Transmission Line Reference Book 345 KV and Above Epri PDF

Transmission Line _ hse, Electric Power Research InstituteTransmission Line Reference Book 345 kV and Above/Second Ed Prepared by Project UHV Technical Resource Operation Large Transformer Division General Electric Co. Pittsfield, Massachusetts Transmission Engineering Electric Utility Systerns Engineering Department Energy Systems and Technology Division General Electric Co Schenectady, New York Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CaliforniaLcopyiht ©1962 by the Elactie Poner Research Inte, Ic. Al rights {eesti Fiat cin, 1975. Reprinted T878. Second econ, 1082 Notice “Tis report was prepared by General Electric Company as an account ‘of wore sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI Neither EPRI, memoors of EPRI, General Electric Company, ror any parson acting on behalf of any of them: (a) makes any warran- {y. expe or mplie, with respect othe use of any information, appa rats method, or process csclased inthis report or that such use may ‘ot Infinge privately owned rights or (b) assumes any bili with ‘eapedt to the use of, o for damages resiting from the usec any i= ‘formation, apparatus, method, oF process disclosed in his report Keywords EHVUAV Conder Corona Audibe Noise letra Fels (Ordering Information ‘Requests for copies ofthis book should be directed to Research Re- ports Genter (RRC), Box 60490, Palo Alto, CA 94302, (416) 965- 44081, There is no charge for reports requested by EPRI member tutliias and afliates, contibuting nonmembers, U.S. utity associ ‘ations US, government agencies (federal, state, and local), media land foreign ‘rganizations with whicn EPRL has an information ‘exchange agreement. On request, FAC will send a catalog of EPA repors.This book is intended as a source of technology and data for, the electrical design of EHV and UHY transmission lines up to, 1600 kV. Much of the information was developed at Project UHV over the past twenty years, Four major design areas are treated: insulation design, corona performance, electric and, magnetic fields, and circuit performance including conductor, ‘characteristics. In each area, a common set of base-case clr cuit designsis analyzed to help the design engineer understand, ‘and become sensitive to the lems atfecting design. Means 10, ‘measure each discipline ae fully explored. Insulation design for switching surge, lightning, and contamination is treated in depth. Stress versus strength arguments, together with strength data forall practical design situations, are featured for switching-surge design. A step-by-step analysis procedure for lightning insulation suitable for hand-held cal= Cculator use is an innovation in this book. For contamination, specific recommendations are made for insulator configurations from 345 to 1100 KV. The topics for corona performance are radio noise, audible ‘noise, and corona loss. Design charts and equations as wel as their underlying technology are developed in each of these areas for both single and double circuits. Special consideration to the concepts of generation, transmission, and detection is, given for each parameter. Eleciic fields at ground level are treated in detail to support the goals of obtaining maximum field values and understanding the effects of electric fields on objects in the ROW. Mitigation means, calculation techniques, and effects of magnetic fields are alzo included. For conve rience, tables of conductor and bundle phase characteristics, ‘along with electric and magnetic transmission line parameters, are presented for EHV and UHV base cases,Editor J. J. LaForest Editorial Committee M. G. Comber LE. Zaifanella Authors Chapter 1 Chapter 2 chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 chapter 6 chapte 7 Chapter & chapter & Chapter 10 Chapter 11 chapter 12 Chapter 13. Project UHV: A Trat ion Research Facility JR, Doyle and L. E. Zaffanella EHV-UHV Transmission Systems F.J. Glert,S. A. Miske, Jp, and ©. J. Trax Electrical Characteristics of EHV-UHV Conductor Configurations and Circ ‘TR. Doyle, J J. LaForest, and T. S, Lauber (Rensselaer Polytechnic institute) Corona Phenomena on AC Transmission Lines MG. Comber, 0. W. Deno, and L. E. Zatfanella Radio Noi M.G, Comber and R. J. Nigbor ‘Audible Noise M.G. Comber, R. J. Nighor, and L. €. Zatfanella ‘Corona Lost M.G. Comber and L. E. Zatfanella Field Effects of Overhead T 1D. W. Deno and L. E. Zaffanelia mission Lines and Stations Insulation — Design Criteri J.D. Brown, FA. Fisher, W. Neugebauer, and J. Panek Insulation for Power Frequency Voltage K. J. Lloyd and H. M. Schneider Insulation for Switching Surges K.J. Lloyd and L. E Zatfanelia ightning Performance of Transmission Lines 4J.G. Anderson Planning and Electrical Design of Transmission Lines D.W. Deno, L. L. Garver, and J. J. LaForestAcknowledgments It is impossible to list all the people who contributed their time. and effort toward the successful completion of this book, The authors are indebted to the enti staff of Project UHV, who lover the years helped accomplish the results that made this, book possible, The enginesring assistance of Messrs. R. J Caola, Jt. and J. DiPietro and of Ms. M. R. Stambach of the Electric Utility Systems Engineering Department; the work of, preparing the manuscripts by Mmes. Le Pore and Mazza: and, ‘the graphic att contributed by Mr. J. W. Betts and his staff are ‘gratefully acknowledged. ‘The authors especially wish to acknowledge and commemo- rate the work of Joseph R. Doyle, who passed away before this, project was completed. His many years of devoted service at Project UHV will long be remembered by his many friends and colleagues, ‘Among the many members of industry committees who gave their time and support to mold and finance the Project UHV. program, particular recognition must be given to those who ‘served on the Indusiry Advisory Committee. The Committee {fixed the project objectives for each year, ensured that e- ‘search goals ware met, served as a review board for the work of the research engineers, and approved the structure and the ‘content ofthis book. A team of experianced, practiced protes- sionals, the Committee kept the research directed toward im- mediate needs and, hence, toward the needs of the utiities in the United States. Present members of the Advisory Commit- tee and former members ofits predecessor, the Steering Com- mittee, are listed below. UHV Project Advisory Committee ‘George Baicerston (Chairman) Ear H, Boosenberg Murray W. Davis PPhiladeipia Electric Company Commonwealth Edison Company ‘The Detrot Edison Company George R. Elder Los Angeles Department of Water ‘and Power overt W. Flugum US, Department of Energy Eawara H. Gervig Gone H. Huston Fichard €. Kennon Bonneville Power Administration GPU Service Corporation Electric Power Research Institute Fred klum ‘Southern Caitoria Eaison ‘Company DonaléT. Mois ‘yero-duobec ‘Brendan J. Ware ‘American Electric Power Service Company ‘ohn & Anderson (Manager, General Eletie Company Project UHV: 1967-1972) Robert C. Osthott Luciano. Zattanela (Manager, Project UHV: 1972 to present) Steering Committee Paul. Lumnitzer (Chairman) John Mt Schamoerger (Chairman) Harrson R. Armstong A.W. Atwood, J Howard C, Barnes Fred Chambers EA Chiarito Bary H.Oaly Paul R. Doan Lous 0. Eteaesser sJohn M, Ends, J Falph 8. Gens ‘Arthur Hauspurg Foss M. King Bonjamin D. Miter Irvin. Philips Thomas W. Tice Gorge E. Watkins rian J. Witte Lone! 0. Barthold Joseph R. Doyle Thomas H, Lee Donne. MacCarthy James R. Stevenson General Electric Company General Electric Company Pennsyvania Electtie Comoany Northeast Utes Service Company Detroit Edison Company Southern Caltornia Edkson Compeny ‘Amorican Electric Power Service cor. Tennessee Valley Authorty Baltimore Gas and Elerrc Company Eeison Electric Institute ‘Southern Callfomia Eaison Company Eatson Electric Institute olson Electric Institute Bonnevile Power Admiistration ‘Consolicated Edison Company of New Yorke ‘Southern Calforia Edison Company ‘The Detroit Edison Company Pennsytania Electric Company Baltimore Gas and Elecite Company Eoison Electric Institute Baltimore Gas and Beer Company General Electric Company Genera Electric Company General Electie Company General Electric Company General Electric CompanyQuick Reference Chart for Major Design Items ‘To acltate the use ofthis book by experienced line designers, ‘a pation of the contents of Chapter 13, Sections 13.9 and 12.8, is presented below for quick reference. Section 13.9 ‘summarizes the main design topics covered by this Second Edition, and Section 13.8 summarizes general citculation performance items useful for design. Each topical summary d- rects the reader to specific design sections elsewhere in the book. Design Topic: Switching Surge Insviation Lightning insuiation Insulation tor Contamination Ground Electric Field Magnetic Induction ‘Audible Noise Radio Interference ‘Television interference Corona Loss Ground Wire Design (60 Hz) 614 615. 616 617 618 619 620, 621 62 622 Design Topics: Station Transient Voltage Insulation Ingulation for Contamination Gorona Performance Gorona Shields Ground Electric Field Circuit Performance items ‘Compensation Stabilty Line Loading Routing ‘Transposition ‘Teansmission-Line Protection Power-Line Carrier Environmental Measurements Line Parameters 623 624 624 625 625 608 608. 607 608, 609 610 eit 612 613Contents Foreword Chapter 1 Project UHV: A Transr Research Facility 4.1 Introduction 1.2. Deseription of Project UHV Facilities ‘900-Kv Surge Arestors Precision Capacitor Single-Phase Cascade Operation ‘Switohing Suge Operation ‘Tnree-Phase UHV Test Line Insulator Strings Corona Testing Cage Insulator Contamination Research 1. Instrumentation for Data Acquisition ‘Data Acquistion Computer Instrumentation Systems References Chapter 2 EHV-UHV Transmi 2.1 Introduction Foie of Transmission General Transmission Design Citera jon Systems 2.2 Load Growth and Transmission System Evolution Historical Load Growth Forecast Loac Gromh [AC Tranemisson Line Growth Evalution of DC Transmission 2.3 Factors Affecting EHV-UHV ‘Transmission Growth Load Growth Generation Siting Fuel Costs and Avalabiity Felabilty Eedlogy Government Energy Centers 2.4 EHV-UHV Transmission System Characteristics Stabiity Considerations ‘Saree Compensation Shunt Compensation Power Transmssion Capability 2.8 EHV-UHV Line Design — Principal Areas to Be Considered Elctica Environmental 7 w a 18 8 18 8 9 18 19 20 20 2 24 24 25 2.6 Optimization of Transmission Systems Long-Range Transmission Planaing Optimum Line Design 2.7. EHV Tower Geometries and Line Characteristics References Chapter Electrical Characte EHV-UHV Conductor Configur ‘and Circuits 311 Introduction 8.2 Conductor Surface Gradients Gradient Terminology Calculating Conductor Gradients Graphical Method — Singie-Ccuit Horizontal Graptical Method — Single-Circut Vertical {Graphical Method — Singlo-Chout Delta ‘Approximate Method for Single-Cicult Calelations Graphical Method — Double-Cicuit Higner Phase Order Distribution of Gradont in a Bundle ‘Asymmetrical Bundle Gradients Graphical Method — Teridal Shielding Electrodes 3,8 Reactance and Resistance of Bundle Conductors. Introduetion “Types of Conductors and Conductor Materials inductive Reactance Capacitive Reactance ‘Surge impedance ano Surge Impedance Loading Resistance Ground Wires Equivalent Single Condvctor “Transrjasion-Line Parameters 8.4 Transmission-Line Unbalance Electrostatic Unbalance Single-Ciruit Electromagnetic Unbalance Unbelance in Peale! Doube-Circut Untransposed Lines ‘Summary 25. Induced Voltages on Parallel Lines Electrostatic Induction onthe De-energized Circuit Electromagnetic induction on the Dewenergized Creut ‘Appendix 3.1 Calculation of Electric Fields ‘Appendix 3.2. Inductive Reactance of Bundled Conductors, Appendix 3.3. Capacitive Reactance of Bundled Conductors, 26 26 ar 30 62 100 105 105 305 405 123 124 124 125 125 105 131 131 133 136 140 140 142 142 143 145, 146:‘TraNsMissioN LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE: ‘Appendix 3.4 Conductor Table Calculations Appendix 3.5. Transmission-Line Parameters (60 He) Appendix 3.6 Unbalance Factor Equations References Chapter 4 Corona Phenomena on AC Transmission Lines 4.1 Introduction Mechanism of Corona Gas Discharge Processes ‘The Townsend Avalanche Process DC Corona Modes AC Corona 4.3 Corona Loss Concept Field Without Corona Frei in the Presence of Corona, CCorana Loss in Fae Weather Corona Current 4.4 Effect of Surtace and Atmospheric Conditions Fai-Weathor Corona Sources Corona Due to Particles Near the Conduetor Etec of Water on the Conductor Efect of Air Density, Humidity, and Wind Ettect of Surace Conditions ‘Surface Treatment — Measurements and Results 4.5 Evaluation of Corona Etfects from Single-Phase and Three-Phase Tests Measurement and Analysis Using Single-Phase Test Facies Corona Generation and Surface Gracient Generation Quantities Audible No'se-Generated Power Fagio Noise Generation Function Measurement and Analysis Using Three-Phase Test Facities 4.6 Influence of Corona Currents on Switching-Surge Overvoltages Project EHV Test Program Project UHV Test Program 4.7 "Ozone Introdvetion| ‘Ambient Concentration Acceptable Levels Measurements at Project UHV (zone Measurements in Other Location Cacuiations ot incremental Ozone Concentration Othe: Corona Products References Chapter5 Radio Noise 6.1 Introduction 5.2 Radio Noise Measurement The Radio-Noise Meter Weignting Circuits Meter Response — Bandwdth and Pulse Repetition Rate ‘Actual Band-Pass Characteristics 148 150 165 167 189 169 169 169 170 170 175 175 175 175 176 180 180 181 181 181 182 185 187 187 187 188, 189 189 191 192 192 195 199 199 199° 199 200 202 202 203 203 205 205 206 206 208 210 ‘Antenna Systems Measurement of Transmssion-Line Noise * Design Considerations Characteration of Transmission-Line Radio Noise Etfect of Line Geometry and Conductor Surtace Conestions Noise Tolerability Criteria 33 5.4 Calculation of Transmission Line Rl Generation and Propagation ofA Fil Generation Data Determination of Propagation Cheracterstios Fi Design Curves ‘Comparison of the Reference Book Fi Calculation ‘Matnod with Measured Data PiStavstios 5.8 Television interference Ti cateulation Procedure Exampie Galeuation ‘Comparison of Calculations wth Measurements ‘5,8. Radio Noise from Substations Calouaton of i trom Substations Fl Generation ftom Toroidal Grading Rings ‘Additional Topics Radio Noise of Insulator Stings hosting and Blocking Interference to Other than AM and TV Broadcast Services 87 Appendix §.1 Rl Analysis for Single Conductor ‘Above Ground ‘Appendix 5.2. Transmission-Line Propagation in Modal Quantities Appendix 6.3. Reference Method of Ri Analysis of ‘Three-Phase Transmission Lines Appendix 6.4 Attenuation Constants and Modal ‘Transtormation Matrices References Chapter Audible Noi 6.1 Introduction 6.2. Audible Noise Characteristics and Measurement Characters of Teansmission-Line Noise Measures of Audible Noise Instrumentation Measurements 6 Design Considerations Elect of Weather Conditions Eft of Line Geometry and Conductor Surface Conaitone Assessing the Impact of Transmisslon-Line Audibe Noise 6.4 Calculation of Transmission-Line Audible Noise Introduction Generation and Propagation of AN [AN Goneration Data — Broad-Banc Noise Calcviaton of Aucible-Nosse Levels — ‘Random Noise Influence of Tower, Sag, ané Ground Wires 210 att an 212 212 213, 217 2i7 222 225 229 245, 247 248 249 250 250 251 251 252 253, 253, 253. 283 254 256 258 261 264 267 267 267 267 268, 269 270 270 270 an 272 274 2T4 218 278 281 283[ANUDesign Curves 283 Etect of Rain Rate 284 tect of Conductor Sutace Aging 299 Efect of AirOensty 299 (Comparison o the Reference Book AN Calculation Method with Measured Data 300 Bincle Geometry Optimization 301 Generation of 120-Hz Hum 305 Clculation of Ausibie Nolse — 120-Hz Hum 306 ‘Ausible Noise in Dry Conditions 307 6.5 Audible Noise from Corona in Substations 307 AtcibleNoise Generation of Basic Electrode Shapes 308 Celcultion of Ausibie-Noie Levess for a Substation 309) 6.6 Techniques of Audible-Nolse Reduction 310 6.7 Correlation Between Audible Noise, Radio Noise, and Corona Loss 312 ‘Audible Noise [48 (A) ] Versus Radio Noise 312 ‘Aucible Noise Hum Versus Corona Loss 314 ‘Appendix 6.1 Ambient Noise During Rain 314 ‘Appendix 8.2. Sound Attenuation of Structures 314 Appendix 6.3. Adjustment of Measured Noise Levels to ‘Account for Ambient Noise Intrusions 318 References a7 Chapter? Corona Lo: 319 7.1 Inroduction 319 7.2 Corona Loss in Fair Weather 319 7.8 Corona Loss in Foul Weather 320, Corona Loss in Rain 320 Garona Loss in Fog, Snow, and Frost 322 Results wth the Three-Phase UHV Test Line 823 7.4 Evaluation of Corona Loss 924 CCoona Loss Weather Mode! 324 Aglusment for Precipitation Within aGivan Gimate 325 7.5 Heawy-Raln Corona Loss for Base Case Geometries 325 7.6 Example of Corona Loss Computations 307 7.7 Comparison of Corona Losses with Resistance Losses 927 References 328 Chapter 8 Field Effects of Overhead Transmission Lines and Stations 328 8.1 Inlroduction 328 8.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields: Definitions 329 Prasore and Vectors 329 Electric Ftd 328 Megretic iad 330 Frequency 330 Harmonie Content 330 “Maximum Value of the Electic (Magnet) Fla 330 Unperturoed Feld 330 Singl-Phaso and Thvee-Phase Flas 330 Untorm Fes 330 Vertical Component ofthe Eletvc Fld 330 ‘Space Potential « 330 2.3. Caloulation of Electric Fields 330 {General Method fr Transmission Lines 330 Lateral Protie of Electric Field at Ground Level 332 Maximum Eeotic File t Ground — Generaleed Cues 332 Etfect of Changes in Line Geometry 333 Electric Fld of Double-Ciccuit Lines 335 Electrc Fld at Line Bends 338 lectrc Fila in Substations 338 8.4 Calculation of Magnetic Fields 341 General Method for Transmission Lines 341 Example Calculation 342 8.5. Measurement of Electric Fields 343 “Techniques fr the Measurements ofthe Unperturbed Electric Field 343 Moasurements ofthe Electric Fits on a Boundary Surace 346 Measurement ofthe Space Potential 366. Z 8.6 Measurements of Magnetic Fields 8.7 Comparison Between HV Transmission-Line end | ‘Common Environment Electric and Magnetic Fields 88 Electric-Field Induction in Objects Introduction Transmission-Line Induced Currents Currents Induced on a Sphere Above Ground ‘Current Induced on @ Round-Topped Hemisphere ona Ground Piane (Current Inauced on a Gyfinder Above Groune Gurren Induced on a Hall-Cyinder on a Ground Plane Methods for Approximate Calculation of Curent Induzed ‘on Objects Close tothe Ground CCutrens Induced in Large Objects (Currents Induced in TVand FM Antennas Induced Gurrent Summary Tables ‘Accuracy Expected in Calculating induced Currents ‘Examples of Electric Indtion Calelation Single-Phase vs Three-Phase Induction Electric nuction Catultion with impedance to Ground Statistical Impedance with Vehicles Example Caleulations 8.9 Magnetic Induction on Objects Impedance Matric with Ground Return ‘Shei Wire Currents Induction in Conductive Objects Parallel tothe Line 8.10 Electric-Fleld induction in People Induotes Curtents and Thee Distribution Bctic Field Exposure Monitors Exposure Measurements Within Feld Ranges Currents nuced by Spark Discharges “Transient Currents Induced by Switching Transients People Response to Short-Term Exposure to Electc Files 8.11 Biological Etfects of Electric Fields (on People and Animals 8.12 Magnetic Field Induction in People 8.18. Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields (on People and Animals 347 ‘a7 348, 348, 348, 348, 349 349 349 349 350 352 354 354 357 358 359 360 362 363, 364 364 364 365 365 369 370 372 373. 374 379 379 380"TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE 8.14 Fuel ignition Introduction Fuel ignition Induced by Spark O'scharge CCorona-induced Fue! gation Flashovers Caused by Fires ‘Trees and Poles in High-Intensity Electric Fields Inttoduetion Dead TreeTip Burning Pole Fire with Grounded Hardware Pove Fire Without Groundes Hardware Mechanism Causing Wood Fires Live Tree Tip Corona Damage Corona from Grounded Objects Introduction Measuring Techniques Space Potentla asthe Indopendent Variable Corona Current and Corona Power Corona Onset Rado Nose ‘Audlle Noise Ozone Conatusons Shielding Methods Introduction Shielding by @ Horizontal Grd of Groundes Wires Design Procedure Shieiding bya Vertical Gi of Grounced Wires Shielding by Mashes of Grounded Wires Natural Shields — Trees and Houses Unceroult Loweoltage Lines ‘Appendix 8.1 Appendix 8.2 818 8.16 at7 Calculation of Maximum Field Measurements of Electric Field with a Free-Body Meter Appendix 8.3. Alr Model Facility ‘Appendix 8.4 Transmission-Line Electric Induction Calculation with Matrices ‘Magnetic Induction with Resistive Ground Return Appendix 8.5 References Chapter 9 9.1 Introduction Insulation-Design Criteria, 9.2. Voltage Stress on Insulation Introduction system Voltage Ovenvotage 9.9 Characteristics of Overvoltages ‘Temporary Overvltages Switching Overvotages Switching of Reactive Circuits — Observed Phenomena Fault Occurrence and Fauit Clearing ‘Other Switching Operations Recovery Voltage Across Breakers Lghtring Overvoitages 8.4 Methods of Analysis Introduction 381 381 381 383 384 386 386 388 389 369 392 392 392 302 392 393 394 394 396 396 306 397 397 397 397 309 309 403 403 405 409 410 an 413 418 air aan 421 at 421 422 422 424 424 428 430 433 434 435 436 436 ‘Transient Network Analyzers Digital Mocels a TNA Compared with Digital Programs, [As to Caleuiation of Transients 9,5 Methods of Controlling Overvoltages Introduetion Resistor insertion ‘Breaker Timing Control system Modifeation Switching Restrictions Une Discharge Resistors Surge Arresters 9.6 Weather Consider ns 9.7 Insulation Dielectric Strength \Witnstane Votage ‘Types of insulation 9.8 Statistical Properties of Withstand Voltage 9.9 Stress vs Strength ‘Appendix 9.1 Resonant Voltages on Parallel, Reactor-Compensated Lines Appendix 9.2 ABCD Method of Analysis ‘Appendix 9.3. Electrostatic Method of Analysis or Resonant Voltages ‘Appendix 9.4. Probability of Overvoltage Occurrence References Chapter 10 Insulation for Power Frequency Voltage 10.1. Introduction ‘Contamination Flashover on Transmission Systems esearch n the Field af Contamination Flashover ‘Survey of the Contamination Performance ‘of Power Transmission Systems Spot and Area Contamination ‘Types of Contaminants and Weather Conditions Countermeasures 10.2 40.3 Contamination Test Methods Introduction (Outine of Test Methods ‘Comparison of Tast Methods 10.4 Research at Project URV Introduction Insulators Tested Power Sources for Testing infuence ofthe Parameters ofthe Test Creu Factors that Afect Wetting Mechanisms Investigation of Natural Wetting Conctions ‘letting Method ane Contaminants Used at Project UHV Fashover Probabilty of Contaminated Insulators Performance of Various Types of Insulators in ‘shor strings Performance of Insulators in Long Strings ‘Contamination Test wth Natural ang Artilat Wetting Conditions Noniinearty of Rashover Strength with Insulator Length ‘Comparison o Electrial Strength for Different Sting Orientations 437 437 439 441 441 441 441 442 442 443, 443, 443 444 445, 445, 448 448 449 452 455 458 458 460 463, 463, 463 463 484 464 465 465 468 468 467 468, 468 468, 469 489 469, 472 473 473, 474 478 a7 478 479 4atContents Dubie sings win Coe Spacg 483 11.9 Comparison of Fundamental Gaps se ase fo Prase instore 4 ; Baers ais 4834510. Comacin of @vtcring Surge PashovieDsato ior Fashover Perfomance 43s Standard Conditions 525 ‘Carona on Long insulator Strings: 408 nad Effects of Geometry on Switching-Surge 10.5 Mechanism of Contamination Flashover 489 Fiashover Strength: Corrections to Base Case Jntroduction 489 Conditions 825 Fstover Mechanism oj Single nslator Units 489 owe: Window Hight 525 Fiashover Mechaiom of Long etter Sirngs 492 Sveand shape of Becodes 528 Doousson 498 Towa With 526 Fectangula Window 827 ee 4 Basan Wo 52 InauetorOesinfr Clean Areas 4 EsGeIGi ae oiceen Gases {23.11.12 Effects of Waveshape on Switching-Surge Fut Scale UHV Tesi tic! Paln 404 Fiashover Strength: Corrections to Base Caso Inavation Desig or Contamination: Prediction ot Conditions 827 cennatn Cnt $85 1419 etets of Atmoapterie Condon on Switching-Surge Flashover Strength: Corrections [Appendix 10.1. Meteorologcal Corrections for toStandard Conditions 528 Power-Frequoncy Tests 498 tect ot amity 528 verces Etec o Raat A Densty 529 oa ee Effects of Rain 530 Chapter 11 Ineulation for Switching Surges 803 11.14 Standard Deviation 33 11.4 troduetion 508 14.45 Design Procedures 531 11.2. Principal Variables in Switching-Surge Flashover 803 appendix 11.1. Computation of Swing Angle ievestape 504 Distribution 595 Pot 503 SeornricInuence on Switching Suge Strength 805° Appendix 11.2. Testing Methods for Critical Flashover Meteora inuence on Surtehing-Suge Sength 608 Voltage (Vax) and Standard SiatetealFuctuatonsinSutchrginpue Strength 508 Deviation () sae 11.9 Flashover Mechanism 508 Appendix 11.2 Models or Calulation of Switching- ge Strength 529 11.4. Switching Impulse Flashover Testing Technique 506 ‘Surge Streng Principal Data Varables 509 References sae Srgricaton oe 509 Chapter 12 Lightning Performance of Transmi 11.5 _Switching-Surge Flashover Strength of Simple eae Airgaps 509 Aod-Plane and Vertical Rod-Rod Gaps 509 12.1 Introduction 545; “erzonal Roe Fod Gage 510 a ‘Sphere-Plane Gaps Sit teenie Mercer aaa 116 _ Switching-Surge Flashover Strength of Line Fa eee S46 insulation 512 12.4 Lightning Flash Parameters 546 Toner Window Gap 512 Kerauric Levels an stern Maps 546 Dusie Pave Tower Gap 512 Nurbor of lashes o Earth 347 asst Sings 512 Interoeption of Flashes bythe Line 547 Sonductr to fewer Leg 518 Ughining ashes o Shad Wes and Towers bao Benducor fo Groundes Objects at Midspan 516 Rashes to Tal Stuctes, 540 Aad Lieto Tone 518 Provably Dsbution of Stoke Amplitudes 549 ssomalos Fachovers 516 ‘Stoke Voveshape Parameters ifuondrg Rashorer 849 Compost Waveshapes 550 11.7 Sutehing-Surge Fashover Strength of Station Gerrosia Wavesnanes 50 Ingulation 516 . 12.5. Circult lements Involved in Computation of Hori ator St 516 Station Post insulators: os 516 Flashover Performance: 552 ducing Bundle Conductors to Equant Single 11.8 Phase-to-Phase Switching-Surge Strength 517 ‘Conchacton = raat eecs} Iirodcton 517 Fincng Eoctve Rai of Stas Wires and Phase Rosie of Praseto-Phase Swiching-mpuse Tests 519 onductors with Corona resent 554 Phase t-Phaosnuieton Sess 520 educon of hd Wie Surge mpedances to Design Pocadiveor Phase Phase Distances 522 Touvelert Sl Wre Surge mpesarces 554 Examples: 523, Computation of Tower Surge impedances ‘555 file"TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE Determination of Coupling Factors for Phase Conductors 556 Selection of Footing Resistance 556 Ettcts ofa Statistical Distbution of Footing Resistance Values 560 12,6 Response of a Transmission Tower to a Lightning Flash 560 Computation of Tower Top Voltage 860 Computation of Crassarm Votages 561 Computation of rsulatr Surge Voltages 562 Penetration ofInsuator Voltage into the Vol-Time Guve 563 Rellections from Acjacent Towers 564 Eflects of Power-Frequency Voltage 566 12.7 Shielding Failures of Transmission Lines 567 The Electiogeomeltic Theory 567 Axtairment of Ettectve Shielding 568 Shielding Fallre Rate Computation 569 12.8 Lightning Performance of UHV Lines 870 42.9 Equivalent R-L Circults of Transmission Towers 570 12.10 A Simplified Two-Point Method for ‘Computation of Lightning Performance of ‘Transmission Lines 573, Appendix 12.1 Reduction of Bundles to Equivalent Single Conductors 586 Appendix 12.2 Computation of the Effective Diameter fof a Conductor at High Voltage 586 Appendix 12.3 Surge Impedance of Shield Wires and Voltages Coupled to the Phase Conductors 587 Appendix 12.4 Derivation of the Fundamental Travelling Wave Equation for Tower Top Voltage 589 Appendix 12.5. Travelling Wave Equations for the Voltage at the Crossarm or at Any Point on the Tower 591 ‘Appendix 12,6 Power-Frequency Voltage Effects $92 Appendix 12.7 Tower Damping and the Equivalent P-L Circult 593 References 596 Chapter 13 Planning and Electrical Design of Transmission Lines 500 48:1. Introduction 599 18.2. Conceptual Planning 7 599 18.9. Preliminary Planning 601 44.4. Primary Decisions 602 13.5. Planning Summary 604 13.6 Additional Reading on Planning 605 18.7. Licenses and Approvals 605 42.8 General Circuit Performance and Application tems 605 Compensation 606 139 ‘Stability (Steady State) Line Loading a Routing “Transpostions Tranemission-Line Protection Power-Line Cari Environmental Measurements Line Parameters Line and Station Performance and Application Items Insulation for Switching Surges Insuiation for Lightning Inaultion for Contamination ‘Ground Evctrie Field Magnetic Indtion ‘Audible Nolse (AN) Fado intererence (A Television interterence (TV!) Corona Loss Ground Wire Design (60 H2) Transient Votage insulation (Station) Insulation for Contamination (Station) Corona Performance (Station) Corona Shields (Station) Ground Becric Field (Near Stations) 608 607 608 609 610 eit 612 613, ous 614 615 616 617 618 619 620, 621 621 622 623 624 624 625 625Foreword {In 1968, the Edison Electric Institute published the EHV Trans- mmission Line Reference Book, a design handbook for the electric utilities of the United States, This book was based on the results ‘of many years of research sponsored by General Electric and the utilicyindustry at what then was Project EHV in Pittsfield, Mas- sachusetts. Ths research evolved around the design and development of EHV transmission from 345 kV 10 735 kY, the latter boeing the expected, maximum ac transmission voltage in North ‘America for several years to come. Hovever, even before the book was published, it became apparent that 735 kV would not represent an upper transmission voltage limit in North America. The 765-KV lines of the Ameri can Electric Power Service Corporation were already on the drawing boards, and UHV transmission (above 1000 kV) was being considered for the early 1980s, Power pooling, difficulties in obtaining adequate rights-of-way, and difficulties in locating generation near large load centers were factors leading to this consideration, Recognizing the situation, the Edison Electric Institute and the Bonneville Power Administration funded, in 1967, renewed five-year research program at Project EHV dedicated toward advancing transmission into the 1000-1500-kV ae range. At the same time, the Project was renamed Project UHV in recognition of the work in the higher voltage range, and overall sponsorship was assumed by the Electric Research Cour In turn, General Electric staffed the Project, served as prime contractor for the work, and distributed the results to the Electric Research Coun cil menbers as directed by the Project Steering Committe. By 1971, it was readily apparent that the research in some of the UHV problem areas—-particularly environmental effects of coroni—could not be completed in the original five-year time scale. In fact, stronger environmental concerns were causing ma Jor alterations in many research priorities, For this reason, work. Was funded for two additional years—through 1973—by both the Edison Electric Institute and the Bonneville Power Adminis- tration. During this later period, additional financial support was also provided by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the ‘American Public Power Association ‘The goal of the seven-year effort was a new transmission design book that would extend the older EHV Transmission Line Reference Book through UHV levels o 1500 kV. A strong need existed for one volume that would cover most of the electrical Considerations of transmission-line design through the entire rangeabove 345 KV, thus updating the older design book and ex- panding its usefulness. A particular need was evident for a com rehensive review of design criteria to limit the emission of aucible noise from UHV transmission lines to values that would not degrade the environment and to review the electrostatic-field effects in the vicinity of UHV lines. These needs were met with ‘the publication of the first edition of the Transmission Line Ref (ie erence Book—345 kV and Above in 1975 by the Elestric Power Research lastitute (EPRI) Since 1975, the research on EHV and UHV transmission has continued ata pace and significance that has warranted the publication of a second edition. This new edition represents a substantial expansion inthe technical content of each of the topics of the first edition. New electrical design items have also been in- ‘troduced. A partial list of these new topics includes series and shunt compensation; line oadability line configurations corona shield design for stations line parameter tables ozone production ‘modal transmission considerations electric fields (shielding) magnetic fields insulation stress analysis ‘weather data (source and use) lightning analysis procedures transmission planning elements summary chapter The preceding new items (and others) plus « bruder data base fr the continuing topics from the first edition and the sum rary chapter enable this edition tobe of greater use ta the begin- ting engineer as wel as wo the experienced lin designer. Even as the second edition af ths book is published, the research on UHV transmission continues, and it wll eontinue far beyond the first construction ofan operating UHV system. Fux ture results wll, no doubt, modify some ofthe data presented, for the future is built on the experiences ofthe past There are some problem areas within this book for which sufficient technical Knowledge to make a clear-cut decision is still no: available. These areas avait more research. Infact, its doubttul that any transmission line ever was, or ever willbe, designed with com= plete knowledge ofeach parameter or with complete knowledge of the consequences of choice of alternatives. Often, an instinct of what sight or what is wrong must be employed, and the exer cise ofthis instinct, or judgment, may mark a designer as a “good” engineer or a “bad” one. When these areas of uncer- tainty are encountered inthis book; the euthors have attempted to identify them as uncertain. Nevertheless, all decisions cannot be deferred until complete knowledge is available. Hence, procedures have boon suggested whenever it seems that th might as sist the reader inthe decision-making process ‘The one lesson tobe learned from the dats on the pages that follow is that no upper limit tac transmission vltagssis yet apparent, The problems often change as the voltages change, and the difficulties increase with voltage—a penalty one must pay“Taansmssion L1Ne REFERENCE BOOK 345 KY AND ABOVE for higher capacity. The only limit apparent is human ingena- ity-the capecity for creative solutions to problems an the will ingness to face new situations—and the realistic evaluation of needs. “As of the rinuseript-preparation stage for the second edition of this book, the United States is making slow but steady pros fess toward adopting the metric system. At present, the process isstill in the transition stage, making it difficult to adhere completely to either the English or the metric system without confus- Tg many readers. The authors have used International System (G1) units whenever practical, but have included English units when custom of long usage makes it mandatory. Practically all ‘lectrcal relations are in MKS units, with voltages in volts, cur ents in amperes, most distances in meters, charges in coulombs, Ceotric. ard magnetic-ield intensities in volts/meter and ‘{mpere-turas/meter, respectively, induetance in henres, capaci: tance in farads, and weights in kilograms. The dielectric con- stant of free space is (1/36n) * 10°" farads/meter and the permeability of free space 4x ° 10-7 henries/meter. The futhors have taken the liberty of using multiples of these units where the arithmetic is simplified (such as KV/em, kV/meter, tiloamperes), and when used, the units are so specified.Chapter 1 PROJECT UHV: A TRANSMISSION RESEARCH FACILITY by J. R. Doyle and L. E. Zattanella 4.1 INTRODUCTION Project UHV (Ultrahigh Voltage), funded and guided by the Electric Power Research Institute, representsa multimillion dol- lar research investment in design knowledge for EHV (Extra- high Voltage) and UHV overhead transmission, Located in the Housatonic Valley, just south of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the surrounding New England hills have sheltered it from high winds and severe vibration problems, but at the same time have provided ample fog, rain, snow, and wide-ranging temperatures for environmental studies. The presence of a nearby General Blectric high-voltage laboratory has also played a prominent part init location, and General Electric has supplied the staff, equipped the project, and carried out the research—all with funding supplied by the Electric Power Research Institute. The data in this Book have come primacily—but not exclusively from this facility Like so many high-voltage transmission research projects, Project UHV did not arise from any one master plan, but evolved step by step as time and funds permitted —a continuous process of change and innovation. Its predecessor was Project EHV, the research facility built and funded by General Blectric in 1958- 1964 to provide design data for EHV transmission through the 400-750-KV range then being needed. With support by the Edi- son Electric Institute and the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1965 and 1966, Project EHV made over 12 million electrical, ‘mechanical, and meteorological measurements of EHY line phe- ‘nomena, and wrote for the industry the EHV Transmission Line Reference Book, published by the Edison Electric Institute in 1968 (1). That book describes in detail both the project in its EHV years and the results ofthe research through 750 kV. By 1966 it was alrcady apparent that Project UHV did not have adequate voltage capabilities for required research in the yeats ahead. Hydro-Quebec had 735-kV transmission in con- Struction, and the 765-KV lines of the American Electric Power Service Corporation were on the drawing boards. Extrapolation of the trends in generator sizes and transmission voltages—and review of the nation’s population trends and growing energy re- uirements—provided strong evidence that UHV ac transmission would be needed within North America in the future. ‘Therefore, in 1966 the future of UHV transmission in the United States began to receive active consideration, and in 1967 the construction of the equipment for Project UHV began. A five- Yyeur research program was envisioned covering a voltage range from 1000 to 1500 KV. Briefly the objectives were as follows: 1. Todetermine the tower geometry and insulation require- ‘ments for transmission voltages from 1000 to 1500 kV 2, To obtain experimental and analytical information to {improve the understanding of insulation strength of suspension insulators subjected to surface contamination, 3, Toassess the lightning performance of UHV lines. 4, To evaluate UHV-line corona losses by both full-scale and cage tests, 5. By full-scale and cage tests, to evaluate radio-noise and aaudible-noise characteristics of UHV transmission lines, tnd to explore means of reduction and control. 6. To determine and evaluate the environmental influence of UHV transmission lines. 7. To explore the present technological limits of ac trans mission and the direction of future research efforts Instrumentation and equipment from Project EHV already in place for this kind of research on EHV problems were modified And utilized for this new research. In January 1967 the project ‘was renamed Project UHV to better describe its expanded ac- tivities In the early stages ofthis program, three-phase research was not economically justifiable until single-phase work had defined the problems and assessed study priorities. Three-phase oper: ation generates three sets of phenomena intermixed at each in- stant of time, often making it difficult to unravel the quantitative aspects of each mechanism. Three-phase measurements are of greatest value as transmission technology matures and the modes of addition or superposition of influences become important, and as the program moves into those areas of study that single-phase cannot duplicate. Therefore, a single-phase test line was constructed forthe initial period of research from 1967 to 1971. Single-phase research was extended to 1973 when it became apparent that additional research was necessary tain vestigate subjects of most importance for UHV transmission, Additional funding for this work was supplied by Bonneville Power Administration and the American Public Power Associ- In 1974, the project was expanded to three-phase operation with the addition of two UHV transformers, surge arrester, coupling capacitors, and associated equipment, Two new suspen-“TRaNsMISION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE sion towers and one new dead-end tower were added, and an existing dead-end tower was modified to provide the necessary iarge clearances for three-phase operation. These towers allow phase spacings up to23 m, with ground clearance at mid-span up (024m. 4.2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT UHV FACILITIES agein the range of 346 KV 0866 KV phase-to-groung (600 KV to 1500 kV phase-to-phase). A 13.8-KV tertiary, with both ends iso: lated, allows energization with a 180° phase reversal for special tests, such as reduction of the field at ground potential by out-of- phase underbuit lines. The power available from the local utility Table 12.1 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT SHOWN IN FIGURE 1.2.1 tem oeserton diagram ofthe major crcl Project UHV is given in 1 eloped goat veh Figure 12.1 Figures 1.22 through 1.3.2 illustrate some of te GES, breaker, 115KV Irajor items of equipment. 3, breaker 15K ie gure Li three-phase 110-KV circuit fom the local @—_Manualy operates daconnert sth oh aME 2 te ofa wuremensofthspoect, § ——Bapalng aroma 178K roa 18 29% ove aera eemeting tensormer covering voltage range 110 kV instep an seating irnrme coven rage Bh & {vse acre, Tn wy ug OOK single phase and three-phase test circuit connections are shown, 7 LUHY single-phase autotranstormer, 1500/ V3 KV Saco : To ee ne stngaf three 2»MVA vursorm TA tr apephas aoransemer, 100/ V3 erst noenin Fagre 12.2 The teenie are ner iential, SAN sree Poteank ated en oun crleshania Figure 22. wormald in d,bas@—egutingtanrin, 23411060 2s a separately mounted Atmoseal® tank, while the center- and 8 2gkv- ea single-phase step-up transformer, 800 KVA 2 aarp lamaled in 1974 have the Atmo- |] Reds conten area sear eins tank Theres ao provision for inserting 12 patos ae reat tne ue for posible location under thetest_ UNV coe = B Sivie thane Tio tatformap havea nso tap change frcomess 4g Beggs one ery U5 RW or 198/V3ANe In combination with 17 Urine stung sraformer this makes available an output vlt- __ =o : ® T —en | wy ! te ! © T 7 . How eur Figure 1.24 Project UHV cicult lagram.13,8/23-KV system isnot sufficient to supply the capacitive curent of the UH line; therefore a $00-KVA,,13.8-kV reactor was installed to compensate this capacitive current Factory test voltages applied to the high-voltage side of the transformers were as follows Full wave (200 1400 us) 2100 kV Full wave (1.5 X 45 us) 2600 kV Induced voltage (240 He for 60 min) TSOKV 900-KV SURGE ARRESTERS. Protection of the high-voltage side of the UHV transformers provided by 900-KV Alugard® surge arresters shown in Figure 1.2.3. Theseare specially built arresters |2.3 m high, with an upper shield ring 3.7 m in diameter. The east-phase arrester, installed in 1968, consists of three porcelain columns four units high and then @ double column five units high. One column is used for the gap and valve elements, and one for grading capacitors. The third column, which is empty, is used for mechanical strength, The center- and west-phase arrester, installed in 1974, consist of triple column two units high, a double column two units igh, anda single columa four units high. Design improve- ments and stranger porcelain have reduced the total number of units required on the newer arresters Design characteristics of the arresters, as proven by tests, were as follows: Max. 1.5 X 50-us sparkover 2175 kV IR @SkA 2175 kV Max. switching surge sparkover 2020kV Max. front of wave sparkaver 2500 kV (1200 KV /us) Figure 1.2.2. ‘Throe-phase UHV transformer bank Prouect UHV: A TRANSMISSION RESEARCH FACILITY PRECISION CAPACITOR ‘An SFo- insulated precision capacitor was installed on the east phase in 1968. This capacitor allows highly accurate voltage measurements and also highly accurate phase-angle measure. ments for use in conjunction with radio-link current signals for the measurement of losses. This capacitor is normally connected only tothe east phase, but itcan be connected tothe other phases by means of temporary jumpers for calibration of the voltage measurement systems, The normal voltage measurement on all phases is made using the capacitance taps on the high-voltage bushings of the transformers. SINGLE-PHASE CASCADE OPERATION One of the three UHV transformers was insulated from ‘ground in 1977 (Figure 1.2.4). Insulation is provided by @ ‘mounting stand made up of 40 columns of eap-and-pin insulators ‘auyed by porcelain-skirted fiberglass insulators. The effective Clearance to ground is $ m. Each stack of eap-and-pin insulators is supported on a universal joint to ensure only axial loading, and ‘each universal joint is mounted on spring washers to ensure equal loading of the columns. This elevated transformer is used in cascade with another unit to supply single-phase voltages up to 1700 kV phase-to- round (2940 kV phase-to-phase). The output voltage is con- trolled by the regulating transformer and also by adjustment of a Figure 123. 4) 900-KV surge arrests 1) High-precision, SFgsnsulated gas capacitor Dee eee“TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE the reactor and capacitors (Figure 1.2.5). The circuit constants fare such that even though this system operates asa resonant circuit, it has a very low Q, and the operating point is far down on the resonance curve, resulting in good voltage regulation. Figure 1.2.4. West-phase UHV transformer on insulating piatform. Figure 1.2.5, ‘ver capactor bank and reactor under this enclosure West-phase UHV transformer, with metal enclosure 4 SWITCHING SURGE OPERATION Using two ofthe three UHV transformers (including the unit with the tank insulated from ground), the capability of generating switching surges with crest values up to 3000 kV, with front times up to 3000 ys, i available, The circuit for accomplishing, these switching surges is shown in Figure 1.2.6. A 200-uF bank of capacitors rated 30 KV is connected through triggered gaps to teach of the transformer tertiary windings. The capacitor bank ‘on the first transformer of the cascade is charged by direct connection toa 30-kV de charging supply; the capacitor bank on the elevated transformer is charged by means ofa large switch that isolates the cascaded tank during the surge. The retura circuit for this charging current is through the winding of the first transformer back to ground. ‘THREE-PHASE UHV TEST LINE [A plan-profile ofthe UHV test line i shown in Figure 1.2.7 ‘The ineis supported on two portal-type suspension towers with a main span of 340 m., The conductors are dead-ended in a pair of, steel cables that are supported by an end structure and terminat- ced inan anchor system set behind the towers at ground level (see Figure 1.2.8). Sag, and therefore ground clearance, are adjust- able over a range of approximately 12 m, with the line energized. Under high ice and wind loads, the conductors are slacked as shown to prevent overloads on the towers. “The outline of suspension towers 2 and 3 is shown in Figure 1.29, and of dead-end tower 4 in Figure 1.2.10. The suspension towers are guyed structures resting on a ball-and-socket joint. “Two 4-3/4 em (1-7/3 in) bridge pins join the leg tothe truss. The towers are constructed of A-36 galvanized steel; each leg weighs 13,600 ke (15 8), and the truss weight is 60,000 kg (66 1). Each leg foundation is supported by four 7-m (23-ft) deep-pressure- injected, uneased footings with a desiga load capability of 63,000, kg (701) each, ‘The design capabilities of the UHV test line are as follows: ‘Total length 523 m (17161) ‘Main suspension span 340 m (1116 ft) Phase spacing 9-24 m (30-80 ft) ‘Tower-to-ground clearance 46 m (150 ft) Height above ground ‘depending on conductor size 21-30 m (70-100 ft) une conpucTor —! tom polgen TRIGATRON ‘SUPPLY GAP wecranten, & SET cuts * ae | ‘POWER ee ay TEASING v1 BEER Tee TO INSTRUMENTS: Figure 1.2.6. Creut for applying switching sures,Prosect UHV: A TRANSMISSION RESEARCH FACILITY ‘Working tension: 22,700 kg (50,000 Ib/ phase) ‘Maximum tension: 45,400 kg (100,000 Ib phase) e_- - peat o ar “overs, winches, and dead-ends for the following bundles | 4- with either 1.27 em (0.5 in) of ice and 190 N/m? (4 Ib-f/ft") 7 wind, oF no ice and 430 N/m? (9 Ib-f/ft") wind: | 7 \6X 330m (1.302in) ee 1X 46em (18 in) 8X 10cm (4 in) expanded id 1 The facilities include tension-stringing equipment (Figure Ti with capebity of stinging upto O-r-dameter con conga ne Autos at 900g tno at sped of 8 LL 8 CKET +235 SEN TORE TOWERS 283 Sa _— Figure 1.2.9. Outline, towers 2 and 3 soo | SHEL mS ate 1 a Uo 7 ZN AN i I PN oo = ae Jour esac) —ol 1 aL0exs TO 1000 PASE SPACING SUPPORT 2 oo 7 ‘et caates a ae woos 950 L— anne ‘SALE-FEET O+0 3400 PROFILE «416.7416 BAL soo ‘9 200.490 690 890 1900 6 eg Tow MORIZONTAL SCALE -FEE TOWER #4 PLAN Figure 1.2.10, Outline, tower 4 x 338" 48 a Figure 1.2.7. Plan-prole, towers 1-4 500018 we o> ees PErIIT} Fea Figue 128, Plar-prolil, towers 1-2. Figure 1.2.14 Tensioning machine wih 10-1 bull wheels‘TRaNsMssiOn Lins REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE INSULATOR STRINGS The three-phase Project UY test line is being used to dem onstrate some alleraative suspension insulator string designs that stisy the electrical and mechanical canstraint imposed by transmission voltage levels up to 1500/ V3 kY. All the suspension strings are V-type since the long vertical strings necessary on UHV systems would allow unacceptably large wind swing displacementsin this instalation For the initial insulator configuration, the total length of ‘each leg athe V-strings was chosen to be 8.6 m (28 ft). In clean and dry conditions, this ength insulator string would have 60 Hecritical flashover voltage (CFO) of 2700/ V3 RV, whereas in regions with very light to light contamination conditions, the strings would be sufficient fora 1200-KV system if ant-fog-type insulators were used, according to artificial contamination tests performed previously at Project UHY. ‘The switching surge CFO of the conductor-tower air gap ‘would depend on the length of such a gap. Usually, the insulators are suspended from the test towers with fong hangers. However, itis possible to duplicate practical tower structures by means of suitable mock-ups for both center- and outer-phase simulation. Mechanica. considerations of the NESC Reavy loading conditions with 1.27 em (0.5 in) ice and 68 km/h (40-mi/) horizon: tal wind on the 16 X 3.3 om ([.3-in) conductor bundle showed thatthe maxinurn working tension in each leg of the V-steings would be 22,760 ke (50,000 Ib). Sueh high mechanical strength could be achieved by using single strings or by paralleling two or more substrings flower strength so thatthe multiple strings had the necessary total strength. Te insulator strings atthe dead-end towers are quadruple, with each substring containing 45 standard-type porcelain units with a mechan cl strength of 22,700 ke (50,000 Ib) and a string length of 7.7 m (25 ft). Two types of toroidal shields are being used atthe termination af the conductor bundles on the insulator strings. One, sown in Figure 1.2.12, consists of a composite of fivecitculr rings 10 cm (4in) in diameter, with an overal diam eter of 3 m (LO). The other typeof dead-end shield, shown in Figure 1.213, isa composite of 17 circular rings 3.3 om (1.3 in) in diameter, with an outer toroid diameter of 3m (10 f) ‘CORONA TESTING CAGE The need has long existed for means to measure characteristics of bundle sonductors without resorting to the expedient of, Figure 1.2.12 Oeac-end corona shields, made of 10-em pipes, building.a transmission line to make the test. Testing a bundle on full-scale overhead line may be the most realistic method, out itis also expensive end time consuming. Aside from the difficulties and expense ofa full-scale stringing operation, overhead line fests must cope with uncontrolled rainfall, ill-defined clecieic field conditions, and a slow and tedious system of measurements, Toavoid these problems and to permit a rapid exploration of var jous bundle conditions, Project UHV uses a corona testing cage asa standard research tool, This cage was built atthe project and is shown in Figure 1.2.14 Figure 1.2.18, Dead-end corona shields made o! 17 pipes, 3.9 em in ciamoter. Figure 1.2.14. UHV conductor test cage {The cage has a 7.9-m (26-ft) cross section and an active length of 15.2:m (50 ft), The cage is constructed of an outer structural frame, which in turn supports on insulators the inter- nal cage made up of a steel framework covered with wire mesh. ‘This inner framework is isolated into three separate S-m lengths, each of which may be grounded through suitable impedances 10 allow measurements of radio and television interference voltages ‘and also corona loss. Audible noise is measured by microphones. mounted on the cageside walls at the elevation of the conductors. The conductors inthe test cage may be supported by various ‘end fittings, but are generally supported by large slotted plates, (Figure 1.2.15) that not only allow radial adjustment to change bundle diameters but also can be used to obtain asymmetric configurations of the bundle subconductors with varying subconductor spacings. The test cage is equipped with a rain spray system that pro- vides testing in artificial rain. Also, the open construction of the cage permits testing under natural rain and snow conditions INSULATOR CONTAMINATION RESEARCH ‘The adoption of UH transmission in the United States is predicated on circuit-breaker development Keeping pace with voltage growth, with resulting sizable decreases in the ratio of crest switching-surge voltage to crest power-frequency voltage as ‘transmission climbs above 800 KV. In other words, i is expected that switching surges will be hardly greater in amplitude for, say, 1200-KV systems than for existing 800-KY systems. If this is the case, then 1200-KV air gap clearances need be only moderately Jarger than those existing on the lower voltage systems, because these gaps are set by switching-surge withstand requirements However, as power frequency voltages continue to increase, s0 does the steady-state voltage stress across each insulator string, unless the strings are lengthened. The length of the strings and the best insulator unit shape within the string are determined by the contamination performance of the insulator. The 60-Hz flashover performance of these strings under conditions of contamination and fog must be determined before any UHV line can be built with confidence, For contamination testing at Project UHV, two laboratory buildings arc utilized. Figure 1.2.16 shows the largest build- Jng—the UHV fog chamber. This cylindrical structure, 24.4 m high by 24 4 m in diameter, consists of one large room capable of testing insulators up to 12 m long. Fog within the room is made by evaporating water from large, electrically heated tanks. The test voltage, supplied by the UHV transformer (Figure 1.2.2), ‘as intially fed through 2 large plastic window in one side ofthe building. Although this window was acceptable, it limited voltage to about 750 kV and had severe maintenance problems. 1 has since been augmented by a porcelain wall-bushing installed in an opposite wall. This bushing allows the full transformer voltage of 866 kV to be brought into the test chamber, without the maintenance problems associated with the plastic window. ‘The window has been kept intact and is available for special tests, such as phase-to-phase or 60 Hz combined with switching surges. To limit Nashover current to approximately 30 A, a resistor is inserted in series with the low side of the transformer (Figure 1.2.17). This resistor, made of 1830 m of nichrome wire laced beck and forth inthe air for cooling, is designed to hold the fault current for one second for manual tripping of breakers. Two identical resistors are actually available, and both can be used for special tests, such as phase-to-phase flashover testing in air, or phase-to-phase testing of contaminated insulators, Prosect UHV: A TRANSMISSION RESEARCH FACILITY Figure 12.17, formers curing fault ests Currentlimiting esators for protection of UHV tanssnansntsston LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE 1.3 INSTRUMENTATION FOR DATA ACQUISITION DATA ACQUISITION COMPUTER ‘The heart of the data acquisition system is Hewlett Pachaed 2100S digital computer (Figure 1.3.1) operating in the artiare enviroament of the H-P Real Time Exerutive Basie Treguage System, Computer hardware incudes a 32-K care sarge highvspeed paper tape eader and punch, a magnet ere unit anda 30-cheractr-pr-seeond teletype ttm! tae von to the regular features of the Basic Language, te we etn inorpostes special program calls forthe sampling nd ‘handling of data inputs. vine computer is programmed to sample each data-inPyt channel every 20 seconds. Bach minute an average of the Ber Shanmnvee readings is determined for each channel. The aver ‘pod data are ten converted othe desired engineering ys and nae et magnetic tape for future analysis. Concurrently with sroree on magnetic ape, certain operator-slectabe channel se printed out onthe teletype for a real-time record of the Per formance of the Fine, INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS Inputs to the eomputer are derived from separate instrumentation systems for vltage, weather conditions audible ness a= Rotmerfereace, corona loss television interference, and ozone SX gpa astern consist of sensor Toate im the fe thet apypimed toa measuring instrument in the control room. The fer the desired amount of power reliably and in a cost-effective manner. The design ofa transmission line and the selection of the associated equipment begin with the preparation of the trans- ‘mission system plan and are completed when all components are specified. Therefore, before undertaking the design of a specific, EHV-UHY transmission line, itis important to understand both, the role of the transmission system in the overall power system. ‘and the impact of the line design on the performance and reli= ability ofthe transmission system, ROLE OF TRANSMISSION ‘The principal function of a transmission system isto transfer electric energy in bulk from generating plants at various loa- tions to the load centers. The use of large generating units of plants in conjunction with a transmission network permits not only economic dispatch of power within regions during normal conditions, but als the transfer of power between regions during ‘emergencies. This latter role of transmission has become particularly important in recent years due to geographical imbt ances in fuel availability, Thus, transmission interconnections of adequate capacity between separate power systems make possi= ‘le the integrated operation of these systems with resulting per~ formance and economic advantages. The principal economic advantage to date has been a reduction in the reserve generating capacity required onthe system, The ability to use the lowest cost fuel—whether gas, coal, nuclear, or hydro—has also be ‘come increasingly important. ‘The significance of transmission was summarized in 1964 by the Federal Power Commission (FPC) in the “National Power Survey” as follows “The strategie importance of transmission is much greater ‘than is indicated by its share in the overall cost of electricity, Adequate interconnections where economically justified pro- Vide the key to large-scale, low-cost diversity, tothe sharing of reserve generating eapacity, and tothe most efficient utiliza- tin of existing generating capacity. In short, interconnection isthe coordinating medium that makes possible the mos efi- cient use of facilites in any area or region.” GENERAL TRANSMISSION DESIGN CRITERIA In general, planning @ new transmission addition includes several important aspects ofthe overall power system, namely: + Real and reactive power flow + Beonomies + Stability + Interchange capability + Reliability + Environmental impact ‘The planning process is usually iterative in nature in order not only to meet a near-term system need, but also to develop a viable plan for the evolution of the overall future transmission, system, (Once transmission planning has been completed, the broad ‘objective inthe designing of a specific transmission system addition isto achieve the desired power transfer between prescribed locations in reliable and cost-effective manner. More specifi= cally, the design of the transmission addition must take into ac> count: + Power tobe transferred + Length of line ‘+ Nature of compensation required + Magnitudes of overvoltages anticipated + Protection against disturbances such as faults and overvoltages ‘+ Anticipated weather conditions + Line conduetor and insulation design + Line tower and mechanical design + Environmental constraints to be met + Losses + Potential unfavorable interactions between the transmission system, generators, and loads due to such aspects as harmonies and resonances ‘+ Equipment, installation, and maintenance costs + Intermediate switching stations + Transpositions n“1261 ulsoieis pewun 24 u Homieu UOSSUISUEN AHL e2 ab Na ¢ Let '1e Ea [= L eae SUNT NOISSINSNYUL TOVIIOA HOIH VULXA YOrVI ‘TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVEEHY-UHY TransMission SySTEMS {LE61 Ur S8¥84g ponun oul Uy SoU) UoSUSLON AHS Jo 18H dyRIBUMG a4°2'Z om ‘dlo9 a01Aw3s 917Nd NISNODSIMN (09 LHDI7 9 43MO4 NISNODSIN (00 H3MOd 91419373 NISNODSIAG ‘00 W3MOd Na 1S3m ‘09 olui937a sitasnHovssyw NUILSI ‘09 Hama ¥ 914193713 VINIOUIA, (09 W3MOd 91849373 LNOWUSA ‘09.LHOI1® WaMOd HVA NOY UIMOd VaHY NUSiSaM-ADYING 40 LNGWLLUVEIG Sf iWd¥ H3MOd 3711A3NNOS: ADNAN 40 INaNLuVEsO Sn ‘09 91419373 ® Sv YWOHY INO “d09 O1WLOIT3 ASTIVA OIHO. NISNOOSIM-~"09 H3MOd $3¥1S NUSHLUON \VLOS3NNIN~'09 43MOd $3L¥1S NHSHLHON, "00 3OIAU3S OI 1ENd VNVIONI NH3LHHON ‘NoIssiiunoo w3Mod 914419373 NOIMENNE MIN, (09 LHOI NOSIG3 ® Sv GHOsa3S MAN (09 1HDI7 8 UaMod sITOUN ‘09 91419313 NYDIHOIN=VN ‘09 waMOd S10 ‘09 Wand OVA ‘00 WaMod ® ONILHDM NOLSNOH ‘00 AHDI7 91410713 GUOSLUYH "09 SaLLIan savas 410 “03 Hanod «09 4aMod ‘09 91419313 OSve 13 ‘09 LHOI aNS3nONG ‘G9 WaMod 34Na ‘09 NosiGa LiOH130, (09 ADI 8 U3MO4NOLAWO (09 01410373 8 SVO NOSONL 96 ‘09 NOSIG3 0037101 “$¢ (09 LONI WIMO SVXEL #6 ‘09 301Au3S 919313 SvxaL tS ALMOHINY A3TIVA 33SS3NNIL “26 “4009 o1u19313 3118 34VNOS “16 MOA MBN 40°09 Nosia3 a31varTOSNOD ‘09 WaMiOd'® INDIT LNILI3NNOD ‘09 NOSIG3 HL-W3MNOWNOD ‘09 91419373 O1HO NUSHLNOS ¥ snEINNTOO ‘8 ‘st e i ze te 06 ‘8 a (00 LHOIT GNY HaMod VaIuOTs “Zz % s ve ez wz te 2 ‘L a a ‘00 83MOd 1819373 INV ‘YNVIGNI 40°09 3D1A43S OIT8Nd * ‘00 SVD ¥ O1819373 JOIAHSS OITBNd MOA MBN JO31VIS 3H1 40 ALIUONLNY U3MOd (99 1419313 8 SV9 NOSIaviN ‘4009 Y3MOa 91819373 "V NV Wt ALINOHLNY UBATY OGWHOIO9 H3MOT ‘00 1419373 BSVO 3THASINOT "00 LHD @ UaMOd WNVISINO? aMoa w W3LVM 40 1430 SFT3ONY $01 ‘00 DNILVNINATT 1493713 ONVIIAITO (00 21ML9373 # SV LLVNNIONIO (00 LHDI 8 U3MOd TWHINGD ‘4409 91419373 8 Sv NOSNH TWHINID, (00 LHOIT Y3MOd YNIIOHYS '00 LHD H3MOd O1aIOVE (09 301AW3S OITaNg YNOZIEY ‘00 WaMOd NVIHOWTVadY “L RESRERSSRUSESaSsS & ‘00 WMOd 31VISUSINI SIT dIHSYaNMOSe ee TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 kV AND ABOVE “The design ofthe transmission ine itself is critical because of its significant impact on the cost and performance of the trans- ‘mission acdition, It should be recognized at the outset that the design of en EHV-UHV line is, in essence, an optimization pro- ‘ess that seeks fo meet many electrical, mechanical, and environ- rental performance requirements and constraints, while ‘minimizing overall cos. "This chapter discusses the characteristics and requirements of EHV-UHY transmission systems as background for more de tailed discussions of line performance and design in later chap. ters. In acdtion, an overview is presented ofthe various aspects of line design as well as the optimization process. Chapter 13 wll serve as adetailed summary ofthe ac line design proces. 2.2 LOAD GROWTH AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM EVOLUTION ‘The ac transmission system in the United States developed from a need to transfer large blocks of energy from remote generation fecilities to load centers. As the system grew, transmission additions were made to improve reliability, to achieve economic generation utilization through interconnections, and to strengthen the transmission backbone with higher voltage overlays. Figure 2.2.1, prepared by the Department of Energy, shows the major extra-high voltage (EHV) transmission lines of, 345 kV~765 kV ac and 250 kV-400 kV de in existence in 1977, Numerous lines of 115 kV-230 kV are used as primary transmission or become an underlay to higher voltage Tine. HISTORICAL LOAD GROWTH Based on Edison Electric Institute (EEI) reports, the peak noncoincident electric load growth in the United States is shown in Figure 2.2.2 for the period 1920-1978 (1,2). The peak power increased from 8600 to 344,000 MW between 1920 and 1973, or atan anual rate of 7% During the years 1973 to 1978, the anual rate decreased to 3.5% as a consequence of fuel cost and availabilty. Untilabout 1960, the load of most utilities peaked in the winter. Since that time, this trend has reversed, and the United States is presently a summer-peaking nation due primarily to ex tensive air conditioning loads. A number of utilities, especially in the northern Plain states, are still winter peaking. FORECAST LOAD GROWTH “The rate of growth ofthe peak electrical load in the United ‘States has been uncertain since the 1973 Middle East oil embar- zo. Present projections by the Edison Electric Institute put the near-term annal load growth at about 5%, witha leveling off at 145%, o- slightly less, in the mid 1980s (2). Based on a 4.5% growth rate, it may be anticipated that the peak noncoincident tlectric power requirement will be on the order of 1075 GW by 000 AD, or 2.63 times that of 1978. Past forecasts would have put the power requirement closer to4 times that of 1978, which ‘would have meant doubling every ten years. ‘The peak load, although groving at a smaller rate, will con tinue to require expansion of utility transmission systems. The subject of this book is the electrical design of the extra-high and tultea-hgh ac voltage lines that will be required to achieve this, expansion 4 AC TRANSMISSION LINE GROWTH ‘The circuit miles of ae overhead transmission lines in service at the end of 1977 and projected through 1986 for the tort elec. tric utility industry in the United States are shown in Figure 2.2.3. These data were taken from reports by the Edison Electric Institute and the National Electrical Manufacturers Associ ation (NEMA) (1,3). The higher voltage lines with higher loading capabilities continue to experience a higher growth cate, 2s predicted in past editions of The Reference Book (4,5). As loads ‘row, 765 kV isa logical voltage forthe overlay of 345 kV having a previous underlay of 138 kV. Similarly, 800 kV will eonsinue to Find its place as an overlay of 230 kV and 161 kV. Higher volt- ‘ages mean higher power transfer capability, as illustrated by the surge impedance loading capabilities of typical EHV transmis: sion lines in Table 2.2.1. The highest transmission voltage in use jn North America is plotted against the year of energization in Figure 2.2.4. The highest voltage was 10 kV in 1892. In 1965, Hydro-Quebec energized a 365-mile, 735-kV transmission line, the highest voltage inthe world at that time, to transmit power from remote hydro sites to Montreal and Quebec. Figure 2.24 shows that the 735-KV line was energized after the SO0-kY line. "The first 765-KV lines in the United States were buil for the ‘American Electrie Power System and were energized in 1970. The existing 76S-KY lines in the United States now exceed 1400 miles, oF 0.5% of the total. Because of the high-power transfer capability, this represents 5% of the total transfer capability in the United States. This capability will rise to 7.6% by 1986, ‘according to the latest NEMA survey (3), down considerably from the growth forecast in 1972. It is expected that UHV transmission voltages wil be intro- duced, posiblyin the late 1980s. Voltages ranging between 1100 KV and 1500 kV ate being seriously considered. Because of the ‘numerous problems associated with the introduction of UHV si 7 ‘ol — é j 2 : pie i | Figure 2.22 Peak elect’ load growth of tities ia the Unted States,EHV-UHY Transnission SysreMs Table 22.1 SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING CAPABILITY Surge Maximum Nominal Phase Conductors Impedance System System Line Conductor per Phase Surge Loading Vottege Voltage Type Diameter Phase Spacing Impedance Capability “w) ow) (emvin) (vt) (ohms) ‘onva)* 382 345 Hor 448/176 1 15/288 366 325 382 348 Hor pavtit 2 75/248 285 a6 382 345 Dete pain 2 90/295 283 ai 550 500 Hot 448/1.76 2 100/328 27 art 550 500 Ver 296/117 4 9.0/235 235 1084 550 500 Dette 407/180 3 100/828 ear 012 800 768 Hot 3511.38 4 140/459 258 2268 300 765 Dette 3511.38 4 16.8/55.1 27 2er7 1200 1100 Hor 4.07/1.60 8 185/607 22 5216 200 1100 Datta 4077180 8 220/722 231 5238 ” 1500 Hoe 4.0771.60 2 225/738 225 10,000 ‘Based on nominal system votiage “snomaxinum satom volage a boo etabieod, Calatons ae based onthe nominal oge 10 1000 500 110-185 kv + 10 rT 209] 7 I 2 1 ad = 100 — 4 : | Er 7 J | | 20 t t tor 1 1ol_f— 1950 1960 1970—«Y880——«1980 18801900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Figure 2.2.3, Circuit miles of overhoad ac transmission linesin the Urit- eaStates, Figure 2.2.4, Highest ac transmission votag in North america“TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE transmission (audible noise, radio noise, electrostatic field oF te contamination, and switching vervoltages) the ital aP- plication may be stow in coming. “The prowth of ac underground transmission has been much slower because ofits high cost and limited distance capability Tngergound transmission (115-348 kV) is use in metropol- tamarens where land s either too costly or is unavailable for ver: tend, or where esthetic considerations make overhead Snes rea copable, At the end of 1976 there were an estimated 257) eso underground transssion in the United Stats (3). Ti Figure is expected to grow to 3419 miles by 1986. Aliens) & revo bepianing, two miles of S00-KV underground cable were installed in 1976-2 new milestone. Tigh cost, limited right-of-way, and the need to transmit amore power into densely populated urban areas have led the oy srepat and the utilities to sponsor research directed at reduc, sepegts and. increasing cable capacity (6), Growth of ine, ground. transmission willl not appreciably reduce the a at overhead EHV-UHY transmission tbe constructed through the year 2000. EVOLUTION OF DC TRANSMISSION tectre powers transmitted worldwide principally by means of alternating current. However, there are certain applications sMhare direct-current. transmission offers distinct _economie vvfer performance advantages. These applications include Hongedstance overhead transmission, underwater or ender lEound transmission, and asynchronous tis between power S¥s aren High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission was ti eriously considered in the United States in the 19306, but fhrat became a commercial reality in Sweden in 1954, However, thovnder application of HVDC transmission didnot begin unt) yet. when mercury ate converters approaching 100 KV and 1000 A became available. Thereafter, for about 15 years, the (0) deta poner transmitted workdwide grew steady atthe rate of (Shout 400 MW per year as shown in Figure 2.2.5 (7) ‘The evolution of HVDC technology in North Americas indi- ‘ead in Table 22.2 (8). On a workdwide basis, the HVDC s3s- ‘oan power rating has grown from 20 MW to 1920 MW, and & *Sting of 6000 MW isin the design phase, Simultancousy the oe rating Groin voltage ranges from SO kV to +533 kV, and the de tetrent level from 0.2 KA to 2.0KA. All HVDC transmission ys° uns in operation or under construction are point-to-point ys tame With the exception of the EPRI/GE-funded, SF servated, compact HVDC substation, all of the systems in ara mercial operation consist of conventional substations where pair serves asthe prineipal insulation medium between phases Tait 1972, mercury are valves were used exclusively to perform the power conversion function, In. 1972, the 320-MW Bel River HVDC asynchronous tie beeame the world’s first al-slid-state Fallation, From 1975 to 1985 the total de power transmission veavrdwide is expected to prow much more rapidly. This aoceler- wot} rate of growth iin large measure due tothe significant per er yanee improvement obtained using solid-state technology TA gical de transmission system consists of two converter terminals interconnected by a bipolar overhead de transmission aarnagble, Bach converte terminal usually consists of several ain ferter units connected in series to produce the desired de ine Sltage, The converters consist of ix thyristor valves inthe wel ‘Lhown three-phase bridge (Graetz) connection. Each terminal is aided into two poles, and in each pole one converter transform 16 15,000 Do SYSTEMS UNDER ‘CONSIDERATION DC SYSTEMS ‘ORDERED OR OPERATIONAL 10,000 IN MEGAWATTS 5,000 WORLDWIDE DC TRANSMISSION 9 9450 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 19801985 Figure 2.25. De power ansmissionn megawatts wart exis connected wye-wye, while the other is connected wye-delta Tnaddition, there are harmonic filters and shunt capacitor banks for power factor correction. From the electric ities’ point of Tien number of important considerations influence converter {esign Of particular importance is the HVDC terminal avail: Silty, Modern solid-state HVDC systems have achieved an aptilsbilty in excess of 96%. Losses also are an important con- etferation because the cost of losses is usually a significant part Steotal cost, Converter transformers and thyristor valves are the trincipal entrbutors to terminal lst. At the present time, the Picency ofa typical HVDC terminal uilizing thyristor valves is approaching 99%. significant aspect of an HIVDC system sits ability fo con trol the magnitude and direction of the power few. This is ac- SSmplished by means of a sophisticated contra! system that sams the converter firing angle in response both tothe dispatch t's power order and to power system disturbanes. “Fhe choice of ac versus de for power transmission is principal- Iy in lvenced by the cost ofthe de terminal equipment. The oost 1 de terminals in 1979 ranged from about S65/KW terminal for 3 100- MW rating to $33/KW terminal for 1000 MW, “There are a number of potential areas of application foreseen for HVDC transmission in the United States 9) These include: + Long-distance overhead transmission «Power in-feed into urban areas by overhead lines oF under~ aground cables + Asynchronous ties + Underwater cable connections East-west and north-south interconnecting overlays + De networks with tapped lines + Stabilization of ac systems «Reduction of short-circuit currentsin reeiving acsystemstis expected thatthe role of HVDC transmission will grow in the United States asa result of two important driving forces: First the availability and rising price of imported oil are making coal and hydro more attractive tothe federal government and a number of the utilities. Since some major coal and hydro resources are located remotely from load centers, long-distance transmission is one alternative to making effective use of these resources. The second important driving force has been the pressure by environmentalists to locate new generating sites remotely from densely populated urban areas. These generating sites are becoming extremely difficult to obtain; a numberof utilities are planning to locate them several hundred miles from their load centers. Here again, economical long-distance transmission ‘oflarge blocks of de power requires higher transmission voltages. For power levels in the range of 2000-4000 MW, transmission voltages of +600 KV to +800 KV appear economical, consider- ing the present cos of losses. For 5000-7000 MW, de voltages of £800 KV to = L100KV seem appropriate. Research is underway to determine the characteristics and design parameters of bipolar HVDC lines at voltages to 1500 kV (10). Table222 NORTH AMERICAN HVDC SYSTEMS IN OPERATION Length of Systomand Capacity DC Voltage Rou Year Operational aw) (KV). (rs) Vancouver siz +200 25.50 stage I anada 1968/9 202 cable Pactic inerte 1440 2400 8460H ‘Stage USA 1970 Est hor 320 2(+80) 0 Canada 1972 Nelson Fiver a1 (1973) (4150 5550.4 Bipot 300 Genada 1978/5 1000 (1975) 2300 Nolon River 1620 2450 5550 Bole! Canasa 1075/6 Vancowor StageelV &V +952. (1976){ +260 2550H Canad 1976/8 =140 *792 (1978) {+260 20.2cable 260 Tystates 100 0 0 USA. 076 ‘Square eure 00 #250 48404 “08K err 100 $100 O.¢cable (400K fond) ‘000 £400 41004. 900 (1978) £260 s750H. y97e/e1 1800 (1981) 500 EHV-UHY Transsassion Systems HVDC transmission first evolved principally because ofthe need to transmit power undermatr for significant distances, A laree percentage ofthe early HVDC instllagions was of this type. The highest power underwater de cable used in «commercial HVDC project is rated 280 KV, 1720 A. Ths cable utilizes a paper-compound. insulation. system, The only underground HVDC installation is the Kingsnorth Project in the United Kingdom. This projct uss @266-KV, 1200-A, low-pressure oil filled de cable. Higher voltage cables are lready under develop- rent in the United States. Two prototype de cables, rated 400 1, 1000 A, are being tesed as part of the EPRI/GE-funded, prototype compact de substation. One 1000-f prototype cable is pie type, and the other is direct buried. It is anticipated that these basic designs ean be extended toa rating of 600 KV, 2000 ‘A. These developments wil be extremely important as suburban areas continue to expand around large ets, forcing the use of longer cables. 2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING EHV-UHV TRANSMISSION GROWTH LOAD GROWTH ‘The predominant influence on transmission growth in the past has been the increase in electrical load. From 1968 to 1978, approximately one GW-mile of transmission (115-765 kV) capability has been added for every 5.5 GW of increase in the sum ‘mer peak load. The percentage of this load increase being carried bby 115-kV to 230-V Lines has been steadily decreasing in con trast to a marked increase in the loads supplied by lines operat: ing at 345 kV and above. For the period from 1976 to 1986 the summer peak load is expected to increase 73%, whereas the per- cent increase in transmission capability at 765, 500, 345, 230, and 115-161 kV is expected to be 139, 92, 82, 25, and 16%, respectively (3). Ths trend is expected to continue. ‘The reduced load growth projected for the next decade will influence transmission additions, as evidenced by comparing previous National Electrical Manufacturer's Association (NEMA) surveys with the Sixth Biennial Survey. The total line tiles of transmission forecasted through 1984 in this survey is down 4% from the previous survey. Further reductions in load ‘growth could exert a downward pressure on transmission expan- GENERATION SITING Due environmental concerns and scarcity of available land, new generating sites are almost impossible to obtain in urban areas. In fact, some plants presently in use will either require added environmental controls or else may be shut down. An alternative solution is the transmission of power from remote sites. ‘A number of utilities are siting new generation up to several hundred miles from load centers. Consolidated Eaison already imports up to 50% of its needs, and the load in eastern Minnesota, is supplied partly by HVDC transmission from generation plants, located in the coal fields of Montana. Expanded development of coal fields in remote areas in the next 10-15 years will place 8reater emphasis on expansion of EHV-UHY transmission and ‘generating sites. The alternatives are more railroad facilities, coal ears, coal slurry pipelines, ec. The ultimate solution may be ”‘TaansinssiON LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE to.combine all methods, with railway electrification used where possible. FUEL COSTS AND AVAILABILITY ‘The rising cost of fuel and associated dependence on foreign oil have already influenced the use of transmission systems to supply electrical energy from remote hydro, coal, and nuclear plarts. Continued emphasis onthe use ofthe substantial coal re- serves in the United States will also make existing coal plants ‘more attractive for the supply of electrical energy. With no change anticipated in the increasing prices and uncertain aval- abilty of oi, transmission systems are expected to be one means of reducing our dependence on foreign ol Concern has been widely expressed about the effect a tempo rary shortage of fuel in specific regions of the country would have on future transmission requirements. Shortages were experienced in Ohio during the winter of 1978, requiring the im- Port of substantial amounts of electrical energy. Studies are ‘underway to determine methods of transporting large blocks of elecirical power between regions in case of emergencies such as an oil embargo, substantial cold weather, or water shortages. Even without load growth added, transmission can be justi= fied 1 improve reliability during emergencies and to supply less expensive base losding from remote generating sites. These in- terregional ties would require increased transmission growth at EHV-UHV levels. The north-south HVDC interti and the interconnected 500-KV ac transmission network in the western part of the United States are examples of the optimum use of avaiable energy. Active consideration is being given to additional trinsmission between the United States and Canada to transmit surplus hydro power south during the spring and summer, Excess capacity inthe United States would be transmitted north Consumers Power Company Dayton Power & Light Company 1. Lnerame ono. Liettatonassse —Gose-Ken./ThetlordCarmpVrgennes—-Miamiest Mion. x Mile-Seven Mle 2, Voltage (normra) KY; AG or DC 345; AC 345: AG M5. AC 345: AC 348: AC 2. Yearotconsction 372 1977 1278 1973, 978 4. Length les; fot mos 121259 arr 555; 1016 87245, zie, 218 5. Ate range 200-1200 200-1200 800-1200 ‘20.870 Tar 6 Design as aot NESC Heavy NESC Hoay NESC Heavy NESC Henry NESC Heaiy ‘STRUCTURES 7. Mawr s s s 6 s 8 Tee 33 319 319 3P5, 21 9. Aig. 70.mie 528 528 4a 55 46 10. vg wt ttre, be 30.178 19.42 77.150 24000 19,100 11, Desgned for ——— ets: ‘eat ue avr aw aw ‘tT ‘CONDUCTORS 12 type AcsR acsa nose AcAR AcAR 12, iain traning 1.782; 24/19 1.782: 84710 142; 48/7 4.168; 20/7 ‘165; 20/1 14 Wag, at 22 2512 1.820 62 ea 18. No phate spac ‘ % 218 218 218 16. vg span eng 1000 100 10 60 1189, 17 Fra sag. OF 26060°F srs9so"F z2sqe0" s6:9960°F 1 Tenson, 11 @ “F 2A NESC Hoary TMONESCHeay — 57G60"F 4.71680°F 18. 5 et utimate 40.4, NEBC Heaty QB NESCHeawy — 244 25 20, Oesgned to. ampa/ohase uo zro 1095 105 MINIMUM CLEARANCES. 21. Pra 10 tow, 738 128 ° 825 22, Pha io ground 30g 120°F 308 120°F 359 120°F 350120" 23. Phase 10 preset 248 28 228 2 ‘SUSPENSION STRINGS. 24. Coniguation va 1 1 v v 2. nator se in; Seong 10a, 5x0; 25 RKO; 25 it 25 0, 10 5x10 10 25. Na. ings/phase at 1 1 2 2 BT. No. at sting 115 18 8 8 8 ‘STRAIN STRINGS. 28, nsustor si in srangth, 10°, S80; 25 Six0; 25 six10; 36 30; 20 ssx10, 20 23, No, stings/phase 2 2 2 2 2 290. No, aay sting 7 7 7 20 20 LlawTiaNG PROTECTION 81, No. shied wes; materia 2 swt 2 Seo 2 Stes 1: EHS Stee 1: GS Stet | 32, Deter in wie we 7 a8 38 | 28, Sap. i @ "F 186960"F 186080°F 20.4960°F 2o2georr ‘36.8g60°F 200 t pan | 34, Teno, 11 @ °F Z0,NESCHesy 7.0, NESC Heavy 7.0, NESC Hemy 1.7880" 1.20q60°F | 35. % efutinate SBS;NESCHeny 989:NESCHeavy 385: NESCHemy 11 ® 38. Separation at tower a “08 50 57. Shea angle, deg” G tower @ mospan ro; 124" ra 02" worsrse ter 15 ser 155° 98. Greuneing method Gear Goce Geran c c 38, Tower looting testance, ohms aly = suay <5 ly <5 5-10 Sorless 420. Isoarauni lee 3 35 38 © * 4, Ligtning faut /100 mir O18 6 ours arc 1o0 soe ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42. Dane. yee Stockoriige Stocebisge stockoige Steckorige ‘stocebage 48. Danpar no /cond span 42 12 ue 1 Y 444 Danpet. locaton, 4752-42 47 9242 asaeae 4s 4s 45. spasers, ype alin, Fig Hein, Fig arp, File Prterned Hain Preformed Haein 48. Spaser, spacing, 250 250 250 90.250 125-250 47 Spmercampen ype Nene Nene None, : 48. Spaser-damper, specng, f : : 34EHV-UHY Transmssion Syste Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS ‘TABULATION OF 945-KV, 500-KY, and 765-kV PARAMETERS" (continued) : uTurty 1 Poso Eletrc 315 wv Detroit Edison ‘Company Nouston Lighting & Power Company 1. Une name or no. Majeete-Monree 194600 WA. Paren Solara OBienAddeks So. Tox Pro-Dow Visco 2, Voltage Inominal KV: AG or OC 945; AC 345; AG 345, AC 385, AC 2 Year of contraction sre 1968 1980 198) 4 Lang ofa miles 85; 190 2m; 18 «6 5. Atte ange, 00-800 ‘000.8000 0 2 5. Oeegn toad alates ESC Hoary NESC Light & Medium NESC Heavy ESC Heavy ESC Hoary ‘staucTusEs: 7 Mater s w s s s 8 Te aio Hs 36 aun aun 8. A role 68 be 10 6 5 10 gw arte, ts 22.804 14000 45,000 25,500 31,000 11. Designed for ——— ts nig avr uM av av av ‘coNoUcToRS: 12 Type AcsR ed 088 Acer cen 5.1, in eranding 1427: 45/7 1.085: 45/7, 1.108; 26/7, 1737, 7217 1.108: 26/7 14 Wilt, bert 118 0896 08 2203 ope 1. No phase: spacing, 278 28 218 218 2.10 1. Avo. span lath, 00 200 500 ‘00 ‘000 157 al ag, @ °F 20.8960" 17.9g60"F g60"F og60"F 2agso'r 48 Tenson, 1010; @ °F S.as0"F 40960"F s9so"F ‘sg60"F ‘s960"F 48. oF inate 38 30 Nx, 2 6 20. Desired tor. arp prase 2440 1306 120 2600 420 MINIMUM CLEARANCES: 2, Pate to toa rera0'F 95 125 105 wos 105 22 Phase to gros, s1@120°F s0@80°F 38 3 a 23. Pato to phase 5@ 20°F 238 2 2 2 SUSPENSION STRINGS £24. Confgration ' va v v v 25 Insult 2c, ns enh 10. Sx 10,15 5h x10; 18 5410, 10 124 20 5h x 10; 10 25. No. stnge/pace 1 20 2 2 2 27 No. uniteting 7 13 20 1 2 STRAIN eTRINGS 28. Instr cae, strength 1816 5H x 10; 25 5% «10; 30 510,20 ur 40 5% «10; 20 20.No.stinge/phace 2 2 2 2 2 50. No. vateting 7 ~ 2 1 2 Lakruma PROTECTION 31, No. shit wes: material 2 Ash 2 Gat Stee 1: HS tee 1: HS Seo 2 EHS Steal 82. Demeter 576, 12/7 38 are a0 ae 53.595 OF ra7a60'F 1a7960°F S5060"F “2g80"F 560° 234 Tendon, 108: @ *F 22g60°F 1.595000°F 25060°F 1.9980°F 2.3960°F 35. of viele 35 sogo"F 6 2 6 238, Separation at tones, 8 z 20 20 2 27. Sheld ange, dea @ ter ‘© micepan o:3° 30 ser 18° wer 12 28, Grourdng metnes Reiotcing Ros Pola Betwrap oF cr 99, Tower footing esstanc, ohms 7 average 5-100 0 0 40 lsoeraune val a0 “0 0 0 441 Ughtning fats 10 yr one 10 : : ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 422 Damper, yee Stockoridge Cconerate None Nowe Stookeidge 43. Damper, na oan. /span 1 , : 1 48, Damp, lector t ea enc 126 378 45. Spaces, ype Preterm eet Prtormac Preormed Preformed 48. Spacers, spacing, +00 250 125:250 125-250 ‘25250 4&7. Space-damper ype Nove None Nene Nene Nene 48. Specerdamper. spacing, : ‘ " : Saran age, 35| ‘TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE. Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS ‘TABULATION OF 945-kV, 500-KV, and 765-KV PARAMETERS* (continued) umury sas ev \Winole Power Company lanapolis Power & Light Company 4. Un name no 561 asus & 457 Poerburg Plot - Hanna Substation 2 Watage (roma) KY: AC or OC 345; AC 345. AC. ‘45, AC 4 Yea of eanstucton 1067 1980-1881 1975-1977 4 Congth, rl: ttl miles 50,356 155. 155 112, 368 5 altuce, ange 620 00-780, 490-670 £6 Deegn load sriet NESC Heavy NESC Heavy NESC Heavy ‘STRUCTURES. > Matera w s 8 s 8 a Type 38 ser a2 a9 ae Ap not 8 6 49 53 87 16 ig. gt Fetus, os 4.000 30.000 ‘4,000 25:00 25400 11 Designed for en 1H BL 1H av at ‘conoucTORS 2 Type ‘ACSA csr csA ‘ACSA nose 34.0, fs standing 1.782; 84/19 1.259: 54710 4.168; 45/7 1.308: 45/7 1.365 48/7 1 Walt, et 250 143 07s tars tors 1. No/hasespecing 218 218 218 ae 46. Ag span long 00 00 1005, 1000 608 17 Sal aag tee sT2960"F ad 205000" s39g60°F ra0960"F 18 Tengon 10°: @ °F 228080" ML SB 0GKO-F: ML «3 0Q50"F ‘0ge0"F 28960°F 18% of utimate ry 408 16 154 ur 28 Designed or ‘anps/prase 105 2260 2000 2000 210 [MINIMUM CLEARANCES: 21. Prac to tone, 625 20 18 18 16 22 Phase to gour 25.sa2s7F sn@257"F 35980°F 35@00°F 51960°F 21 Phase o pace, 2 2s 2 239 2 SUSPENSION STRINGS 24, Coniston 1 1 va 1 S L 25 iavator 230, nj sength, 1081, 5% x 10; 15 58 10:15, 5x 10:20 5H x 10,20 x 10,20 2% No ting pase 1 1 at 1 1 21 No. nt sting 1a 16 8 18 18 ‘STRAIN STRINGS 22. nutri, strong 90°1B, SH 10; 25 54 10:96 5% 10:20 54 «10; 90 sx 10:90, 21 Ne. singe’ pase 2 2 2 2 2 23). No. ate’ sting 8 2 18 8 6 LigHTumNa PROTECTION 21, Noid wes: mates! 2; Aumoweld 2; Aumowea 2 Aueronels 2: Aumowelé 2; mowed 2. Dametar in 0.65.7 #8 O47 #7 0385) 7 #8 0.365, 7 #8 asa57 #8 Seg, OF nF teegeo"F 25.8660" 20.1960" 42960°F {3 Tension, 10 @ °F 5.2g0°F ML 5:100°F: ML ‘sa60"F ‘uegs0"F 2.g60°F BM ofutinas 378 258 oa 103 a7 ‘Separation a ower. 2 cs * se 2 ST. Sheld angi, ds. @ tower, @ midepan 22 raat 20 o o £8. Grounding method cr ¢ cr oR on {BTowerfocigresstance, ohms 5-15. ores 20 max 20 max 20 max ‘2. lokeraun lev “ 80 4“ 4% “6 4 Lighting faut 00 my oA oane 10:6 1016 <10;¢ ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42, Dare, 8 ‘Stookbisoe ‘stoekoioge ‘oan 48 ‘Nan 4 ror 48, Damper, no/cond./sp90 1 t 1 1 ‘ 44, Damper, ation 459 aan 45 46 43 45 Spaces, type Nene Fige ‘Aca ‘eco toe 46 Spaces, pect, 250 max, 250"max 250 mx 220 max. {7 Spacer-damper, Be Nene : 18. Spacer damper. spacing, : : : %EHY-UHY Traxswassion S¥STEMS Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS TABULATION OF 345-KV, 500-KV, and 765-kV PARAMETERS* (continued) ururry fowa Public Kansas Gas & Now England ms kv> Service Co. Electric Co, Electric Systm Now York State Elecie & Ga 1. Line name on, HileFed Rock WetaLa Cygne #948 Homer Gty-Oakénla Okdle Fraser 2 valtge (oomna, WW AG oF DG 345; AC is: AC 245; Ac 345A. 345; AC 2. Year of consrtion 1067 07 1969 1959 1972 4 Length, ls: oa as 1: 130; 600 3 220: 588, anid range, 640-1000 9001300 250-710 700-1200 942-2808 6. Design oad erat NESC Hoswy ‘STRUCTURES 7. Matera s w w w w 8 type su 3H8 3H a a 8. ip nome 475 8 " 6 1 10. Avg. wach, oe 10,000 ‘7.000 7.000 11, send fr —— ont ‘ong uh ‘T “H 1H uH ‘conoucToRS: 12 Type nose csr anc. nose Aca 1 Oa, in sanding 106; 2677 1.165 457 1216: 61 1762, 04/19 2124817 14, Wg, ba 008 07s 045 ao 165 15. No.phasa: sain, 218 218 218 i 218 18, Avo. span nat, 1100 700 600 200, 800 17. Final og. @ °F 3 18.2960°F rasgsorF 2s.9¢0"F z2ge0'r 18 Tenson 10" @ °F ns 100G0"F: NESCHeaw 2.92 20 200 10. of utinat 338 20. Desgnod for. ‘amps/prase 1600 2000 3300) 1670 240 MINIMUM CLEARANCES 21, Phage ta tower tt 18 20 96 s1rgsorF e.17@90°F 22, Phase to rund, we sagso"r 2 ‘33g200"F 339200°F 23, Phago to phase 2s Br 20 2 2% ‘SUSPENSION STRINGS 28, Coniguration 1 L vent 1 1 25 Inguatr sz, ns avenath, 11, 5% x 10,15 5H x 10:18 5H 10:15 8 stat 5H 10 18 54 x10; 20 26. No, strngs/phase 1 1 a ' ' 27. No. untaetng 18 18 7 6 8 ‘STRAIN STRINGS 28. tnolatr se, ns aeath, TID, Sx 10) 25 5% x 10:25 54 «10,90 5 10, 98 5% 110,96 28 No, stnge/phase 2 2 Bt 2 2 20. No.unitathng 2 20 19 2 2 Lakrnuna PROTECTION 531. No. shi wes ators 2: EHS Steet 2: EHS Ste! 2: Aumoweld 2: EHS Stet 2: EHS Sto! 532. Diameter a ae 0.437 #0 me 76 38.505 BeeorF 8 Tonton,10b; @ °F 44.8580°F; NESC Hoawy 35. ot umate 218 36. Separation at toner, a . 87. Sheld ange, de. toner ‘O micepan wr, oF, oor ose, are {88. Groundng methos None cr c cor cr 88, Towe looting estan, ohms 165 max O10 2.100 ‘sh average i average 40. eran eal 0 ra 2 3 3 4, Ughtning tat 100 yr 10 =10 =1 40 10 ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42 Dampes, type None 48. Danes no. /eona/epan 4 Damp ation, 7 48. Spaces ype Spire 48. Spacers, spacing, : 200 7. Space-damper ype 48. Specer-damper spacing, Src pa. 37‘Sa amram nena epee “TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE ‘Teble 27.1 : EWV LINE CHARACTERISTICS ‘TABULATION OF 945-KV, 500-KV, and 785-kV PARAMETERS* (continued) ry Niagara Mohawk Northern Indiana sus v> Power Corp. Northeast ition Publle Service Ce. 1. Le ara ‘oonogo-Latayete (217) Soutingtor Bk Fond Pumiroe-Lanesle Michigan Cty Babcock 2 veltge (nominal XV; AC or DG 45, AC 545, AC 45, AC 45: AC 8 Year af conaction ‘977-1979 ‘906 978 wre 4 Leng, rte; tl les 28:88 9.1275 18 1848; 5. antic ange 00-800 200880 200-400 00-750 6 Deage oad district NESC Heavy NESC Heawy NESC Heowy ‘STRUCTURES 7 Mate w w 8 s 8 Tyee 348 He ee 35 9. Aig no re 8 9 178 5 10, Ave wt suc Ibs 15.500 20,000 acproe «20.87 11 Design or ——— ot conti 4H uM av oH ‘CONDUCTORS. 12. type nose Acs acsA ACs 42.Dia, in: sanding 1.902 4517 4985; 45/7 1345; 48/7 4.752; 84/10 14 Wight bt 13 1078 ast are 48, Noiphaoe: spac. 218 2.18 218 ‘ 46, va. span nat 750 00 00 00 17 bra 20g @ F 21980°F tas960'F ras 31.2860" 18 Tendon, 108; @ °F as s.ige0"F 4.8960" 04 19. et uimate ‘4 ns 3 20. Dasgned tor smexiphase 2300 2a70 2070 00 (MINMUM CLEARANCES. 21, Phase o tower m4 6 8 ars 22, Pra o ground ‘26060°F 209205°F 200205°F o 29, Phase to pba, 25 2s EA 2 SUSPENSION STRINGS. 24. cortigration 1 1 ' v 2s, ator seein: sang 10°, 5 10:15, 5H x10; 20 ‘9% x10; 20 5h x10; 20 26. No, stings chat 1 ‘ ‘ 2 27 No. setting 7 6 7 8 STRAIN STRINGS 28. ator sie in stengt, 1016, 5% x 10525, 5 10:50 5m 10:40 8 x 10:25 28, No. suags/phat 2 1 : A 120, Na vnte/eting| 20 7 6 20 LIGHTNING PROTECTION 21, Na ated hes mater 2: GHS sto! 2; Aumowels 2 Aumowé 2: EHS Stel 82 Darter 716 oars 728 ove 7 88 76 33.6.0" s07960°F 75960°F 2 234, Ten, 10 @ *F 28 1 19g60"F Ysa40"r 35, af uinate 126 1s 88 29. Senaration a one, 28 2 87, Shed ange, oop. @ tower 9 nospan 25" 29523" rig o4" 20 98, Gounding mattoe cr cr ce None 32. Tower foning reitance, chs 0-10 050 20-100 5-10 40, enorme eo 28 2s « 21, Lgping fats/100 yt 10,6 10:e 1516 = ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42, Damper, ype Stoceridge Stockblige 48, Dumper, no 00nd /Sp0n 7 : 148 Damper, oeaton as : 45. Spaces, ype Pelored Hain Collsteg Prefered 45, Spacer spac <250 250 250 47, Spacer-sampe, ype F 48, Spacedamper spacing ft : 38Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS ‘TABULATION OF 345-KY, 500-KY, and 765-kV PARAMETERS" (continued) EHV-UHV Transmssion Systems urusry Oishoma Gas Pacite Power 8 ——_Ponnaylvania sev Northen States Power Company ‘Electric Co. ght co. Electre Co. 5. ne name one 0973 0980 SoorerNW. (HOA) Jim Bridpekinpor ESO 2 Voltage (romnal, HV; AC or DC——348; AC 245, ac 345, AC is, Ac 45; AC 2. Year of coreruton 19-1967 ‘976-1979 1970-1980 1975 1968, “Long, ms ota ras 128; 3985 36; 964 702009 zag ari2 23, ‘5 alti raga, 700-1000 900-1000 as0-1280 ‘400.8200 700-1060 © Design oad aetvet ESC Hoowy NESC Haaey ESC Heawy NESC Heavy & EH stAucTURES 7. Matera w s s at s eee 3H6 33 38 32 au 8. Aig. no./mie 56 5 528 4956 53 10 vg wi lstct, ts 30,000 77900 ‘4700 0784 1, Designed for ent, conti ut avr aw ut Hl ‘conpucrons: 12. ype csr AceR csr AcsA A088 Di, ni etranding 1.108; 26/7 ‘98 58/7 1.108, 26/7 4316: 96/1 4.246: 6417 4. ig, ert one 1209 tose sz98 a3 1. No./prase spac 270 218 218 238 28 16 Avg. Span ing, 935 1060 100 1050 1000 1. Pal eag @ °F 2390120" 349@120°F s2960"F 480 120°F 4g 150°F 18 Torsion, 10: @°F 125p0"F ML 1190" ML 2agorF: ML TOMO" 51 12% ofutmate o 3 2 as : 20. Designes for amps/phase 196009104°F ambient 21600304°F ambient 1900 1250, : MINIMUM CLEARANCES 21, Phase to tones 1s 76 as 70a 8 22. Phase to ground. 2a@120°F 339 20°F 289205°F 359120" 2 29, Phase to shoe, ft a 25 2a 22 mer SUSPENSION STRINGS 24, Contiguaton| 1 1 : v v 25, nsuatr se, erongtn, 101, 5H 1 15 56x 10,18 54x 10; 20 5x10 10 5H 10 15 28. No. singe/pnase . 1 1 2 2 27, No. unte/eting 8 8 @ 18 0 ‘STRAIN STRINGS 28. nsatr se, srngth, 10". 5% x 10,25 mx 10:25 4x 10;20 54x10; 15 5% x10; 28 28. No, engs/phase 2 2 2 2 a 20. No, unts/steng 2» 2 20 8 2 LaHTWING PROTECTION 35. No, eld wie; materi 2: EHS Stet 2: Aumowld| 2; EHS Steal 2 EHS Steal 2 EHS Sree 52 Dieter, a8 0.985:7 #8 a8 38 12 58 5ag, te 1eaps0°r snop120°F 234 Teson, 106: @ °F 5.500" ML 52g0'F 85. Sof imate ass 338 2, Separation a fone, a 38 28 : 137. Shiels arg, ce. © lowe @ micspan 20" °° 20710" « 20% 98, Grounding ethos cr oR or near oF 28 Tower tating restence, ohms 25 max. 25 mas Baverage 5 os. S540. tekarauric tel 2 2 50 2080 0 4. ging alt /100 iy : 1 o7s 2 ‘6 & ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 82 ames ype Alcoa, eo Stock ‘Stockviige None [#8 Damper, no. fcond /span : 1 : : dame cation Dens ends Vases Sexpenson Pins 48, spacers type Pretcrnes Preformed Seng 48. Spacer, spacing. Ves Vare 250 47 Spacer-damper tps None Nene None 48 Specer dant s Tenaa mn. 39‘Bieprpramnemasann sence cece me "TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE Table 27.4 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS ‘TABULATION OF 945-KV, 500-KV, and 785-KV PARAMETERS® (continued) a Public Service Ce. as kv> Public Service Company of New Hampshire ‘ot How Mexico 1. Lie nme on. 3907 260 06 FA 2 Velage (nmin, XV; AC or 00345; AC 345; AC 45, AC B45: AC 23. Yor of conetucten 1973 470-1960 196-1988 1968 4 Lang lo: tot! ios 238: 0; 78,364 0: 5. Ale rang, 50-700 1590 1.800 6 Osign oad astrict NESC Hoowy ESC Hea NESC Heavy ‘STRUCTURES 7. Mater w s s w 8 te He Hs oat a7 98 grail 8 8 ° 15 10. dog. wt /racture os 25,000 6.000 16,000 15.000 41, Deland for ——— ots conte oH un ne nT ‘conoUCTORS 2 Te A08R esa csr csr 48.0, hi standing 1.203, 84/18 41209; 54/10 1782: 24/19 1.108 28/7 14 Weg, s/t aor saer zen ‘004 1: No pias spacing. 2.18 218 28 216 16. Avg span nat ft 650 700 600 70 17 Prat og, © 8 °F 1e2060°F raz 83 sa Tes0'F 18 Tansln 1088: °F 4 7000°F 4 7960°F .2060°F 4s 1% ofutinate tw WT a8 20. Datigned tor amps'chase 2300 2500 ‘00 +000 [MINIMUM CLEARANCES. 25, Pe to owe 13 3 19 z8r 22. Phase o ground ft sa@212'F asg2i2F a59212°F 2 23. Phase 10 phase, Es 26 28 28 ‘SUSPENSION STRINGS ‘contguaion 1 1 1 1 Trlr sm, srongth 181, BAX 1520 x10; 90 5% x10; 00 5H 10:15 Na. eregs/snase ‘ 1 1 ‘ No. untysting 6 7 7 ‘STAAN STRINGS 28. neutron srngth, 181 58x 1,00 5410; 90 54 10:90 5 x 10; 25 29. No. inge/ pase 2 2 2 2 0, No. utsting 2 2 2 2 LUaHTHiNG PROTECTION 24. No. sol wes; mater 2; Aumoweld 2; Aumoweld 2: Aumowld 2: €H8 Steal 22. Daten 0.965, 7 58 o.857 #8 0.965, 7 8 3” 38. S09," @ °F ns 108 109 234, Tendon, 10 @ °F 423 1.08 5 =0 25. 4 utinate 7 68 88 26, Sepwation at owe, 28 28 2% 37, Shed angle, 499-6 tome @ maspan we 0; so" 0" 28, Geoundng metnod e ce c ce 29, Tom fooingteastance, ohms <4 <40 <40 50 mex 410, eoaraunic ee Pa 2s 2s 50 41, Laing fas 100 mir % x ti 2 ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42. Danpat type : Stockridge 43, Damper, na /oond /span : : 44, Danper, ation 5 45, Goce, yee Prtormed Hela! Preformed Hala! 46. Speco, pacing, t 250 max 250 max, 7 47, Spacer-daresr typo 48, Specer-dampe, spacing, : 40EHV-UHV Transwission Systems Table 27.4 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS 2 ‘TABULATION OF 345-KV, 500-KV, and 765-KV PARAMETERS" (continued) urusty ‘uxae Electric Texas Power sas kv> ‘Southwestern Electic Power Company Gerdes ca. A Light Co. 1. Une same o Wikes-Okia Line Greenwood. Sheprt Greenwoodieeh ———Giahan-Osessa 3 2. Votloge (nominal KV: AG or OC 345, AC ‘345, AC 145; AC 348: AC as: Ac 8: Yar of coratction 1970-1071 were-1973 wre 1963-1978 4 Longin ies ttl miles 645 78: 134 200s: 628 5 atte ange, 50400 200-200 250-500 100-2500 250-860 6 Datign ac late Design fr NESC Hy Designed to NESC Huy Designed for NES: Hey NSC Hoary STRUCTURES. 7. aatea a 6 x s s 8 Tye ava Pa ava au au 8. Ag, nota 486 au 43 53 48 10. op w/t os ‘3.000 24000 3000 15.000 is78 11. Designed ior ——— okt con “T ay xT ar ar ‘CONDUCTORS 12 Type csr Ace Acer nose csr 1, ia, in: avandng 1.108 26/7 4.108; 26/7 1.782: 54/19, ‘106; 26/7 1.085 26/7 14 Weg est 1058 ‘096 zeit 1098 1088 15; No phase, spacing, in 210 218 x 218 218 18 Avg. span length ‘0 780 1280 700 ‘000 17 Frat 90, °F 25.6060°F 4.7960°F 40.6000" 2agsorr 24.5Q60°F 1. Torsion, 10: @ °F S5ce0"F S.9960"F sT@60°F ML es 5.9002"F, ML 18 % of utinate 0 e 20. Designed to. ampe/phace 2000 2000 1800 700 MMMUM CLEARANCES 21, Piso to tomes, 18 10 16 ” 10 22, Phase fo ground, ai@0rF 2r@120'F 2 8 29, Phase to pratt 207 20 one7 2 28 SUSPENSION STRINGS 24, Configuration va v va 1 1 25, nedatr se, in sregth 1" 53x 10,20 58x 10:20 5H x10; 20 BH XI 20 ONN IO 28. No. stngs/ pase ae 2 ae 1 : 27. No. untettng @ 18 6 10 e STRAIN STRINGS 28 Inala, strength 10> SH x 10, 40 sh x10; 40 5% 10,90 ux 10;90 Sx 10: 40 28. No.stinga/pase 2 2 2 2 2ore 20. No.vnt/eting 20 20 = 2 20 LoHTuING PROTECTION 21, No. shits wes: mater 2 Aumoweld 1 B89 otal 2 Auenoweld 2 EG Stee 2 EHS Stat 22, ameter aase 7 #7 a8 ose 7 97 a8 He 38.509. 1¢ @ °F 23,8060" 29.6060" 8.3@60°F 34. Tenson, 1081 @ °F 2.5960°F S500°F: 25960°F 472082"F; ML 35. of timate a5@0°F: Me. 50; Mt 500°F: Me. 50 £36. Separation at tome 8 8 254 87. Shies angio, dep, @ tower: @mespan wise a za" inst; 4° 0" 9 188" 98. Grounding method Archos GR renee e s 58. Tomar footing renstanc, ona O10 O70 ono O10 $0 average 40 sera evel 0 eo 0 «6 41, Gghtning ft 100 mye 1 1 ' 10 178 ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42 Danper typ ‘Acca ‘Neca ‘eco Stockeidge ——_Stockrige 43 Damper, na eon epan 1 t 1 1 44. Damper, locaton, Fi as Varies 48. spacers, yee Prtormes Pretormas Preformed Prete 46. Spucor, pacing, t <250 =250 vat 47. Spacer dane ype None Nove None 4. Spacer-damoer pacing, t : : : 41‘SUR amen "TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE Table 27-4 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS “TABULATION OF 345-4, 500-Y, and 765-KV PARAMETERS" (continued) umuiry ‘Twoton Ges & a5 ev Electric Co. Union Electric Company 1. Line name no. san waa Montgomen-ttls CalowayMonigomary 2 Vatage romina) KY AC or OC 345; AC 248: AC ts: AC 23 Year al convetion 1979-1978 ‘967 080 4 Leng stl miles an, 105: Py 5. age range. 2500-8500 50800 550-860, 6. Gelgn lo estict NES Heavy NES Heavy sTRUCTURES 7. Mater 5 w s Tyee x 348 a3 2. kup mle 55 6s a 10. Aug wt tect bs 1,500 15,700 27,968 11, Baines or ——— hts a cont at oH ae ‘concucTORs 12 Type ace csr AcsA 18 0a. hy avandng 4988; 45/7 1089; 4517 41506; 45/7 14 Wea s/t 07s ‘026 1782 18 No.hase spacing. 28 218 248 16. Avg pan lrg, ‘200 80 ay 1 Praieg ef 45.5060" 20.6e60" 44Q80°F 1. Torelon 10°: OF 420080°F 942880°F 1, Se ofutinate 183) 223 20. Desi to smpsipnate 1600 sse2 2000 MINIMUM CLEARANCES. 21, Phase to fone, ast 125 269 22 Pras to ground “0 3 2rg200"F 128. Paon to prs, 30 2 2 SUSPENSION STRINGS. 24, Canfgurtion v va 1 26 nalts sn, in sength, 11. SALx 1; 20 5 x 10; 25 4 10:25 25, No. sige/ hace 2 ae 5 27, No. une’ sting 18 © 18 ‘STRAIN STRINGS. 28 nus Sz, in eengh, 01a Bt x 101; 18 5 10:38 5 10:58 29. No. stings/ phase 2 2 2 30, No, uit ating 8 20 20 LighTING PROTECTION 124. No. sid wees: material 2 ENS Stee 2: EHS Stee! 2 EHS Stee 32. Oaneta, 38 m6 76 23. Se0. tt 8 -F 15.5080°F 25.8860" 24 Tenon, 101; @ °F 7 an 35. % et ulinate " oe 236, Sepwratin at tower, tt 2 465 237, Shad ange, do. tower @ mospan arse 20716 38, Grazing method oF on ca 22, Toor toting reeetance, chs 28 2-10 approx 420, oleae eve soso 50 50 4 Uphinng taute/109 my Utah Power and Light Company ‘Company Line nara on. Ben LemoneTeminal Cp. Wine SpnehFone Een Sigua #2 _eeren-Goaidge 2. Vatage (Peminah HY; AC er BC —-348; AC ste; AC sea AC ats AC 2. Yoar of corsrction 197-1979 1978 1079 wr 4 Lerth, ms total los 4545 as6 7a 208 es 5 Alta range, 4200-4500 500-4800 5900-8500 230-2000 6 Oesgn tad det, NESC Light & Heowy ESC Light & Heay —NESC Light & Heavy sraucrunes aati s s s w 8 Tyee au Ps oe aa 2. Avg le 6 5 6 a 10. Avg. w/e, os 7.000 20700 10800 12000 1 Designed or ots oni avr vt ue ‘H ‘conoucrors Type Acs csr csr can 18 Dia, in sanding 4.365; 45/7 1.945, 45/7 1.106 84/7 10; 2677 14. weight bt ase vse 1228 oso 18 No./phae; spacing, in 218 218 218 218 16 Avg span eat, 900) 200 1000 00 7 Pal sg. W7.1g60°F 20.7960°F 2a2geo'F s09gK20°F 1 Tension, 10°; @ °F asgeo"F ‘5e60"F Sageo"F 70 1% of una 2s 25 164 20. Designed tor —— ampe/phase pido [MINIMUM CLEARANCES: 2), Praga ta toa a7 100 nas 22. Page to grand, 92 Bs 95 a8 23. Praso to phase 2 25 2s 2 ‘SUSPENSION STRINGS 24, Contguration v v 1 1 25 insite 0, ns sent, 10.53 10,10 5810; 10 5H x10; 128, 54x 10:90 25 No. sirngsiphase 2 2 1 1 27. No. unital stng 3 8 16 7 STRAIN eTRINGS 28 Insite 528, m srength, 10M 53x 10,20 54x10; 20 5H x10; 20 5810; 90 23. No, srnge/erase 2 2 2 2 20. No.une/eng 2 20 20 18 LicHTNING PROTECTION 31. No. ane wes: eters 2: EHS Stee! 2: EHS Stet 2 Atmoneld 2: EHS Ste! 32 Diameter in 2 we oars? #8 ae 38 sag, BF be rase00"F 20.2960" 54 Tonson, 10 °F 340g00°F 3.40960" 25a60"e 35. of i wer war no {5 Separation a tower, mar 25 a 57 Stild ange, dog @ tower @ midepan 196° rast za 53° 0% 28, Greunng method 8 6 6 c 38. Tower footing reetance, chs 7 7 <0 os. 40 lokeranie val 30 30 0 5 41. Lightning fat 100m /yr =! =I = <4 ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 22, Damper, ‘ean ‘ean Alcoa None 48, Damper, ro. /cond span 1 ‘ * : 46, Damper. location ft 425 428 se 48, Spacers ype : 46. Spacers. spacing, : 47. Spacer sae, 08 : 48. Spacers, sscin, 3 48‘RUGS rea error sme Rare ee ‘Transwisston LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE Table 27-41 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS “TABULATION OF 345-KY, 500-KY, and 765-KV PARAMETERS" (continued) oan! eee a ison narone tinesinin — “Toana® “Sets ae ere yey ecm | eager \ at " o an _ oo 4. Dia, in; stranding 4.348; 45/7 41.196; 54/7 1.762; 84/18 4.408; 28/7 | ne ee emoae : = : : a ay orecnened Se seree aera oe ants mo os 47, Space camper, ype : 4. Spaco-damper spacing. : 3 ryEHV-UHV TransMission SystEMs Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS : ‘TABULATION OF 345-KY, 500-KY, and 765-KV PARAMETERS" (continued) : urusy ‘American Electric Arizona Publle.—_Arkanaas Power 00 kv> ‘Aleboma Power Compeny Power Co. ‘Service Co, ‘Light Co. 1. Lie name or no Faoy-Snowden Mller Miss. St Line read Suthan Chol Saguaro ANO-Nayflower 2 Votage (roman, kv AG or DC 500, AC 500; AC 500,40 500; AC 500, AC 3 Yar of corerton 1975-1977 1978-1860 1970 1978 1976 44 Laren, ms: toa maa or.e7 72.126 sa.107 208; 1089 51.08 10826 5A range, 120870 300800 ‘200-2000 1990-7700 250-1480 6 Design toa eet NESC Light NESC Medium ESC Heary NESC Light & Hoswy — NESC Heavy sTAUCTURES. 7. tata 8 8 s 8 “ 8. Type 57 sya 59 519 ee 8.1 no.ro 408 394 4 22 475 10. Ag. wt struct, be 22,600 27,00 2.000 1. Designed for okt ents nH ur a oH “T ‘conpuctons. 12. yp0 csr cen cAR A088 nose 12. sanding 1200: 45/7 41219; 45/7 165: 42/10 1.782 64710 1185; 48/7 14 Weight, ert 1s 5 1926 zeit 1075 15. Nope; spacing, in a1 218 218 218 378 1 Ag. epan length, 1295, 1280 ‘00 1650 150-1180, 17 Peal sop @ °F 38.9080°F 35.4g60°F sie r20'F rorr0F a 1 Tension 10: @“F TIES: Me TOTETS ML TS 8QReF 197@15°F ML raagse° Me 18 s of utinate oe 2 2 o sus 20, asgned for. ares! histo 3100/4000 2400 MINIMUM CLEARANCES 21, Pst to tow 2 ne " es 105 22, Phase to ground, 9212" 3.39212" 350120°F 22g t6r"F 35 23. Phase to pasa ane ase 2» x 2025 SUSPENSION STRINGS 24, Configuration v v y v v 25. iusto ae, ns arength 10" SMO IS 2D BH IO BH 10; 168 28 Sx 10:0 54x10 28. No. sngs/phase 2 2 2 2 2 27. No. unteetng 2 2 2 a STRAIN STRINGS 28 tncltor sz, i strength, 10". Sx 10; 20 54x10 510: 36 Tov 50 sux 10 28. No. sings phase a 3 2 2 1 20. No. unten 26 23 2s 2 2% LigHTums PROTECTION 1. No. this wees; materi 2: Aumowes| 2; Aumoweld 2: Aumowels 2: Amos 2 Almmonale 82 Diameter 0.867 #8 sss 728 0.305,7 #8 0.9867 8 048s) 7 #7 38. 8ag.f O° 25.5860" 2ag60°F 509 120°F 465015" ML 56 [34 Tesion, 11 @ °F 526007 ML ASTeISR: ML 2802"F SMQIeE ML Steer ML 85 5 of utrate 2 29 0 % 318 £8, Sopartion st tome, 508 “ 2 328 27. Shed ange, cep, @ tome @ mdspan wetie sat tes 1 108"; 69° o 98. Geauneing method GRC GRC o or car 38. Toner footing restores fms 1-8 ass 5-19 020; A 0 40. oceanic vet 65 7 4050 30-50 0 4 Lighting fut 100 dy 07s 16, owe a9, ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION #2. Daneet, ype None Nore Stokoe Stockerige srockege 48. Damper no /eond aren 2 1 24 ‘4 Damar. ection . 4 60 Neer tower 45, Spacers, ype None one (sed sting Pretarmed Tetundle 48. Spaces, soecing, . 200 240 65-250, 47 Spacordanpen ype uettaic ‘Goud Nene Nene Teeundle 48, Space damper, spacing. optmaee Options : 85-260 45aga EEEMEERN SEER Ce Mme Re "TraNsMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS “TABULATION OF 345-KV, 500-KY, and 765-KV PARAMETERS* (continued) urury ry more Gas & Electric Company Besin Elctc ewer Co-op. cat cite waugn on cave cite crak Pt Artoiope Vabey 2 Vettage (nominal kV; AC or DG $00; AC 500: AC 00. AC 4. Year of constucton wr? 1981 +070-1980, 4 Length, la, total mies 25.70; 154.8 170 997 300 5. Atte ange 50-300 50-300 ‘200-2200 6. Oasgn toed astrct NES Haawy NESC Meany ESC Heavy sTAUCTURES 7 Mato 8 8 s 8 ype U7 & sit LT & si su ©. Avg nomi 5 5 45 130, Avg, wet, be 40,000 40900 15.000 1 bosiges for —— ts ents " oo 1 ‘CONDUCTORS 1279p csr csr ACSA 12 Di. le. sranding 1825; 8479 1.504: 45/7 1.8, 76/19 14 Woah bet 2678 1.792 251 16, Ne/phuce; spacing. 218 218 218 1 vg. ep ert 1200 1200, co) 17 Patera @ °F s5g212"F 56g257°F 39.1@60°F 18 Tenion 10; @ °F 9.9022" 5.90257" 116 $2. oof utinate 32 (Hea) 33 (Hear) 6 20, Oetigre tr amos! hase ers 2278 500 ‘MINIMUM CLEARANCES: 25, Paso one, a 3 18 22. Phase round 229212°F so9212'F Py 29, Phage pasa, 38 % 23 ‘SUSPENSION STRINGS. 24, Confsalion| v v y 25 Inala si, stongih, 10°16. 54x 1; 30 54x 10:90 5x 10,90 2. No. stings/ phase 4 ‘ 2 27. No. unt sting 25 28 2 ‘STRAN STRINGS 28 Insult sin, in stength, 10°15 10; 40 54x 10:40 5% 10:30 28. No. stings/ pase 4 ‘ “ 80, No, uni sting 2 2 25 gH TANG PROTECTION 23%, No, sed wes; mara 2 Atemonelé 2; Aumowes 2: EHS Stee! 22. Games in 7a 1 #9 ara, 190 76 sag. O"F 26 980°F 26900" 21.25960°F 34, Tensor. 108 @ tg 60"F geo" ar 236. of tna 33 33 t £38. Separtion a fowor Pa 52 2 37. Shield ange, cag, © tower: midi saree: 1612" 978%; 16:2" teers tt 28, Gouring method oF Ca CG Founcatin Plate 239. Towe footing resstance, ohms 15 max 18 max 16 40 leaeni lve “0 4 “ 4 igh as /100 ie osc osc ne ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42 Damper. ype sate Net saiges yr" Stockbridge 42 Damar no/eand scan , * 1 44 Damp loation. 4 45, Spaoees pe Closes eta se ‘Aco Sorina 46, Spaces, spacing. 230 max ‘Stepoees 47. Spacer-domper ype None z 48. Spacirdamper, saci. 46EHY-UHV Transnission SySTENS Tobie 27.4 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS TABULATION OF 545-KV, 500-KV, and 765-kV PARAMETERS* (continued) mT Ccartine Power Duke Power 0 kv> ‘Bonnevile Power Adminletrtion ‘ALight Ca. Company 1. Une name oF 90 Tacoma-Raver AseHanors Saft Maion #1 & 2 Richmond Newport Oconee-Newoart 2. Voltage (nominal HV; AC or BC 500; AC 500: AG 500; AC 00. AC 500 AG 2 Year ot consston 1971-1976 78 1078-1979, 1972 1979 4 Leng, ls: at tas 228 173 ssi. 2268 08 110 aude range, 100-1300 410-730 450-8100 100-150 510. 6. Dasign oa etek NESC Heawy ESC Hamwy NESC Heavy NESC Heavy ‘STRUCTURES ate s 8 8 s 8 8 Tyee sur ery su sus 59 8. Aig no./mie 5 st a 44 aa 10, Avg. wt fsruct, os 42,000-181816 21,000-100,000| 149,600-235,200 20.000 34950 11, Gesigned tr et ‘ont 21 ut avr 7 1H ‘CONDUCTORS. 12. 1ype od 088 csr csr ose 19.08, in: tandeg 902; 4517 ‘902; 64/19 “602: 84/19 ee 70/10 188, 76/10 +4. Wot, bef 1304 207s 20r 218 218 16 No phase; spacing, In 820% 18x16 210 38 28 218 18, Avg. epan ent, 150 160 160 1200 ‘00 7. Fal ag. @ °F 280 120°F 28g 120"F 38@120°F s2agierF — sa.2g120"F 1. Tension, 101% @ °F N41G0"F: Heawy —1080"F; ML 19g0°F: Mt. Targse"e ML tat 18. ofutmate @ or a 2 20. Dasignes for arps/hwse 4140 wnt: 9450 srimy 550 nt; 4960 amy 5550 wr; 4360 srw 9000 3700 ‘MIMIMUM CLEARANCES 21, Paso to tower, 833 83 23 8 0 22. Page to rou 35 35 8 26 6 23, Pace to phase 32 207 2” 3025 35 SUSPENSION STRINGS 24, Coniguaton| v v v v v 25. navatr ao, ns stength, 10", BW 11, 28 bx 11 40 Bmx 40 BAe 10;90 BA 140 25, No, sungs/phase 2 2 2 2 2 27. No. uate 2 8 @ 2 2 ‘STRAIN STRINGS. 28 naitor sz, tong 10. 7H 128; 66 TH x 128 66 Iw 12H: 66 Gu x 10%: 40 58x 10:40 29. No. sengs/phase 3 3 a 4 4 280, No, unts/sag 2 5 6 2 25 LGHTWING PROTECTION 24, No, eld wes: sti 2; Auerowels 2; Aumowed 1, Aumowols 2; Auerowelé 2:45 Ste 2 Diameter 0.657 8 ose 0.388 Qasn 7a? 12 Sag HOF 21@120°F 2120 120°F 2hag 20" 253 234, Tenoon, 10s @ F Ba7GO'r Hoary GOTOO"F; Heawy = «BST@OE Hoary —2382"F ML 909092": ML 85, Sof ulimate 0 “0 “0 2 2 238, Separaton at tome 338 312 7, Shee angle, cag @ tower micepan 25% 25" 20° 25 restie@ 28" 98. Ground rathod oF oF oe lowe:cF GGA 38. Towa footing resistance, fens 10-20 20 max 20 max 320 5250 40 tykerauric lee! 0 15 6 46 0 11, Gghning late /100 ryt « 07 2%: ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42. Damper, yp! None Nene None tockeridge None 45. Damper, no con. span : * 4. Danpet location Presoibes 45. Spaces. pe None None None Proormes ——_Protrmed 48. Spaces, spacing 219-260 280 47. Spncordimpet. fp uniop ‘coo ‘Reo. None 48, Spacar- damper, spacing, 180-250 150-250 180.280 : a1| gamma eer mem ‘TRaNsMission LINE REFERENCE Book 345 KV AND AnovE Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS ‘TABULATION OF 345-KV, 500-KV, and 765-kV PARAMETERS® (continued) unuty, Florde Power Florida Power oorga Power sonv> ‘Light co. corp. Cenera Pubic Utes ‘Company 1. Une ame or. Aandytoan-Martn Ciystal RL Tarpon Kaystone-Coneaugh TMI to Hosansck #5026 Hateh-Sonate (218A) 2. Voage (nominal) KY: AC er OC 800; AC 500; AC 500, AC 500 KV AC 00; AC 2 Year of constuction 1976-1979 1972-1973, 1066 tru 1950 BUTT INU TITA 1978 44 Longin, ttl miles exa7s 72: 125, 90 48 90; 261 5. Anti range 5:5 0-200 2700 200 0 1000 250-1900 Design oad dict NESC Light NESC Ugh NESC-Hemy ——_-NESC- Heavy NESC Ught & Medi ‘STRUCTURES 7, Mate s s Stet [AL top: oa bottom 8 2 Type su su su10 su 8. ip. o./mio 4 4 45 40257 46 10, Ag. wt /stastue, os 31000 32,000 23500 21.160 be 23.400 4. Designed for ——— et oat oH 1H 4H 1H ‘conouctors 12 Tee aac low AGAR AGAR: 2489 KOM AGAR: 2498KCM ACS 48.in. in; srarding 12218 172 30/61 1621; 54/37 ‘2 54/97 1.250 45/7 “4. Wein, bet 10878 2208 2341 2341 1255 1S. No phase sacha. 318 218 218 218 ae 16, Avg. span rath 1300 ‘00 ‘17398 sais 100 17 eal eng °F sog120'F 27ND 5.99212" sserie'F sans 18, Tensor, 10°B: @ °F S7gi20'F —10agt9F a5qai2"F 839212" i240 15°F; ML 1 § of uta wee 8 COG0'F, 18"ce LTBI 1S" C025 20. Dasgnod for sempe/phase 3080 2000 9180 sum: 9420 wnt, 9160 um 3420 wr 9000 MINIMUM CLEARANCES 25, Phase to tones, ns m3 3 2 112 22. Pawo to rome. sngiesrF —s1g108rF 2 38 Ab20g60°F 28, Phase topes, mer ® 35 35 235 SUSPENSION STRINGS. 24, Coniguator v v v v 25 ator se. in; sang, 10hb, GMX 11H; 50 GX TOK: AO HH 10; 25, 5x 10; 25 5810; 0 25. No. sungs/ehase 2 2 ome 2ormare 2 27. No. untssttag ES 25.00 ES 2s 24 ‘STRAIN STRINGS 28 tnt sag ins sang, 10P%, 6H TH: SO Tx 11H 5D 5 x10; 96 5 x 10,98 six 10, 40 29. No, stings/enase 8 4 + + 3 90. Na. w/t 30 3499 a a 28 Laima PROTECTION 13. N.aits wes: materi ZENS Steel 2 Aumoweld 2: Atmowa 2 Aumoneld 2 sto) 32. ameter 38 340, 3 16 0572, 19 #9 (57a 10 99 O36 83.50 OF Wrageorr —— 2809120°F 3809212" sesra2i2'r 19092" 234 Torsion, 10 @ °F 3.2960°F 159 120°F aisvaate'r anaei'e Ss@1sF ML 35, Sof una 218 15 S0% GOR 1S" ee 6980": 18" los 25 38. Separation ot owe, tt 2 mar 2 2 8 237, Shnd angle, eg. 6 tower asp aire a 15, 44 16: was 88" 28, Grundig method cr ca cR+c cree c 38. Tower footing reaitarce, hme 10 0 Sores Worteee 8 10, wokecaunic ve soma °0 % 38 Py 11, LghtningSadts/100 eye ue Utlities Co, of Water & Power Power & Light Power Co. A Enette Co. 4. Line nme ono ares Me Culough Totes ViekeburSterngton #5702 Mowaysiecent (2 11F) 2 vettage (roma, ki AC oF OC 500; AC 00; AC 500, AC. 500; Ac s00; AC 13 Year of corsivction 1979 1970 1866-1967 1979-1900 1974 4 Lang es otal is 26; 300 ar g9.s0.222 12: 162 62,1278 5. Ate ange ° 10-4860, 65-200 1050-1650 350.2600 6. Oeign tas der NESC Lint NESC Mectan NEBC Heavy ‘altri Light STRUCTURES Matos 8 5 8 a a 1e8 5a ae sts svt 8 fq me 48 55 a7 “ 40. Arg. wt, bs 72500 4200 135000 1500 1. Designs fer ——— ets mon oH oH uh ut 1H ‘conDucToRS 12.1960 Acar acs AcaR csr ac. 18,08, In standing 1.365: 24718, 170, 76/19 1.105; 24713, 1502 45/7 1750; 61 14 Woo, be 0962 224 oasis rate 218 18: No hase; epacng, In 3:18 zie a8 a8 218 16 Avg. panna, te ‘00 100 10 1035, 75 47 rata. tt @ "F 30.2960" 45g130°F sogt20F ML 52:10120°F 656 180°F 48 Tenson. 10 @ °F 40060°F ML BOBZEF: ML «SKB T2OF: ML ABSQOT, ML 24G25°F: ML 19. sof utinate 6 168 4st “a ES 20, Designed to. ‘anps/pnase 3480 864 226 37208106" amb. 1600, [MINIMUM CLEARANCES: 21. Phase to tov, 2 wos 10s 28 117 22. Ps to ground, as 2% 359120°F a7 6a200%F 250190°F 25. Phase to phase, 1 28 3% an2s 398 SUSPENSION STRINGS 24, canigraton v vl v v va 25, rouatr sz, ns atength, 10", Sx 1 5H x 10; 10 5m 10; 20 54 x10; 26 5H 10 26. No. enge pa 2 at 2 2 2 27 No. wits rstrg 2 28; 26 2 2 2591 ‘STRAN STRINGS 26 tng sz, i eng, 10. SX 10,90 5% x10; 25 5x 10,38 164 5% 10; 96 29. No. sveqe/phaee 3 2 3 3 2 280, No. wteting 2 29 2 1 En LicHTuING PROTECTION 31, No, sit wes: mater 2: EHS steal 2: EHS Sie 2; EHS Ste! 2; EHS Ste 2; Aumowold 82, Dametarn 0.99 we 16 78 0.385. 7 98 32.500, OF 23.5960°F 0 29.60120°F: (65.30100"F 34 Teneo. 1 @ °F 2.s8860°F Sagi ML | 2:11Q120°F ML 95% ot inate 2 28 fo2eioo'F ML 105 55 Separation a ove a8 : 4s ess 426 87 Shas ange, 6. @ tower @ mdspan wets are wae Wrst atime oF 0°27" 38, Greundeg method ar c oon 6 cr 38, Tower footing restr, ohms 940 oars 10max 25 mee 36 40 lskeraunie level 7080 1020 50-70 2 5 4, ght faut 100 yr at <03 ay % ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 22. Damper. ype Stockbvisoe Stockrige tockridge : ‘Stockbridge 48. Damper, /eond span " 1 $ 5 46, Damper location, 325 59 32 : 4s 45, Spaces, pe Preformes Prolormes Sexng Sping & Pretormed 48. Spaces, spacing, 200 25218 220 160.250 47. Spicer damper. type Nore Nene uring Nene | Spacercarper, spacing : Varies 49“TmaNsMssIOn LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS : ‘TABULATION OF 245-K, 500-KY, and 765-KV PARAMETERS" (continued) omar 500 kv> Pcie Power & Light Company Penneyivania Power & Light Company 4. Lin ara CconvalPaul (#182) Midpoint Merisian Aout encase 2 veltage (nomial KV; AG or BC 500, AC 00, AC 50046: 2. Year el constuction serriore 1970-1903 1980 4 Langt,rls: otl mes 0.76; 148 sosstas 275 218 58 5. alte ong 215-308 20808480 400-1000 400-1000 00-1000 6. Deeg long dit NES Haany ESC Heawy ESC Heawy NESC Heavy NESC Heavy STRUCTURES 1 Matar 8 8 8 8 6 8 pe eH sus sro 5H sie 8. mip rote 4 43 8 4 “ 10. vg. vsti, bs 59.924 18,700 20,000 60.000 97.000 11, Onegod or ——— ots acon uM uA aw + a ‘concucTons 12. ype acsa os acsk Acar nos 12 Oia, hi sarang ‘602: 64719 1316 96/2 1506 45/7 82h 64/97 4606 45/7 14, Weg, s/t 20m 1208 1782 2348 1792 1 Nose, spacing. 218 218 a8 218 218 1. Ava. span length 1200 1250 650 sco ‘0 17 ratsog fe @ °F 429120" 560 120°F 2460257" srg25r"F s7802657°F 18 Tonsen 108 @ °F {e7O0°T Losded —«12B0"F; Loaded © H7.SGO"RML «28380 ML 20.800"F: ML 18. Se ofutimate ao 45 «0 2 2 20, Desiped fr ; smpsipnase 2700 150 2480 2450 2480 MINIMUM CLEARANCES. 21, Phase 0 tow 0 us 1a rr 13 22, Phage o rou assq120°F 389 120°F 3 3 a 23, Phase to poe, 3 ans ‘SUSPENSION STRINGS 24. Configuration | v v Ri v v 25 nator aa, a etongth 0°15 10525 5 10:15 8M x 10; 408.162; 30.58 x 1,25 SIG 25 26. No. srmge/phace 2 2 1 2 2 27, No. el ting a 25 2a) 8 2 ‘STRAIN STRINGS 20, nator ao in; songth, 101, 10:50 5H x10; 15 5 10:96 x 10; 96 si 98 29, No, sinoa/phase 2 3 4 4 4 490. No. unt tieg 2s 25 25 25 2s LiGHTIUNG PROTECTION 34. No, shel wires: meter 2; Alamowad 2: EMS sta 2 Aumowels 2 Aueroweld 2 Auroweld 32 Diameter 8s 7 #8 58 Ora 10 #9 os72 10 #9 asa 19 %9 33.53 bo "F 2838120°F 38.40 120°F 120g120°F 2360120" 2asgu0rr 24 Tensan, 10" @ °F GS7GO°r, Loaded ——S.2Q0"F; Loaded OOO" ML TTAGO ML 17200" ML 35. % olutinate 0 338 ome 0 2 28, Separation a tower, 2 as » 2 2 237, She ange dag. © Yower @ mispan 1 15s 294; 10" 20%; 16" eae 98. Gondng method Foundation @ © c c 128, Tome footing reistarea, chs 20 <25 <25 <2 4, oketanle a 10 020 35 38 = 41, ahi faut /100 mire ° x =106 106 106 ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 22. Daroer, pe Stockviige Stockbridge Stockridge stectege 49. Domoet, no./eond span 5 t i il 44. Daroe lost, f a a7 ar 45, Speers ype Prformed Heipia Preformed Maspin Prato Hain 46, Spacers. spacing. =250, <250, =260, 47, Spase-darpe, PE ‘eos 18. Spaan-domper spacing, : 250 max, 250 wax 250 ma ee |EHV-UHV Transnassion Sysvems Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS : ‘TABULATION OF 345-KY, 500-KY, and 765-KV PARAMETERS" (continued) uruury Portland Generat 500 Kv ‘lecirie Co, Potomee Electric Power Company _Pubile Service Eletic & Gas Company 1. Une name or 2 Boardman-Sistt_ Sighor-Mt Aly Buyohes HiEMoos New Freadom-Deane 2, Volage (nominal KV: AG or OC —500, AC 00; Ac 50m AC 300, A6 8 Year of constuction 1978 1974-1975, 1978-1979 378 4 Long, oes fal miles 8 18, 3, 579, 1821 10,128 5. at ange, 00-800 300 300 52-106 a7-i5e 6. Design tad ses NESC Hany NESC Heavy NESC Heavy NESC Heewy STRUCTURES 7. Matra s s s san s 8 Tipe su 5H2 sna 510 Me 8. vp noe 54 6 6 5 5 0 fg. wt seat, 15,800 82,000 2,000 26,000 80,200 11. Designed for ek con. ut aA aL oH nv ‘conoucrors: 12. Type csr csr acs CAR can 12.0, fn sanding 1602. 8419 1506 45/7 508: 45/7 824; 64/37 eet 64/37 1 Wig, srt 2ore 1792 ue 230 23et 18. Nofease, spacing, 238 38 28 28 218 10. va. span ent, ‘10 900 800 300 1000 17. ral aag. °F 28:9960°F 28.2060" 28.2900°F 348960" 2apso"r 18 Tension. 1015: @ °F 8:18960°F 6 9n60°F 6.96080" sasgso'F tosee0rF 18, % ofutinate 7 "85 105 78 183 20. Desgnd fo. ampa/phese 220 ss250180°C e5250150°C 3470 470 21, Phase ta tom, ft 6 1“ 2 2 22. Phase to round, 409 120°F Sseogisors —saaapisorc a8, 3 23. Phase to rasa seo S2Hote: 36 Ver, 2B Hore: 36 Vert 35, 2» ‘SUSPENSION STRINGS 24. Contiguation 1 v y v v 25. Insuator az, ns srength 1" 1b, 5% x 10,25 5h x 10:20 5 x10; 20 Sh x10,254.96 Sux 10. 25.8 56 26. No. sngs/phase 1 2 2 245 2oe 27. No. unis/steag 2 24 2 26 2 ‘STRAIN STRINGS 28 Instr se, ns strength, 10", §% x 10:50 5m 10:40 5 x10; 40 Sh x10 25 496 Sux I0 25.8 36 28. No. svings/phase 2 3 3 2oe Poa 20. Na. unite thag 2 Bs 2 2 2 LigHTWING PROTECTION 31. No. shits wes: rater 2; Aumoweld 2 Aumonalé 2; Alumoveld 2 Alunowele 1: Aumowels 32 Damar In oes, 7 28 0433, 7 ¥7 ous a7 sre, sre 33.509. @ °F 141900°F 18.600°F 1.6960"F 25.5960" ta igsorr 24 Tesion 1x @ *F 237@80"F 214g60"F 214ge0"F sageo"r 39960°F 35. Wot ulinate 15 na 13 90 ns 28 Separation at towey, 258 - a 52 7. Shio angle, dep tome . e ripen 20"; 20" es, were 208 20" 28. Geunding mettos c e c cr cr {5 Tower footing reatanes, ohms {40 on ce. 0 0 40. tokeraune lev 6 3040 2040 2 20 41. Uigrting fu 100 ivy o056 Oras aA rr ‘CONDUCTOR MGTION SUPPRESSION £2, Damper. te2 Stockbridge Nene Noe Stoctidge Stockeridoe 48, Damper. no cond span 1 ei er) Lao 44, oamger. bean Span and point : 5 5 48. Spaces, ype Sota ‘Alcoa Soieg loa Sor 48. Spacer, sscing, endem : 250 250 47. Spacer-damp, yee None Cian Fe : 48. Spacer camper, spacing, 00208 10-208 st“TRANSMISSION LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE Table 27.4 EMV LINE CHARACTERISTICS : ‘TABULATION OF 345-KV, 500-KV, and 765-kV PARAMETERS* (continued) ‘southern Cal, Tennessee Valley Western Aro 00 kv> tedivon Co, ‘authority Power Admin. 4. Line sare o¢ no. Vincent Parcoe Watts Baroare #887 alin-Roun Mn. 2. Volage osmina) RY, AG or OC $00; AC 500; AC 500; Ac 500; AC. 8 Yeer otconstton wre 1977-1978 1913, 966-1067 44 Length eile; ttl miles 0, 285; 207 72.208 943; i 5 Aude range," 4074-4208 900-1200 100-1000 1800-8500 i 6. Oetgn loa ostrt Goltomia Ut. & Hy. Speci NES Haowy ESC Hesty | sTRUCTURES 7. Mates s 8 8 s 8 ype 59 su 5.9 58 8. vg 0 re 46 53 5 ae 10, Avg. wt/atueure b6 25.40 1900 4500 sas 1 Desired for — ot 7) ue ue 4T 1H ‘CONDUCTORS: 12. type AcsR Acs can nose 18: a: stranding 1782 04/19 $165 45/7 823, 047 1602; 6410 “4 Wiig, beste 2433 sors 2068 2ore 1 No. /ehase: spacing. 218 a8 218 218 18. Avg. spon eat 1500 or 1200 S80 17 Peal tg fe °F 420100°F 3189 120°F s5go0"F sBosorF 1 Tenn 10: °F 210 4289120" 9.22660°F 960° ML 18 ofutimate 6 2 a 20, Desa tor — camps’ phase 2400 3000 500 2900 ‘MiNmUM CLEARANCES 21. Phage tone 28 105 8 992 22. Phase 1 gourd « 209120°F 350196°F 35Q00°F 28 Pass to ahs, se 20 29 35 SUSPENSION STRINGS. 24, Coniguation v v v v 25 nuit sie ins songth 0, Tx 10840 5H x10; 25 BN 10;208 25 SHx 1090 25, No stngs/ phase 2 2 2 2 27 No, ont sting 3 2 2 a ‘STRAIN STRINGS. 28. insur 828 in sengh, 10, 10:40 54 x 10:25 Tt: 80 ow xt 50 29, No. sings! phase 4 3 2 2 0. No, ui tieg a 2 a EY LckTNINa PROTECTION S31, No. hea wes mati 2; Aumowoe 2: Aumowes| 2; Aumowois 2; Atumowed 22. Dante oes 7 #8 oat 7 39 age 7 #7 oas%7 47 22.629 OF 21.7960"F 395 Bigeo"F 4, Temon, 116 @ °F 45990°F ML 12g60"F Boose ML BQO ML 35. ct utmate 2 0 2 2 £38, Separation at rower 03 63 27. Shedd ange, eg. tower © risspan ast we weve zo 238, Geunding method Nove ons c Gor 13. Tomt footing ressanes, ohme 095. 1575 02s 20-50 4, overanic ve 215 6 “ ro 41, Lignin ers /100 lye 08 oe:¢ 1 + ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42, Darow ype toktvidgo None sioceereye ‘stocatrige £5, Denpor s@ oon /span 02 : 2 2 448 Dampar. location, | Span ands 40 aa 45, Spree, pe Spree None ge Serna 46, Spacer spec, 280 max : 230 250 max 47. Spicer samp ye None’ ‘Neos Spring None 48, Spacerdampa spac. 250 mas 32EHY-UHV Transmission Systems Table 27.4 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS : TABULATION OF 345-KV, 500-KV, and 765-kV PARAMETERS: (continued) OVER 700 kv> “American Electric Power Company 1: Une rare oo Joterson Dumont GavinManesta «#11216 42515 —_—Ele-Now Seotand 2 veliage (nemnah vy, AG or DG—785: AC 7s; AC 788, AC 785 (oprig @ 348} AC ' Year of consnicton ww 972.1979 3979-1975 972-1974 4 Lang, es: oa raat 204; 140 25,200 6 ba ae atid range, 500-1100 500-1100 490.750 500-1200 ©. Design ad are NESC Heavy ESC Meany NESC Heavy NESC Heavy ‘STRUCTURES. 7. Natora 8 s 8 8 8 Type nz ne nu Tm 9. ig nome 4 4 4 4 10. Ag. we suet, be 38,000 43.000 ‘54000 100,000 11, Designed fr —— ots ae aH ua oH on ‘CONDUCTORS 12. Type nose Acs CAR pose 12, 0, In sarang 1.185; 48/7 1386; 46/7 1695/26/07 1386; 48/7 14, Wg, oe 078 522 aor 1303 15. No phase: spacing, In ate ae 428 a8 16. Ag. span ang. 1400 200 1320 100 17. al ag. @ °F 81g 120° 61g 120°F s2960°F Tr@sorr 18 Terson 10" @ °F NOOeI2"F-ML TBR BRETT ML 88 48% of tints a8 ay are 188 20. Desgred tor ‘apa phese 4900/6200 6100/7700 7200 5160 ‘Minimum CLEARANCES 2). Page ta tome, 1s 18 “ wea 22. Phase to ground, 4g 120°F 408120" sans0'F s0g60"F 23. Phase to phase s a “6 50 SUSPENSION STRINGS 24 Contguraton v v v v 25.tneuator ae, ns srongth, 10D, GN 10,25 & 98 SHH I0.25.8.968 5 I0;90 58 x10; 25 26 No. stngs/phase ae zea “ 4 STRAIN STRINGS 20 nator s,s seth, 10, SW 10:98 & 6D GNA I;98 A 6D TT su 108 28 No stmgrprace : ‘ ‘ ‘ 20. no ong Pa x u bh Lucite pRerEcTiON 21, No eh wes at 2 awmowed «2, Atom) «= Aon EMS St Danes des Pee dies 7 re es? 8 ine meat er ‘eaicorr fegterr ‘oem saago0r 2 Tatton 1's @ °F Bowen bane beeper Mt & wotutmae “ ‘o ie ‘oo 58 Spat tom By n ‘00 n 2S ange, eg fom ‘miner we we sseiue ws 38 Graney menos een Gea e e 30 Tower eating aan ohms Savage severe S eeege oo {0 ckerane et wom woo s % S.tiphinne ea! 109 irre = ane tee CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42 area ype ‘Shckge soctorge stoctge stockonge 48. ompet fon /span 2 2 : 2 44 bane ton t be ae ts iirage BScln gee Sees seg age deou PLP Re FE Site turn 20 0 femur “aa GL 4 Speowrdaneee ype Nove Nove Nowe : $i Sie aims we, 2 : ert 3“Transmission LINE REFERENCE BOOK 345 KV AND ABOVE Table 27.1 EHV LINE CHARACTERISTICS TABULATION OF 345-KV, 500-KV, and 785-KV PARAMETERS* (continued) ururty wvoc> Bonneville Power OVER 700kv> ‘Quebec Hyde Electric Commision ‘Adminitration —— CPA/UPA 1. Le nama o umes Bay #1 & 42 Jomas Bay #3 Jame Bay #3 atts eal Creek chanson 2 Voltage (ominal kV: AC or OS 725; AC Tas AC 735: AC 2375;00 aot; OC 5 Year of constucten ‘379 180 181 ‘70 ‘78 4 Length, os: fla mies 200 00 160: 254.5; 848 25 55 Attuse ange 00 00 100 ‘75-536 200 © Daslgn oad dict Specie! HO Heavy Spel Madu Species HO Heay NESE Heany NES Hoary STRUCTURES 7 maori 8 8 s saa s ape m 7 ns ct 8 vce Lottie 8.920 /re 32 a 32 45 “ 1. Ag. wt structure, bs 21.00 15500 47,000 zo200 1, Desgned for ots cant. aH oH na vo ei ‘eonoucrors 2. pe nose AcsA 088 Acer acsk 12.0, sanding 4817 ‘a7 4817 1802 76/19 1504 45/7 4. waght bet, 1502 18 02 2590 1780 16. Ne /phase pcg, “10 a +16 2 218 1. ig span length, ‘60 100 1880 60 ‘00 $7. Fraveng © °F eAgeorr 82g60°F bageo'F 40g 120"F ans 18 Tension, 10; @ 7F srQ60°F 67660"F 645960°F 21@0°F: ML 8.08 18s ofulimate 7 7 185 ar 18 20. Casinos to. samps/phase 4000 4000 4000 4260 wnt 2860 ame 1250 MINIMUM CLEARANCES: 21, mae 10 tone, 38 wm us 275 22, ras 0 our re ads 40845 2 as 22, Pras 1 pata, 2 394 a8 oa “0 ‘SUSPENSION STRINGS “24. contiguration va ' va 1 1 25. nauator a0, in; aang, 10", 6X TT;9B& 50 GUAT K SD BIH Bex tem 40 6H 12m 40 26 No stinge/prase aed aaa 2 1 1 27-8. ting 2s 2 Es 2 20 STRAIN STRINGS 28. nutri, etrongin 0", 68 1: SB oun 1 50 eu 50 Tux 124/68 TT: 50 28,0. sings/ptase “ 4 4 2 2 80.80 nt sting 2 26 2 2 29 LUGHTNING PROTECTION 21, No. shies wes materi 2; Grade 180 Stet Gi 2 Grase 220 Sas, Gr. 2: Grace 180 Stok GY; Sos) 2: EHS Stoo! 22. arate, we 2 1 We 39.609, 86°F 7o92'F rags2"F 2 7@120°F 2 36 Tension. 10 °F 2osgne"r 220980"F 2.08892"F ago"e Heay S03 35. $ ol utinate as ° ar 2 tt 38 apration at tower 0 32 60 sr 2 237 Sil ange, og. @ tower e micepan 20" 238° 20° 20" {38 Geoundng methos nose inser Teer or 39. Toner footngeaiterce, ohms <25, <2 25 0 20 nox 4, eokerasi ve 20 1020 25 « 41, Ughtnig tu /100 m/e et Si = 03 a2, ‘CONDUCTOR MOTION SUPPRESSION 42, dame. ype stoceiege £8, Damper, no ond /apan Hi {48 Damper. locaton és 45 Spaces, ype : ‘Neca 45. Spaces, spacing, : 47. Seacerdomper ype Sori ‘Spec HO 6eson Special H design oasie 48, Spacer-dampar. spacing, 200 20 200 : 250 (apex) 340 EHY-UHY Transmission SvsTeMs 196 i E I z wer" 5 x i Vy i ez bee TT? 2 . ee" a au su 8 180" x qf i 8g | - hence. Winter Power Meeting, Symposium No, 76CH 1066-0-PWR, 1976 2.17.C. Concordia, J.B, Tice CEJ. Bowler, “Subsynchronous Torgus tin Generating Units Feeding Seris Capacitor Compensated Lines" Proceedings ofthe American Power Conference, Vel. 38, pp 129-1136, 193 218 J. Harlow, ET. Norton, K.J. Carlsen, “Aspects of EH Shunt Re- ‘cior Application,” pp. 67-125, ATEE Paper No.3. 2.19 GR. Hanks, etal, “Tennessee Valley Authority SOO-KV Shunt Capacitor Banks" American Power Conference, April 1976 2.20 R, Eblger, ¥, Hote, .C. Roy, “Optimization of Hydro-Queber's 2 3S-kV Dynamic Shunt-Compeasated System Using Static Compens {ors on @ Large Seale,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus avd ‘Systems, Vol. PASAT 107-5. 2.21 RL, Havth, RJ. Moran, “Basics of Applying Static Var Systens OnHIVAC Power Networks.” Proceedings: Transmssion State Var Ss- tems Seminar. Presented Oct. 24,1978, Minneapolis, Minn. EPRI Re- port EL-1047-SR, 1979, 2.22 HLP.St, Cllr, "Practical Concepts in Capability and Performarce Of Transmission Lines," AIBE Transactions Power Apparatus and Ss- fems, Paper 53-338. Presented athe AIEE Pacific General Meeting, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, September 1-4, 1953. 2.23 R.D. Dunlop, R. Gutman, .P. Marchenko, “Analytical Develop ‘meat of Loadability Characteristics for EHV and UHV Transmisson Lines." IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol PAS 98. pp. 606-617, March/April 1979, 2.24 IEEE Working Groupon lsulator Surges, “Guide for Applicaton Of Insulators to Withstand Switehing Surges," [EEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Syatems, Vol PAS-94, pp.58-67, Jan/Feb 1975. 2.25 C.J. Truax, KW. Priest, Statistical Methods: Can They Help im prove Your T-Line Design’, Elecci Light and Power, T/D Edition, July ‘974Execrricat CHARACTERISTICS oF EHV-UHY ConbUucTOR CONFOURATIONS AND CIRCUITS Chapter 3 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EHV-UHV CONDUCTOR CONFIGURATIONS AND CIRCUITS by J. R. Doyle, J. J. LaForest, and T. S. Lauber 3.1 INTRODUCTION Conductor selection is one of the most important decisions faced by line designer. The conductor size is often established ‘by corona performance rather than current-carrying capacity, and bundle-conductor configurations are usually necessary to attain this performance (1). Corona performance would include radio interference (RI), audible noise, and corona loss aspects of transmission line operation. This chapter covers the electrical characteristics of EHV-UHV line conductors and bundle configurations. It presents chafts, tables, and sulicient theoretical background to enable the designer to determine surface gradients, resistances, and reactances of most single and bundle conductor configurations applicable for EHV-UHV line construction. The characteristics of the following conductor typesare included in this chapter: aluminum-conductor-steel-re~ inforced (ACSR), all-aluminum-conductor (AAC), all aluminum-alloy-conductor (AAAC/S00S and AAAC/6201), aluminum-conductor-alloy-reinforced (ACAR), aluminum- clad-steel conductor (Alumoweld), and steel conductor (EH, EHS, and utilities grade). ‘This chapter presents two aspects of the effects of parallel (coupled) circuit operation: The first is concerned with electro: static and electromagnetic voltage and current unbalance, and the second is on induced voltages. 3.2 CONDUCTOR SURFACE GRADIENTS GRADIENT TERMINOLOGY Knowledge of the electric field, or voltage gradient, at the surface ofa transmission line conductor is necessary to evaluate ccorana-discharge phenomena (radio noise, audible noise, corona loss), The calculation of the exact voltage gradient at all points around a conductor is complicated by the nonuniformity of the surface resulting from the conductor stranding, For evaluation corona effects it has become generally accepted practice touse “aominal” voltage gradients, calculated for smooth cylindrical conductors whose diameters are equal to the outside diameters of the actual stranded conductors. Unless specifically stated oth cerwise, it is understood that conductor gradient implies “nomi nal” conductor gradiet. Generally speaking, the gradient is not uniform around the periphery of a conductor but has points of defined minimum and maximum, Thus, one cannot completely characterize the gradi cent of a conductor by a single number. However, experiments have shown that corona effects can be most conveniently expressed in terms of the maximum conductor gradient. In a bundle of two of more subconductors, the individual subconductors, may have values of maximum gradient which differ from each other. Such a situation has led an IEEE committee to define gra dient terminology for bundled conductors a follows (2): ‘Maximum bundle gradient: For a bundle of two or more subconductors the highest value among the gradients of individual subconductors. For example, for a 3-conductor bundle with indi vidual maximum subeonductor gradients of 16.5, 16.9, and 17.0 kV /em, the maximum bundle gradient would be 17 kV/cm. ‘Average-maximum bundle gradient: For 2 bundle of two or more subconductors, the arithmetic mean of the maximum gra dients of the individual subconductors. For example, for a S-conduetor bundle with individual maximum subconductor gradients 16.5, 16.9, and 17.0 kV/em, the average-maximum bundle gradient would be (16.5 + 16.9 + 17.0)/3 = 16.8 kV/ Tnmost practical cases the difference between the maximum and the average-maximum values is only on the order of !-4%. It hhas been the practice at Project UHV to use the average- ‘maximum value of gradient in corona-effect calculations, and to term this value simply maximum gradient. Thus throughout the remainder of this book, unless specifically stated otherwise, ‘maximum gradient of a bundle implies average-maximum bundle gradient as defined above. CALCULATING CONDUCTOR GRADIENTS Various methods of calculating conductor gradients have been developed. An IEEE subcommittee has compared the re sults of several different methods (3) and in general has found them all to give comparable results. The method of multiple im- ‘ages, on which the procedure outlined in Appendix 3.1 is based, is considered to provide the most accurate calculations of con- ‘ductor gradients, For other than very simple geometries, a digital computer is required to perform these calculations. When access to a digital computer is not readily available, the graphi- 63

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