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    Corridor Arquitectura, Marsilio

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    Pilar Amores

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 76
    a series of 15 books accompanying the exhibition elements of architecture at the 2014 venice architecture biennale floor c roof door window fagade yalcony ridor corridor Marsilio Pace? ‘ ‘ Sg eens Caio He Vstngen OG, High School Gyn Aor Snod Kao Pelee Beta Cire Croc Republe Telco Urry Pl Fenss-~ Geman art nai iy Eon Waaingon D6, USA owe ts ei ray fuse tans PalaceDa Lat enan Hot Aas, Sat Hot Poe USA bey Mess UF, Manin ito eeneeedSeph Waby, ‘osche aos rcs tens Mosnchue te Cesta, 277) PAGES. CORRIDOR One of the earliest instances of the notion of the corridor is in 12th century BC Chinese bronze inscriptions. The root of the Chinese for corridor is J* [yan], meaning roof and wall (on one side but not on two if the wall /line is on two sides, the character means doo). Corridor is connected in Chinese etymology with a fundamental notion of architecture, as oasically what results from the combination of a wall and a roof. In Europe, the "Corridore,” meaning first a porson who runs to transfer messages, and later the space for running on or next to city walls, appears in the 14th century. By the 18th century, the corridor becomes # fundamental element of architecture utlized for changing spatial and social felationships, finding its apotheosis in the architecture of modemity (asylums, prisons, hospitals, ‘ciel housing projects etc). From the First World War onwards, the corridor becomes a crucial metaphor for planning on a regional scale: there are now economic corridors, wildlife corridors, raliway corridors. In the 20th century, confronted by the imperative of the open plan (ir offices primarily but also in homes), and the associated ideals of interior vistas, transparency, and flow, the corridor is deemed an antimodernist tool that encourages cellular, inhibited, buildings and behavior. ‘The corridor is forced to retreat to the backstage of architecture. The contemporary corridor is not designed, but scripted by code writers: it is not a space to be occupied ~ ike wide 18th century ‘galleries, where, in English stately homes, a variety of servants and visitors would often sleep ~ but a safety device that is exited, The corridor is a void sustained by a glimmering array of devices, from exit signs to motion sensors, 10 fire sprinklers to illuminated, way-finding carpets. The number and complexity of devices sustaining corridors increases as buildings grow bigger and higher. ‘The contemporary corridor is ironically a confirmation of our worst fears about the corridor as a lonely, blank, interminable passage. Because the element has historically been an instrument of speed, its transition to a device of egress is not a degradation but an update: the corridor adapts tc the higher demands of contemporary risk society. Preserved as building code, the corridor maintains its crucial role in architecture despite a century of neglect. A new (but also very old) paradigm for the corridor, found in classical Chinese architecture, is the open, ambulatory, directionally promiscuous loop ~a replication of the individual's escape route into a maze... Banished from architecture as a venerable organizing device, corridors are still everywhere. They are the paths of trains, planes, and cars, they are the territory through which today’s global ‘economy is sustained. The corridor becomes a global element, not confined by the scale of architecture. Though the corridor is crystalized as an escape route, paradoxically, we will never be able to escape from corridor. Paces ETYMOLOGY ‘Outdoor to indoor + the persistence of movement: Evolution inthe moaning ofthe corridor ‘CORRIDOR Peon (0/ {Assen coved wa or eens babe tuo sce beans ‘niccoute may spams ope “Condor” contains (atleast) two embedded etymologies: ‘an outdoor passage that becomes ~in architecture and language ~indoor (ad, later, outdoor again; and a relation ‘to movement. The Latin "Andron” signified a passage or long gallery between the walls of two houses for rain to inthe 1th century the old Itaan term comidére, Sree ie Bias fae Se cai alasnc. ec ccorridorium en {right torn (vet mesg 0 Ean PAGES: eS ——— — PAGE corridor: declining Sor con Pe. re in architecture, increasing in owas metaphor... I Tg i 7 onan hc oie He ‘nd NYC. USA tienen — Hd {ssw he ae le = sows use of the word ‘corridor’ in ‘st eid an Der Scent Imei (1750-2008) eset erat ~o Jam non ees ey a il o fl AL Wat. Talat veh MsLCaing WAEWOECaN YLYMEClnD Cannoli — Coumn Coke Ban et Menai? Zane” Eaing Sot Sa = bleLoaded Desbletoaded (én se wlotoaded/ SingloLeaded/ Dou 7 ‘Staggered alone Paoe10 paces from madness to panic... PAGE the transversal corridor “The high syle classical east Asian corridor i typically a) outside, b) 8 sheltered gallery, c) frame sur rounding @ courtyard, and d) an iterative, dect route through @ ‘series of courtyards In most temple land palace architecture, the main ‘ewer or building i located inthe center ofa void surrounded by nidor ype bulls Constructed asa complex and not ingle interior space ndvidual buldings are connected by diverse types of coridors such as couryard- corridors, rooted walkways, skybridges, and perimeter covidors~ all or them ‘wrapping or penetrating a void: thisis the traneversl eotidor ‘around a countryat, Following the panciples of cosmology established in the ealy dynastic period (Zhou ca. 1046-256 BC) and the tteatse of Zhou Kaogongi (Record of Trades), cordori bung are widely used inorder to ereate order and harmony. Rules of orientation applied {o individual buildings (house, shops, tc) and to palaces, tomples, and turban design. According tothe Zhou, the cosmologcally ideal shape of 2 citys the square (a rectangle also Casionally permissible), minoxing th Earth, which Is perceived as @ square against a round heaven, This canonical ording to the pointe patterning of lat ‘welings. Cities generally face south, ted with the yang hing forces, Individual bling aloo follow the same princpl, facing south {and arranged eymmotricaly along 2 horth-south axis, the complex including fe and a hall that opons PAOENS ge: at. 189 MN Deng de, Esa Paton) Sev 40 paces Seeley Seba mel is ota {our ype of art ant on rte Recon of ronan fee ara ing uaa) pace? tran tangential transversal Ip tra ier totem aaa omens ee oven ieee cacaentane ratleanamrea ort” ‘Re lunon oat! pe toe retort ‘Archos of od gy Unasty res 1. PAGE 18 c transversal Urban cosmology “in essence, the city was a kind of mandala where the emperor othe king ‘was ruling ftom a correct postion of tentatlen,erom he cnt he ‘Se ming The ey shuld be carey owinaccoamonninacetens! || fl ‘ination wich proved tw and ‘Sy ae bee Comoe! Santcnes. Thus te cose Symbol ofa capt ty wos both tr = iat of loin and poli” ‘xLars Berglund, The Secret of uo ‘Shu: Numorology in Chinese Art and ‘Achiteclure (Seda Sandby, 1990) =e Cities (and also military camps) were ‘ound or eal sara, wh place ‘and governmental blings ‘ide srvourded by avi ‘gates in each cardinal diection. The ‘majority of ees in China, except those limited by natural topographic features, wero oriented tothe south, sdctated by the cosmological theoros ‘where the cardinal points ofthe ‘compass wore represented ‘symbolically. ‘xix mates Flom Coxnetogy Urban Penning and Aciecture eR TaM 8G aps s10907 Me Sporn mel Gaetan cance Stlvartomegce atthe Sates Sicge™ Sarre. orm Georsatiaa Sr choe Seu Sh EN 1625 Caton Tele Comply, a. eee aout tects. eee Na Dyess Japan aa ‘450 Saiens, Roe, to. Cont Speed Maters: From sort patway forthe ramet device ef separation escape a pee {40s Cuciom bras! 1667 Cale Manan, 1058 Riad Pa, UK idol: MraNova, Beta KSI Fite ys : PAGE 19 tangential From city scale to building scale ‘The corridors main function of speed is derived its etymology. Inthe 14th ‘century, the coridor was not place, buta person. From "eurrere,”to run, the conidore first described a cour fortication system inthe 15th century, nilitary leaders relocsted troops to slichos atthe bottom of the wall. The ‘corridor followed, Inthe 17th century, ‘arcitects intrized the corer. By ‘The 19th contury coridoio described = passage within a building. The eoridor ‘ceased tobe an urban element, but sill maintained a close relationship to the dimonsions ofthe human body and the luncton of speed, But now it ‘occurred within buildings rather than Betwaen hom Arcee gral abandoned the corridor toyday nthe 15th cota. However, ‘escalating building heights ofthe 20th $018 osha hana NE, Usa 919 PAGE20 transversal Octagonal Rooms & Transversal Corridors In india, Mughal, or Islamic, cutur ofthe 16th contury developed highly geometric architecture that combined the ‘eosmologic principles of the mandela withthe symbolism and rituals of islam. The octagon was frequently used in Order to represent the Persian tradition of Hash Bish type architecture, with eight chambers surounded by e main ‘chamber, The corridor here aholy passage glowing vil light from screone at the end of the passage. Spiritually, tte corridor was 2 device for orientation to the world, and to more sacred realms: certain corridors head tothe mitrab, the direction of mecca setasore Tomb, ati a, ge None te SeaiGeat Be ‘reheat once toetedat ese Chora fg in Shh, con vetshor Paka, Wir bow (poste bes on her Enon cor vooes ‘oe ah eto, 930 Fan ot Hanae ‘eno cor tom eget hal 8 PAGER tangential fhe el owl Seema Tesoctre he er Bayiger te corer PAGER transversal 1394 Jeongieon (Main Hall of Jongmyo Shrine, Seoul, Korea: 100 metertong corridor (£12 JER) of Jeongjeon isa space for royal ancestral ceremonies. Located between spitt chambers and platforms for the orchestra and performances, the coridor isa space for mediating the sprtual and tho physical world, Also itis @theatrieal space: audiences can observe the whole * ‘ceremony through repeated columns = PAGERS tangential monastery ehurch 1450 Monastery, Buxhoim, Germany: the coricor permits passage between ‘monks’ quarters and church after penetrating the sanctuary walls the thickened section ofthe corridor sereens between the choir and tha more profane volume ofthe nave beyond, Pace2s transversal 8, 1625 Nijo Castle, Kyoto, Japan inaddition othe basic function of Creulation, the corridors (BI) of act as an environmental tem, sctivated through jemant of siding sho (paper sliding doore) to adjust ight, humility, and temperature the hse Shok aa, PAGES tangential 1682Palace of Versailes:fugal and ccommuntarian compared tothe flamboyant publ spaces, the secret passages al Versa initially permitted the disorete movement of servants ~and later became a refuge for the royal family ding the revolston PAGERS transversal Pacez ear wood manor Visual and physical corridors 1.1368 Sinayuan (Typical Courtyard Segmented coridors House Typology), Beijing: one row of . 1097 Ls Sak Marchant House (EE HE iaforapace ieyemeet th Acuayudogs Yenozhou, Chins arto, bu nacossble fom the coutyrdorsmal aden tough the Sonat piysica pal of eve asl conor pnevatscts conor About 70 mst agp pal femme sep pla osching the man hal 30 met vy. fousing in perrden Being trvtornnt of nator pecs Sipprtd bythe colaboraton tetweencoidorcouryed ope 068 Sepuaton ood Meer Reenter, oe ec conor ee Mesos Sevan ir emane conc fancier Bescon aelepetcae isesequ apieatn ‘balaoange mat tosses all ous, ‘an duane oy Sciecon tn ‘Socaicittene [boteen rote sd ‘dome ering cae sacaees oe ‘nabld rece Piece Gros tner vot ore a Peowaea 78. i at ha ‘we HOT PAGE 20 transversal: chen clan academy Roald wally: condor elevated geld 1894 Chen Clan Academy, Guangzhou: roofed walkway. The cveral ayout of the Chen Glan «_ Aeademy is a jaxstaposition of rooted land open corridors operating as {almost a city) grid. Corridors connects 48 buildings with nine halle and ix courtyard, creating complex transitions between indoor and outdoor spaces. Here, users can observe the overlap of ‘multple views and constant changes in nature: achivement of transparency in architecture through corridor. “up of te angen prisons end essyms 1829.Chery Hil, by John Haviland, Phikdelphi, esigned for segregation and ‘observation. Courthouse, parlment ant ‘government ministry buildings replicate the doctine of cclluarityn more subtle aye, ane i, Beir it Si Geweacin soettregerem ‘omer. tring food to the household, so motion was more or less aonstee) : constant, everthing was designed to be mobil.” The ina ate notion ofthe Hallas thehovse reinforced bythe ephen- "#00 EA cea em ‘eralty and fragmented condition ofits contents. Floors re- At Geek hreely ct ee “Of course itis possible to make even very long mained bare, ding tables and cupboards were board id son iy etal srdors n'a haman way: bul hoy have fo be longer Stop testis, eeating cured on mobile benches, beds vor pe ag eo ic down thir scale Wore transportable mattresses made of straw, and Turitro ae ler {ook the form of portable chests or tunks. The invention of heat-proof bricks facilitated the chimney, which in tum aF in some fashion, For examplo, a long hal that sit in palches from one side at short intervals ean be very sant indeed: the sequence of light and dark and lowed fora amokeless hall andthe occupation ofthe space frr."whf ty i camp ta chance ts pause and glanco out breaks down the hove teventuslyealed the “grand chamber’ and ioc ws omc oe ha ‘eeting of the endless dead coridor, ora hal which Proliferation of fireplaces inside the new invention of the hen ‘opens out into wider rooms, every now and then, has ‘oom: in which various functions —reading, sleeping, the 2 ae the same effect. However, do everything you can to (ey params Uva cseapa bt emperatied Haile barron Driking Reveing ‘keep the passages really short. .. Make them as much ‘ono 00m within larger, intntly more compiax country Ban cia t's teal eat like rooms 28 possible, with carpets or wood on tho 00% urniture, bookshelves, beautiful windows. Make them generous in shape, and always give them plenty dation of ests eis of hal "Mui Fag, Dikng Be atest connion ond pecteaee cranes houses. Halls remained important places of recep =e providing space for ceremonies, ing, and th ‘fm a he Ba ee cater 6m those which have windows along en entire wal ‘Spt tan Masons han Es -ost ot z= "] ‘iecemmon poplin tor ere mae . a \. é Sorat mopeataeedente cere” Buildings, Construction (New York, 1977), 634. L A *) (ier ogre aun howe coment le ‘J a Uses es 157), PAGERS nun founein?inys Fas. Fb AD Pasco ot aq d @ CLS a ets Stem Fl opens 104, meno = ae ferent fecocsav Eiaee cea eee woe SSSA 0.0 Hong aie voice, pte lon Hon: oes der ‘TN cb Segre Ova Ts 2 {6.01 a Cando, Dora Hoyer Pr ‘alton cbtecive of Masomnaica Londo: Feberand oer 80 (37) 75. “Lj rma rel aetna, ‘recur Ect rok 2nd US won, 0 oer Sie Spent Stine, Sostrsrenachaton Bar/StatgnVrag Hane Re 11 fon Vie: “Th The Tela” (107, ink led, cee oy nc 58 Cannel Prean,0, 208, PaAGEIS the corridor-cell complex By Stephan Tiiby 41, The Comtidor ~an "Un-architecture”? The conrder does not rank high onthe lst of nostloved epoces It can haraly hope for sympathy, seemingly damned to forge pathways tough enclaves: (of misery: “a repulsive haze confronted us, as we walked though the long Cortdor upstats."" The chronicle af Theodar Storm's 1874 Pole Poppenepler is just one example ofthe coridr's poor staring in our cultural imaginary. In his portrait of bourgecis interiors ofthe late 19% century, Walter Benjamin also 12 for “long corridors,” saying that one “ftingly houses ony the ‘ypicaly regarded 2 "dark" “snista,” and “endloss,"= ‘Te unpopularity of the corridors surpassed onl by is provalence. One finds corridors in Pinys Laurentium (bull around 100 AD, not far from Rome) ‘2s woll a in a simple Roman domus (Fig. 1, ; in tho Ukaidor Palace (uit between 764 and 778 AD), the only known desert palace from the Abbasid period in Karbala, rag, a condor ran directly 2ehind the enclosure wal wile ‘another divided the throne room complex from the main courtyard (Fg. 3] In the Palace ofthe Five Stories inthe Mayan city of ThaP (Fg. 4] o¢ well as in the upasathagaras, the great assembly halls ofthe traditional Ceylonese ‘monasteries: llamic architecture also features numerous passageways, such {8 n the mosque/medrese of Murat |, competed 1385 in Bursa, where the ‘middle halls encompassed by a long corridos [Fg 5)" CContidore and conidor-ike roams can be fourd in all cultures from all eras, but they never attained the key role in cizculaton that Westom building bas accorded them since the 17! and 18" centuries. The corridor became Ubiquitous in tho 19% contury— in offices and administrative buildings, in ‘2eylums, hospitals, and tenements, not to mention in prisons and in Victorian ‘country homes. How could such a glaringly uspopular space become so provalont? (On the one hand, coridors are the result of a1 unwritten, but al the more influential primary cocfcation that could be termed “epherological"*in the language of Peter Sioterdj describing the vious “Room of One's Own” programs, the countless isolating habitat that pervade modem times. On the other hand, one must say that corridors aio also the result of many small ‘secondary codfications that could be ealed “hodological inthe language ‘of Kurt Lewin, (The Greek word hados means”“path” or “way.") These ‘classifications influenced modem architecture in the form of typologies and ‘model floor plans [Fig 6]. They approached exganic building methods inthe ‘2nimal Kingdom, as described by Anthony Vider: “Following tis analogy, those whose tackit was to design now types of public and private buildings began to talk about the plan and the sectional dsitbution in the same {terms as the constitutional organization of species; axis and vertebrae vets ‘synonymous."” The hodelogicalcodications are not focused on the isolated ‘sphere of the room-col but rathor on the mannor in which they are linked. Both cosificatione lead toa kind of goneraized Puritan rue, which could be ‘summarized inthe motto: “To every person his cel’sphere; 0 every row of cel, its coridor to every corridor its topological tee siuctue. Duke of Portland exacerbated both codticatons— the 5% ‘the hodological ~in the rebuilding of his estate, Welbeck Abbey, i 419 century in which he created s huge network of und ceanneeting parts of his, and only his, demesne PAoeo Fi Moadies see ter Rapot Bont mal ft "i Kenichi sera 1g. Wiatiaten, Spaces Erargene of Neto dtccwr oe 2 rn ofthe nce, Yop Boks 2nd elon, ‘san ss.0 1, Fos, Ding and Ph oe. 184 17.ct Tana Nate Sratntat ob swengemaashne Roe (Getnpratczracal 1775-088 tancher: ‘iro aan DOR PRGEA 2 Prison ~ Cells require corridors In the late phases ofthe absolute monarchiesin Europe, new building tasks ofthe state wore brought tothe for, that as a consequence ofthe English French "double revolution” (Ere Hobsbawm) a te 18% century ~ were then perfocted by middle clas society. This discourse is concemad with ~ alongside hospitals and mental asylums prisons. The Virwan inspired architectural theories were declared pases, especialy in the bung of prisons, The rules of decorum regarding proper use of ornamentation and colurms that wore Feflected in the vertical nature ofthe fagade were displaced by horizontally friented standard floor plans, typologies, andinstiutional recommendations ‘round 1800, architecture changed, no longer sting fora Viruvian-inspated symbole system, but rather a post Vituvian network: "Architecture let ta ttadtional authority 28 eymbotic form, but inthis process i also came to be a ode in @ network of knowledges and practices through which individuals were formed and @ modem social space emerged," From then on, architecture played lee of a passive role representing order, but rather an active olen ing) order: “Architecture is no longer like a body. but according to Sven-Olev Wallen {AL the beginning ofthe 18% century, spatial techniques of socal discipline were perfected in prisons. The new techniques of kolation and compartmentaization were subsequently used on society 38 8 whole. Michel Foucault, the most important interpreter of social eiscpine in the Enlightenment, described ‘modem disciptnary powe’s ambition for ocd in the following manner: “Avoid ltibutions in groups; break up collective daposiions; analyze contused, ‘massive or transient pluraties. One must aiminate the effects of imprecise sdstibutions, the uncontoled disappearance of indvidual, ther iftuse xculation, ther unusable and dangerous coagulation; it was 8 tactic of ant- ‘desertion, ant-vegabondage, anticoncantaton."™ According to Foucault, the central architectural instrument used to accomplish this was the cel tho ‘modus operandi of the discipinary powers: “Een fits compartments are not ‘outwardly realized, the disciplinary rooms furdamentally vay in the form of 2 call"® To make call, you need condor. The calculated grouping of cols played a docsive role in socal dscipine how rows of cells could be integrated into the regime's “channels of communication.” This strategy brought the cosidor to the fore asa survellange roomy the Panopticon principle of controlled cells was simplified and evonomized into principle of monitoredintermesiate space. This Principle, orginally developed in abbeys and monasteries, was implemented ‘uring moder times in tee waves of building projects: frst in hospitals, ‘then in pricons and barracks, and finaly in the esidential spheres of tenement houses. Allof these buling projects were the subjects of elaborate state standardization norma atthe end of tha 18° ard into the 19% century. A condor call complex was created and reached new heights in prison constuction, with fundamental consequences for general architectural topology. Ina racial break fom the courtly enflade ~ a one-point perspective of aligned doorways though ‘2 procession of rooms the trnaversal corridor type gave way mare and more te tangential conidars: ‘walking past series closed doors tock aver from ‘going through’ open space. From the beginning, the modem prison was notably dstinc fom pre modern jails. Imprisonment in pre-modem jals was meant ony forthe time before ‘the punishment, usualy torture or death, while the incarceration in modern prisons was considered the punishment in itsef. Congruously, the term "prison Sentence” appeared in criminal theoretical discussion I 1800.” Nevertheless the Catholic church canbe cor inattuion to have const church hoped 19 reform the Pace«2 ener choca UsctChage peel tte Pans 20017 J9.cl shai, Fors of Conta ec n 161 Stn, Fame of Cone eh m ‘i ose, Forms of Cosa 17 2. Nt, Stora a Sesnngamuscin, ft Jon Hoar it ty Stole at Seemngerstng, mest Bi eu, roe oman, ets 26.01 Nate, Solara ae Deseengarsachin, noi han THAT Winceto, = 942 Bs 91 amunds Socket ae . eyaaes., 2.0 Ne, Saar remeanonctio, 2.01 uy, Sram oh estenngmantog QR PAGES ‘meditation and contition."* Fo this reason, early pre-Reformatin inatitutions have calls, in which heretics and the disobedient were punished from 1261 ‘very Canthsion monastery was raquired to have a prison atte posal. Most of the prisons ofthe Inquiston, founded between the late 12" and the ‘mid-13" contury, indicate use of calls as wel In this regard, the state took 2 Tong time to lean trom the church: “It was only at the close ofthe 18th century ‘that civ euthosties, searching for @ substitute forthe usual penalties of death, ‘mutiation, or eile, began to use imprisonment on alarge scale as punishment, ten inpired by church teachings and isolated examplas from the pas." Seperation and the double corridor ‘The transformation fom a punishing incarceration to one focused on improving ‘the prisoner didnot take place in tho Catholic orisons, but rather within 9 Protestant framework, John Howard (1723-1780), the influential English philanthropist and roformor of tho ponal system, played prominent ole inthis evelopment. A deeply reigious man, he was 3 member ofthe Independents, ‘a moderate Purten sect. Starting in 1774, he traveled throughout Europe, inspecting prisons and other locations, where ine unlucky were “rotting in their ‘own waste,"» He examined the institutions’ a with his own nose, counted the hhumber ofiamates and published the findings n his majoc work, The State of Prisons in England and Wales, one ofthe fst empirical surveys in the fel of social studies * The book was reprinted four tinas inthe naxt 15 years; German ‘and French translations were published in 1780 and 1788, respectively = Howard, vaites Thomas Nutz, “compiled spectic knowledge from various discourses about the best organzation of prisons and the improvement’ of| ‘atinquents, gaining it a place inthe canon of specialized knowledge,” The ‘central teak that Hoverd passed on to hie consemporaries and posterity, a2 that, n order to reform the inmates, it was nocossary to separate them into dliferet classes and provide religious instruction during poriods of colation. He ‘borrowed the essence ofthis idea from the phlanthropic businossman Jonas Hanway, who founded the Magdalen Houso for Ropontant Prostitutes, in which ‘the women were complied to work, and perf religious observancsin their single rooms [Fig. 7)" Howard's teschings were partcualy wellimplsmented by the English architect, Wiliam Blackbur (1750-1790), the fst architect to specialize in the building of| prisons. With the Suffolk County Jal (1784-1720), Blackburn further developed the principles of @ meaningtul prison architecture, which was praised by Howard, i hie design of the Maison de Fores '1772-1776) in Ghent. Tho ‘stucture can be considered the frst large-scae prison in the world (Fig. 8-8), Blackbur’s constuction was probably the fs: radial prison, allowing visual Inspection ofall ofthe call carridore from one zontal point. Butt cid not full one of Howere's main requirements, namly the separation of ferent ‘lasses of prisoners. Blackburn accomplished hat feat with the construction ‘of Winchester County ridowel,bultin 1787 [i 1). In is design, Blackbur «divided the hitherto customary double-hipped 2 tract corer, thus creating ‘wo parallel coridors to divide prisoners acconding to thor dangorousness. His invention was copied and modified, also in prisons of radial fm, unt the 1830s: tin Buy St. Edmunds County Gaol (George Bild with John (ridge, 1803 (Fig. 111); then in Worcester County Gaol (also by Byfield, 1814) or the Norwich Gounty Gaol, (Frencis Stone [Fg. 12), built in 1828) ‘The pincple of the double corridor developed by Blackbur, the “father ofthe radial prison,” also entered into the codification ofthe British Socioty fr the Improvement of Prison Discipline In 1828, the society published Remarks on the Form and Construction of Prisons, in wc the compgohensivo of English prison architecture since Howard ard Bla ine compendium, and consistent design reconmenda or archtects* George Thomas Bulla, an architect workin PACEM boone sstepraon ee 944 4. Nu, Stoel at Bosonngamesctin, so.ch wis ‘coer S| {828 Sing Sing pion aston Ns Stans a Bessnngenccin, ipo, 42.01 Nu Sate a Bseennpancacing, beet 5. Hi, Staaten, vel son 0. Ct Nite Sufoca a Serennganaschin, es {2.0L eon, ome ot Coe eo, PACE aS 1820, drow up nine model plans for the pubeation. Amost al ofthe designs incorporated Blackburn's double cori, sc that inmates of different clasees hhad no contact on their way to chapel [ig 5] Bullar's model plone soon {gained a wide folowing, as seen in Westminster New Bridewel,Gesigned by Robert Abram. Examples can also be found outside of England, uch ae the ‘Meath County Jeli Tim, Ireland (1832) andin Germany at the Insterourg, Penitentiary (184), built by the Prussian Office for Pubic Works under the leadership of Karl Friedrich Schinkel Fig. 141 Separate vs. silent ‘Tho separation of prisoner into different groups by way of Blackburn's double ‘condor caused a depute batween two competing philosophive of prisoner ‘separation: the “separate ystom,” associatad with the city of Philadelphia, in ‘wich inmates woro isolated day and right, nd the “lent system,” connected to the town of Auburn, New York, where the convicts were in single cals cing the night, but worked together sintly during the day. Whie the sent aystern| lelindhidual prisoners merge into a great mass of inmates, the separate system

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