Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa Faculty/department:

Engineering Management
w Poznaniu

Group:
Laboratory of Engineering Science

Subject: Name and Surname:

Fluid and granulates density testing using a
pycnometer. Salinity and pH testing of food Syed Moinul Hasan
liquids and analysis of compliance of given
parameters with the specification.

Exercise No: 05 Date: 21/01/2020

Introduction:
 Density:
Density determination by pycnometer is a very precise method. It uses a
working liquid with well-known density, such as water. We used distilled water on
this lab.

The pycnometer (Figure 1) is a glass flask with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a
capillary hole through it. This fine hole releases a spare liquid after closing a top-filled
pycnometer and allows for obtaining a given volume of measured and/or working liquid with
a high accuracy.

 Salinity Measurement:

Salinity can occur naturally where drainage is poor, in land areas that were once in
undated by sea water (Murray-Darling Basin) or in areas with low rainfall and high
evaporation. However, in the nursery soluble salts will most commonly be due to the use
of fertilizers, most of which are salts (for example ammonium nitrate, potassium sulphate,
etc.).

Salts are chemical compounds composed of two parts (ions) that have a positive or
negative charge and so will carry an electrical current. Therefore salt concentrations can
be determined by measuring the electrical conductivity of a solution. As the salt
concentration increases, so does the electrical conductivity. So we used conductivity
method to measure salinity here.
  pH Measurment:
In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25 C (77 F). Solutions with a
pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or
alkaline. PH measurements are important in medicine, biology, chemistry, food
science, environmental science, oceanography, civil engineering and many other
applications. Here, we used pH solution ( Indicator) to measure pH in the sample.

General Information: (Materials)

1. We use Pycnometer and weight machine to calculate the density.

Figure-01: Pycnometer

Figure-02: Weight Machine

2. We used Conductivity meter to measure the temperature and Salinity in the
water.

Figure-03: Conductivity Meter

3. We used pH indicator-solution with the water to measure level of pH in the

water.

Figure: pH Indicator-Solution
Exercise (Process/Methods):
1. First we measured the Temperature and Salinity in three different
types of water.
Water type Normal water Boiled water Mineralized
water
Temperature(C) 20.7 63.9 18.7
Salinity(uS) 675 67.5 17.55

2. pH identification:
5ml of water from every water sample in the test tube and we add 3
drops of Aqua (pH) test solution which is 6/8 in pH level.
We shake it a little bit
Result:
Normal Water: 7.8
Boiled Water: 8.0
Mineral Water: 6.8

 Calculation of the Density (D) by using pycnometer:

By filling measured value we get,

Density (D)= dwater*(W3-W2)/((W1-W2)-(W4-W3))

 = 0.998*((49.9-44.9)/(145.1-44.9)-(146.1-49,9)
So, D =1.25 grams/ cubic centimeter

Conclusions:
Density, volume, and porosity are physical characteristics of solid materials that can
be determined by a variety of experimental techniques. However, the value obtained is very
likely to be dependent on the technique. This is largely because of the way the measurement
technique treats volume in respect to the degree of exclusion of void spaces associated with
the sample material. Various definitions of density and volume are used to differentiate these
values in terms of what void volumes are included with the overall volume determination. An
analyst must understand the type of volume or density sought in order to select the appropriate
measurement technique.

Similarly, Successful pH measurement can only be achieved by choosing the correct system
to meet the demands of the sample under examination. As well as the correct apparatus, a
supply of suitable re-agents is vital.

Source:

 https://www.mt.com/mt_ext_files/Editorial/Generic/1/Guides_to_Electrochemical_Analysis
_0x000248ff00025c9a00093c4a_files/guideph.pdf
 https://www.fpharm.uniba.sk/fileadmin/faf/Pracoviska-
subory/KFCHL/ENG/lectures/Physics/1.Density-pycnometer.pdf
 http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/farm-management/soil-and-water/salinity/testing-
and-interpretation-of-salinity-and-ph
 https://www.umlub.pl/gfx/umlub/userfiles/beatapolak/angielskie/lab._9-
14/lab.13./lab.13..2018.pdf
 Lab Work done : Lab-module/engineering-science/wsb/poznan.