

−Ae−γt/2

−A
Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 3/11
 Analysis of Solution

Case 2:

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 2: γ > 2ω0

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = iβ imaginary

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = iβ imaginary β = γ2
− ω02
4

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = iβ imaginary β = γ2
− ω02
4
x = A1 e−(γ/2+β)t + A2 e−(γ/2−β)t

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = iβ imaginary β = γ2
− ω02
4
x = A1 e−(γ/2+β)t + A2 e−(γ/2−β)t

Overdamped motion

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = iβ imaginary β = γ2
− ω02
4
x = A1 e−(γ/2+β)t + A2 e−(γ/2−β)t

Overdamped motion

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = iβ imaginary β = γ2
− ω02
4
x = A1 e−(γ/2+β)t + A2 e−(γ/2−β)t

Overdamped motion

x(0) = 0

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = iβ imaginary β = γ2
− ω02
4
x = A1 e−(γ/2+β)t + A2 e−(γ/2−β)t

Overdamped motion

x(0) = 0 =⇒

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = iβ imaginary β = γ2
− ω02
4
x = A1 e−(γ/2+β)t + A2 e−(γ/2−β)t

Overdamped motion

x(0) = 0 =⇒

x(t) = 2Ae−γt/2 sinh(βt)

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11

 Analysis of Solution
r
Case 2: γ > 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = iβ imaginary β = γ2
− ω02
4
x = A1 e−(γ/2+β)t + A2 e−(γ/2−β)t

Overdamped motion
x
x(0) = 0 =⇒

x(t) = 2Ae−γt/2 sinh(βt)

g
γ
in
as
re
I n

t
0
Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 4/11
 Analysis of Solution

Case 3:

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 5/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 3: γ = 2ω0

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 5/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 3: γ = 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = 0

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 5/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 3: γ = 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = 0
Solutions of form

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 5/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 3: γ = 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = 0
Solutions of form x = (A + Bt)e−γt/2

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 5/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 3: γ = 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = 0
Solutions of form x = (A + Bt)e−γt/2 Critically Damped

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 5/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 3: γ = 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = 0
Solutions of form x = (A + Bt)e−γt/2 Critically Damped
x
xmax

2/γ t

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 5/11

 Analysis of Solution

Case 3: γ = 2ω0 =⇒ ω1 = 0
Solutions of form x = (A + Bt)e−γt/2 Critically Damped
x
xmax

2/γ t

Decay of amplitude is the fastest

Simple Harmonic Motion Analysis of Solution 5/11

 Rate of Energy loss

Case of damped SHM:

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 6/11

 Rate of Energy loss

Case of damped SHM:

Amplitude falls as

A(t) = A0 e−γt/2 ,

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 6/11

 Rate of Energy loss

Case of damped SHM:

Amplitude falls as

A(t) = A0 e−γt/2 ,

For light damping

γ  ω0 , and ω1 ≈ ω0 .

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 6/11

 Rate of Energy loss

Case of damped SHM:

Amplitude falls as

A(t) = A0 e−γt/2 ,

For light damping

γ  ω0 , and ω1 ≈ ω0 .
1
Energy E(t) = kA(t)2
2

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 6/11

 Rate of Energy loss

Case of damped SHM:

Amplitude falls as

A(t) = A0 e−γt/2 ,

For light damping

γ  ω0 , and ω1 ≈ ω0 .
1
Energy E(t) = kA(t)2
2

E(t) = E0 e−γt

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 6/11

 Rate of Energy loss

Case of damped SHM:

Amplitude falls as E0

A(t) = A0 e−γt/2 ,

For light damping

E(t)
γ  ω0 , and ω1 ≈ ω0 .
1
Energy E(t) = kA(t)2
2

E(t) = E0 e−γt

0 t

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 6/11

 Rate of Energy loss

Case of damped SHM:

Amplitude falls as E0

A(t) = A0 e−γt/2 ,

For light damping

E(t)
γ  ω0 , and ω1 ≈ ω0 .
1
Energy E(t) = kA(t)2
2
0.368E0
E(t) = E0 e−γt

1
τ= = decay constant 0 τ t
γ

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 6/11

 Rate of Energy loss

Case of damped SHM:

Amplitude falls as E0

A(t) = A0 e−γt/2 ,

For light damping

E(t)
γ  ω0 , and ω1 ≈ ω0 .
1
Energy E(t) = kA(t)2
2
0.368E0
E(t) = E0 e−γt

1
τ= = decay constant 0 τ t
γ

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 6/11

 Rate of Energy loss

Case of damped SHM:

Amplitude falls as E0

A(t) = A0 e−γt/2 ,

For light damping

E(t)
γ  ω0 , and ω1 ≈ ω0 .
1
Energy E(t) = kA(t)2
2
0.368E0
E(t) = E0 e−γt

1
τ= = decay constant 0 τ t
γ
E0
= time taken for E → = 0.368E0
e
Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 6/11
 Exercise:
Find the total energy of the lightly damped oscillator system and
1
show that it can be written as kA2 e−γt .
2
dE
Show that the energy loss rate is the rate of work done by the
dt
viscous force.

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 7/11

 Quality Factor Q: a measure of energy loss
Energy stored
Quality =
Energy lost per radian

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 8/11

 Quality Factor Q: a measure of energy loss
Energy stored
Quality =
Energy lost per radian
T 1
tr = = = time to oscillate thru 1 rad.
2π ω1

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 8/11

 Quality Factor Q: a measure of energy loss
Energy stored
Quality =
Energy lost per radian
T 1
tr = = = time to oscillate thru 1 rad.
2π ω1
dE γE
∴ Energy lost per rad = tr = .
dt ω1

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 8/11

 Quality Factor Q: a measure of energy loss
Energy stored
Quality =
Energy lost per radian
T 1
tr = = = time to oscillate thru 1 rad.
2π ω1
dE γE
∴ Energy lost per rad = tr = .
dt ω1
For light damping, ω1 ≈ ω0 ,

ω0
Q=
γ

= radians thru which damped system oscillates as energy decays

to E0 /e.

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 8/11

 Quality Factor Q: a measure of energy loss
Energy stored
Quality =
Energy lost per radian
T 1
tr = = = time to oscillate thru 1 rad.
2π ω1
dE γE
∴ Energy lost per rad = tr = .
dt ω1
For light damping, ω1 ≈ ω0 ,

ω0
Q=
γ

= radians thru which damped system oscillates as energy decays

to E0 /e.
Q is large for less energy loss: Quality of the oscillation.

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 8/11

 Examples

1 A tuning fork of frequency 440 Hz is struck to produce sound.

After 4 seconds, the intensity is found to decrease by a factor of 5.
What is the Q of the tuning fork?

ω0 = 2π × 440 = 2765rad/sec
E0 e(0) ln 5
−4γ
= 5 =⇒ γ = = 0.4s−1
E0 e 4
q
ω1 = ω02 − γ 2 /4 ∼ ω0
ω1 2π × 440
Q= = ≈ 6912
γ 0.4

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 9/11

 Examples

2 Damped Oscillations in an LCR circuit

dI Mechanical Analogy:
RI L
dt mass ∼ L,
friction ∼ R,
q 1
C spring constant ∼ .
C

Add voltage drop across

each element:
dI q
L + RI + = 0.
dt C
1
=⇒ Lq̈ + Rq̇ + q = 0.
C

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 10/11

 Examples

2 Damped Oscillations in an LCR circuit

dI Mechanical Analogy:
RI L
dt mass ∼ L,
friction ∼ R,
q 1
C spring constant ∼ .
C
Charge oscillates with
1
Add voltage drop across frequency ω0 = √ ,
each element: LC

dI q
L + RI + = 0.
dt C
1
=⇒ Lq̈ + Rq̇ + q = 0.
C

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 10/11

 Examples

2 Damped Oscillations in an LCR circuit

dI Mechanical Analogy:
RI L
dt mass ∼ L,
friction ∼ R,
q 1
C spring constant ∼ .
C
Charge oscillates with
1
Add voltage drop across frequency ω0 = √ ,
each element: LC
R
dI q Damping constant γ = .
L + RI + = 0. L
dt C
1
=⇒ Lq̈ + Rq̇ + q = 0.
C

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 10/11

 Examples

2 Damped Oscillations in an LCR circuit

dI Mechanical Analogy:
RI L
dt mass ∼ L,
friction ∼ R,
q 1
C spring constant ∼ .
C
Charge oscillates with
1
Add voltage drop across frequency ω0 = √ ,
each element: LC
R
dI q Damping constant γ = .
L + RI + = 0. L
dt C
r
1 L
Quality Q = .
1 R C
=⇒ Lq̈ + Rq̇ + q = 0.
C

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 10/11

 Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Prof. Radhika Vathsan for the slides

Simple Harmonic Motion Energy and Q-factor 11/11