Appendix G Recommendations for methods of calculation of ‘stresses from local loads, thermal gradients, etc. G.1 General ‘This appendix, which has been updated in accordance with the recommendations in {22}*, deals with methods of calculating stresses due to local attachments on pressure vessels in some common cases. The determination of stress intensities from calculated stresses and stress. limits is covered in appendices A and B. Although itis also impracticable in view of the many variables involved to provide charts for use in the design and analysis of pad reinforced nozzles, references to some ‘work ia this field, which has been published in a form ‘consistent with the approach in this standard, have been included [33 to 35}. Although a simplified method for estimating transient thermal stresses at 8 pressure vessel nozzle is included, it is not considered practicable to provide design charts for ‘more general use in estimating thermal stresses because of the large number of variables involved (see (22)). The designer will therefore have to treat each vessel on an individual basis, and consider the thermal stresses which arise, during both transient and steady state operation, according to the duty that the vessel has to perform. Where a comprehensive stress analysis isnot justified, the various components of thermal stress in the most, highly stressed regions of the vessel can be considered separately. These are the stresses brought about by the following: (2) the local through thickness temperature gradient; {b) the axisymmetric component of the mid-wall ‘temperature distribution throughout the structure; (c) the non-symmetric component of the mid-wall temperature distribution; (d) the variation in through thickness temperature gradient throughout the structure. The bending and membrane components of the local thermal stress, when added to the stresses at the same position due to local loads and the stresses due to internal Pressure, should satisfy the criteria of appendix A ‘Attention is also drawn to the recommendations given in appendix C to avoid fatigue cracking. G.2 Local loads on pressure vessel shellst G.2.1 General 6.2.1.1 Introduction. This clause is concermed with the effect on the shell of a pressure vessel of local forces and ‘moments which may come from supports, equipment ‘supported from the vessel, or from thrusts from pipework connected to branches. Limits on vessel/attachment ‘geometry, without which the methods given may be Unreliable, are also stated. ‘Stresses due to local loads and moments applied to cylindrical shells through attachments, including nozzlest, dealt with in G2.2and G.2.3. BS 5500 : 1994 Issue 1, January 1994 ‘The methods in G22 cover the determination of stresses at the edge of the loaded areas (G22), stresses away from the edge of the loaded area (G.2.2.2) and deflections in a cylindrical shell due to the application of radial load (6223). Details are given in G23 of how to treat circumferential moments (6.2.3.1) and longitudinal moments (6.2.3.2) in ‘order to determine the maximum stresses at the outer ‘edge of the actual loaded ares (G.2.3.3) and the rotation of the attachment due to the application of these moments (6.234) toa cylindrical shell Stresses due to local loads and moments applied to ‘spherical shells through attachments including nozzles aredeslt with in G24t0G26, A method is given in G24 for calculating stresses and deflections due to radial loads (6.2.4.2) and stresses and deflections and slopes due to an external moment (G.2.43) when applied to. spherical shell. 6.26 and G2.6 deal with the method of calculating stresses arising ata 1nozzle/shell junction due to application of pressur external load and extemal moment to a spherical shell ‘The method is based on the analysis given in [25]. Additional information based on [27] is supplied on the ‘method of calculating shskedown conditions (G.2.6) and a ‘shell/nozzle junction due to any combination of pressure, ‘external load and external moment. ‘The application of the data to the treatment of thrusts due to thermal forces in pipework which may be connected to ‘branches is discussed in G.27; its spplication to the design of supports is treated in G.3. ‘The data are prasanted in the form of charts in terms of ‘non-dimensional functions of the variables so that any ‘convenient system of consistent units may be used. @.2.1.2 Notation. For the purposes of 2.1 to G24 the following symbols apply. C isthe half length of side of square loading area in me; Cy is the half side of equivalent square loading area in me; Cx is the half length of rectangular loading area in ongitudinal direction (in mm); “is the half length of rectangular loading area in circumferential direction {in mm}; C, isthe axial length of loading area for an external longitudinal moment (see figure G.2(21)) lin mm; Co is the circumferential length of loading area for an ‘oxternal circumferential moment (see figure G.2(20)) (in mm; d isthe distance from centre of applied load to mid-length of vessel (in mm); E isthe modulus of elasticity lin N/mm); fe sultant longitudinal stress (in N/mm}; in ultant circumferential stress (in N/mm2);, 7 isthe rotation of a fitting by an external moment (in radians); iy isthe slope of branch due to external moment; * The numbers in square brackets used throughout this appendix relate to the bibliographic references given in @.6. 1 An abbreviated procedure has been derived [43] +218.4 gives a basic design procedure for branches in both cyindrcel and spherical vessels under pressure which requires reference 10 ‘this appendix in certain ca shakedown under pressureBS 5500 : 1994 Issue 2, January 1996 Ky,Ke are constants; L the length of cylindrical part of shell [in mm); Ly is the equivalent length of shell (in mm); Mis the external moment applied to branch or fitting {in Nene); ‘Mz isthe longitudinal or meridional bending moment per unit circumference (in Nemm/mm}; 'M, _ is the circumferential bending moment per unit length (in N-mm/me); ‘Nq isthe longitudinal membrane force per unit circumference tin N/mm); Ny isthe circumferential membrane force per unit fength in N/m inthe mean radius of cylinder or sphere (in mm}; fo __ ts the mean radius of branch (in mm): 5 isthe position in shell at which force, moment or deflection is required: tis the wall analysis thickness of shell {in mm); U defines the area over which the load is distributed: W_ isthe extemal load distributed over the loading area fin N); x isthe longitudinal distance of a point in the vessel wall from the centre ofa loading area (in mm}; 5 isthe detection of cylinder at load or at any point ‘of a sphere (in mm; 4, isthe deftection of cylinder or sphere at positions detailed in 623.4 and 6.2.4.3 (in mm); ° of point on a spherical vessel in radians); © isthe cylindrical co-ordinate of a point in the vessel wall (in radians); #1 isthe angle formed by the radius through point A. and the radius to the line load (see figure G.2(9)(a)) (in radians’, G22 Radial loads on cylindrical shells. The methods in this clause are not considered applicable in cases where the length ofthe cylinder Lis ess then its radius r (see [30). This applies either to an open-ended cylinder or a closed-ended cylinder where the stiffness is appreciably modified from the case considered. For off-centre ‘attachments the distance from the end of the cylinder to the edge of the attachment should be not less than r/2. In addition the Cq/r ratio should not exceed thet given in figure G.2(0), depending on the value of/tfor the vesse! {00 section A.3.2 of [30)) This is because in thin shells the longitudinal tively flexible and free to ‘deform in relation to the transverse axis, causing the latter tocarry a disproportionate share ofthe load. The applicability of the methods to thick shelis is also limited in specific cases by the range of r/values against which datais given. For values of Cy/r > 0.26, the date should be used with caution S00 2:3 of (22). ‘These restrictions apply ony in relation to the method of jx. They are not intended for sxperimental or other evidence may yo TT TTITITIdTdl io | 1 | 0.28 i | . | 3 je! 4 ot = bi é | Saas it _ 3 z Notspleabe 3 — 8 ow > & | i i a 1 | \ \ tT 00s + 4 + = « | ; | | g el | | = 3/8 { | L. Lt a oO 100° 200 300 fae t Figure G.2(0) Restriction on vessel/attachment geometry (see G.2.2 and G.2.3) G2