A Project Report

On

“USE OF MECHANICAL DRIVES IN

PACKAGING MACHINERIES”
BY
SWAPNESH GOSWAMI (PG/K/18/17)

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA

IN
PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PACKAGING

10, Block-CP, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 091

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I have taken efforts in this project; however, the completion of this undertaking
would not have been possible without the kind support and participation of many
individuals whose names may not all be enumerated. Their assistance is sincerely
appreciated and gratefully recognized. I would like to thank all of them.
I am highly obliged to theDeputy Director of IIP Kolkata Shri Bidhan Das for his
guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary informations
regarding the project and support in the advancement of the project. I would like to
express my gratefulness towards Assistant Director and Course Coordinator of IIP
Kolkata Shri N.Nataraj and Professor Mr. S.Basu for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which helped me in the development and improvement of the
project. Last but not the least my gratitude also goes to the almighty, my colleagues
and who have willingly helped us out with their aptitude.

-----------------------
Date:-06.01.20 Name: Swapnesh Goswami
Place: Kolkata Roll No: PG/K/18/17

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CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL:
The foregoing project report is hereby approved as a creditable study of Mechanical
Drives in packaging machineries and presented in a manner satisfactory to warrant
acceptance as prerequisite to the degree for which it has been submitted. It is
understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily sanction or
commend any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein; But
approve the project report only for which it is submitted.

-------------------------------
Supervisor:

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Table of Contents
Serial No. Topic Page no.
01. Objectives of Project 5
work
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Types of packaging 9
machineries used in
general
2.3 What is mechanical 10
drive?
2.4 Why mechanical drive? 11
2.5 Types of mechanical 12
drives and uses
2.6 Other Important 26
Mechanisms used in
packaging machines

2.7 Failures and the 28

proposed maintenance of
the mechanical drives
used
3. Bibliography 31

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1. Objectives of Project Work

 To study the importance of Packaging machineries in packaging segment

 To study the Various types of packaging machineries used
 To study Introduction to mechanical drives
 To study the need of mechanical drives in packaging line
 To learn the various types of mechanical drives used in packaging
machineries
 To Learn other Important Mechanisms used in packaging machines
 To learn the failures and the proposed maintenance of the mechanical drives
used

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2. Data Analysis

2.1. Introduction:

A package is designed to protect and to sell the product, it contains and this
generally requires a mechanical process on a packaging line selected to carry out
those operations to put the product into the package.
The majority of the operations on a packaging line are concerned with the package
itself, such as making or from sachets, erecting or closing the cartons, feeding and
seaming cans and presenting bottles to filler heads and capping them. Secondary
operations like coding, labelling detecting metal, collating and cartoning involve
the packaging line as well.
Until the decision as to style of package to be used has been decided, work on the
packaging line engineering cannot start.
It should be recognized that the machinery, the product and the package are part of
an integrated system. If the machine is well made is the most precise part of the
system while both the products and the packaging are likely to be more variable.
The principal factors which affect efficiency and utilization of a packaging line
may be considered under three headings
 The suitability of the machine for the purpose
 The output speed required
 The likelihood and frequency of stoppages and the time taken to clear them

The manufacturers of the machines available are not usually in a position to know
much about the variability of the particular product(s) to be packed and although
they will be aware of variability of general package types, they may not have a
knowledge of the particular packaging specified. information on both these
subjects must be supplied by the product maker and the packaging supplier.
Following operations are subsystems:
 The product handling system- filling, weighing, loading etc.
 The packaging handling system-unreeling, erecting and closing
 The basic machine framework
 The power transmission
 The control system
 The timing system

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  The lubrication system
Automatic packaging machines are widely used in the food industry for packaging
food concentrates, confectionery goods, flour, grain, groats, sugar, salt, and spices.
In the USSR,
For example,automatic packaging machine, which features a dispensing device that
measures volume, is widely used for packaging food concentrates for the first and
second courses of meals. The machine guarantees portion accuracy of four percent
for a portion of 75 g (one package) and can produce 52 packages/min

Some packaging operations cannot be accomplished without packaging equipment.

For example many packages include heat seals to prepare or seal a package. Heat
sealers are needed, even in slow labor-intensive operations.
With many industries, the effectiveness of the heat seal is critical to product safety
so the heat sealing operation must closely controlled with documented Verification
and validation protocols. Food, drug, and medical regulations require consistent
seals on packages. Proper equipment is needed.
Packaging operations can be designed for variable package sizes and forms or for
handling only uniform packages, where the machinery or packaging line is
adjustable between production runs. Certainly slow manual operations allow
workers to be flexible to package variation but also some automated lines can
handle significant random variation.
Moving from manual operations, through semi-automatic operations to fully
automated packaging lines offers advantages to some packagers. Other than the
obvious control of labor costs, quality can be more consistent, and throughput can
be optimized.
Efforts at packaging line automation increasingly use programmable logic
controllers and robotics.
Large fully automatic packaging lines can involve several pieces of major
equipment from different manufactures as well as conveyors and ancillary
equipment. Integrating such systems can be a challenge. Often consultants or
external engineering firms are used to coordinate large projects.
Choosing packaging machinery includes an assessment of technical capabilities,
labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability, serviceability, reliability, ability
to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floor space, flexibility (change-
over, materials, multiple products, etc.), energy requirements, quality of outgoing

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packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency,
productivity, ergonomics, return on investment, etc.
Packaging machinery can be:

1. purchased as standard, off-the-shelf equipment

2. purchased custom-made or custom-tailored to specific operations
3. purchased refurbished and upgraded
4. manufactured or modified by in-house engineers and maintenance staff

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2.2 Types of Packaging Machineries used in
general:-

Packaging machines may be of the following general types:

 Accumulating and collating machines

 Blister packs, skin packs and vacuum packaging machines
 Bottle caps equipment, over-capping, lidding, closing, seaming and sealing
machines
 Box, case, tray, and carrier forming, packing, unpacking, closing, and sealing
machines
 Cartoning machines
 Cleaning, sterilizing, cooling and drying machines
 Coding, printing, marking, stamping, and imprinting machines
 Converting machines
 Conveyor belts, accumulating and related machines
 Feeding, orienting, placing and related machines
 Filling machines: handling dry, powdered, solid, liquid, gas, or viscous
products
 Inspecting: visual, sound, metal detecting, etc.
 Label dispensers, printers, and applicators
 Orienting, unscrambling machines
 Package filling and closing machines
 Palletizing, depalletizing, unit load assembly
 Product identification: labeling, marking, etc.
 Sealing machines: heat sealer, tape, or glue units
 Security seals, tamper-evident bands, etc equipment
 Slitting machines, perforating, etc

DOUBLE CHAMBER VACCUM

PACKER
AUTO CARTONING MACHINE VFFS
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2.3.What is mechanical drive?

Machines need to transfer power so as packaging machines to perform a packaging

operation and to transfer that power there are kinds of devices used in packaging
Machines to transfer the motion e.g. to convert a circular motion to linear motion
And vice versa. These devices are generally known as mechanical drives/machine
Drives.
Several types of mechanical drives are generally used in packaging machineries
like
 Friction drives:
 Belt drive
 Chain drive
 Cam and follower
 Gear Drive
 Brake and Clutch
 Actuator etc.

USE OF GEAR PUMP IN USE OF BRAKE AND

CREAM FILLING CLUTCH IN A
MACHINE PACKAGING MACHINE

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2.4. Why Mechanical Drives in packaging
machines?
Let us consider a simple case :
An Automatic Cartoning machine is going to perform necessary operations to
make a carton but there is a need to transmit power from one part of the machine to
the other so as to ensure the smooth running of all operations to make carton from
a pre-creased board. Energy is required to drive the machines and equipment’s for
variety of applications
In a packaging machine. Available energy/power is required to be transmitted to
get desired motion and work. When the power is transmitted from input to output
using mechanical elements is known as mechanical power transmission.
Mechanical elements like friction disc, various type of belts, rope, chain, gears,
couplings etc. are used for power transmission.
Some examples of drives and their uses in packaging machines are illustrated
below
With diagrams.

A COUPLNG HELPS IN EASY

A CLUTCH BRAKE ASSEMBY START AND DISINEGRTAION
HELPS IN TRANSFER ROTARY FROM MOTOR WHEN LOADED,
MOTION THROUGH SHAFTS IN FOOD PACKING MACHINES

A CONVEYOR BELT HELPS IN A GEAR PUMP HELPS IN

TRAVEL OF PACKAGED PACKING OF VISCOUS LIQUIDS
PRODUCTS IN LINE BY DISPLACEMENT.

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2.5. Mechanical drives types and uses:

Mechanical drives used in packaging line can be distinguished in the following

categories.
Each category will be explained with their functions and typical uses in packaging
machineries.

2.5.1. Gear drive

A gear drive has three main functions: to increase torque from the driving
equipment (motor) to the driven equipment, to reduce the speed generated by the
motor, and/or to change the direction of the rotating shafts. The connection of this
equipment to the gear box can be accomplished by the use of couplings, belts,
chains, or through hollow shaft connections.

Speed and torque are inversely and proportionately related when power is held
constant. Therefore, as speed decreases, torque increases at the same ratio.

The heart of a gear drive is obviously the gears within it. Gears operate in pairs,
engaging one another to transmit power.

2.5.1.1. Gear drive types

Spur Gear

Spur gears transmit power through shafts that are parallel. The teeth of the spur
gears are parallel to the shaft axis. This causes the gears to produce radial reaction
loads on the shaft, but not axial loads. Spur gears tend to be noisier than helical
gears because they operate with a single line of contact between teeth. While the
teeth are rolling through mesh, they roll off of contact with one tooth and

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accelerate to contact with the next tooth. This is different than helical gears, which
have more than one tooth in contact and transmit torque more smoothly.

Helical Gear

Helical gears have teeth that are oriented at an angle to the shaft, unlike spur gears
which are parallel. This causes more than one tooth to be in contact during
operation and helical gears are capable of carrying more load than spur gears. Due
to the load sharing between teeth, this arrangement also allows helical gears to
operate smoother and quieter than spur gears. Helical gears produce a thrust load
during operation which needs to be considered when they are used. Most enclosed
gear drives use helical gears.

Double Helical Gear

Double helical gears are a variation of helical gears in which two helical faces are
placed next to each other with a gap separating them. Each face has identical, but
opposite, helix angles. Employing a double helical set of gears eliminates thrust
loads and offers the possibility of even greater tooth overlap and smoother
operation. Like the helical gear, double helical gears are commonly used in
enclosed gear drives.

Herringbone Gear

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Herringbone gears are very similar to the double helical gear, but they do not have
a gap separating the two helical faces. Herringbone gears are typically smaller than
the comparable double helical, and are ideally suited for high shock and vibration
applications. Herringbone gearing is not used very often due to their manufacturing
difficulties and high cost.

Bevel Gear

Bevel gears are most commonly used to transmit power between shafts that
intersect at a 90 degree angle. They are used in applications where a right angle
gear drive is required. Bevel gears are generally more costly and are not able to
transmit as much torque, per size, as a parallel shaft arrangement.

Worm Gear

Worm gears transmit power through right angles on non-intersecting shafts. Worm
gears produce thrust load and are good for high shock load applications but offer
very low efficiency in comparison to the other gears. Due to this low efficiency,
they are often used in lower horsepower applications.

Hypoid Gear

Hypoid gears look very much like a spiral bevel gear but they operate on shafts
which do not intersect, which is the case with a spiral bevel gear. In the hypoid
arrangement because the pinion is set on a different plane than the gear, the shafts
are supported by the bearings on either end of the shaft.

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2.5.1.2. Gear drive uses
A problem in a blister packaging machinery was encountered by an anonymous
company:-
Objective:-
Their main objective was to overcome the problem of misprinting on the blister
strip.
This can be done by synchronizing two processes i.e. driving the conveyor and
other printing process, using single gear drive. The batch printer will be relocated
below the conveyor drive. So that slacking or stretching of belt will have no longer
effects on the batch printing process. To accompany our objective they will design
bevel gearbox having two output shafts. One of the output shafts will drive the
roller of the conveyor and other output shaft will drive batch printer. Such that both
the process are well synchronized.
The input power is provide using servomotor of 0.3Kw. This motor will be coupled
with input shaft of bevel gearbox to transmit required power at both of output
shaft.
Solution:-
The solution for the above problem was given by selecting dual purpose Gear
Drive. The gear drive was selected due to reasons like, Gear drives are less noisy
and responds well on different loading, whereas Chain drive worn, breaks easily on
impact loading and its maintenance is difficult. In belt drive some adjustment of
center distance or use of an
idler pulley is necessary for wearing and stretching of belt drive compensation.
Belt drive mechanism has significant uncertainties in determining torsion behavior
as the belt stiffness tends to be nonlinear and highly depended on the belt tension.
Therefore Gear drive was selected over belt or chain drives for transmitting
synchronized and precise motion to printing unit of the blister machine. The bevel
gear box arrangement is made
for driving conveyor roller and batch printer of the blister machine. Various
design and analysis calculations are justified for the safe design. Mechanical
design of components like gears, shafts is done using various theories of failure,
selecting appropriate material. The selected components will be manufactured
using various machine like lathe machine, Hobbing machine, milling machine,
electrical arc welding machine etc.

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2.5.2. Belt and Chain drive
Basic purpose of mechanical drive is to transmit torque, motion and power from
driving shaft (usually a prime mover like an electric motor) to driven shaft, and
also to alter the intensity, direction and speed as per the requirement. There exist
several mechanical drives to fulfill varying industrial and machinery requirements.
Such drives can be classified into two major categories—positive drive and non-
positive drive. A positive drive is free from slippage and thus provides constant
velocity ratio. Contrary to this, a non-positive drive cannot provide fixed velocity
ratio due to slippage or other similar issues. Each drive has unique advantages over
the other one and thus is used in various applications. Gear drive and coupling are
examples of positive drive. Chain drive also offers constant velocity ratio if
designed and maintained properly. On the other hand, belt drive and rope drive are
considered as non-positive drive as they are prone to slip and creep. So they are
often known as Friction Drives.

2.5.2.1. Belt Drives

A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more
rotating shafts mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of
motion, to transmit power efficiently or to track relative movement. Belts are
looped over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need
not be parallel.
In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one
direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the
direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on
parallel shafts). As a source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the
belt is adapted to carry a load continuously between two points. The belt drive can
also be used to change the speed of rotation, either up or down, by using different
sized pulleys.
Conveyor systems are one of the most popular and commonly used forms of
automation today. They allow for fast and safe transportation of items from one
location to the other without employee handling. Conveyor systems, also
referred to conveyor belts come in a variety of formats for a variety of
packaging solutions.

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 BELT CONVEYOR FOR
PACKAGING LINE
LINE

USES OF BELT DRIVES

EXTENSIVELY IN CARTONATOR
MACHINE &,HFFS MACHINE

2.5.2.2. Chain Drives

Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another.
It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a
particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines
besides vehicles.
Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive
chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear
meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls
the chain putting mechanical force into the system. Another type of drive chain is
the Morse chain, invented by the Morse Chain Company of Ithaca, New York,
United States. This has inverted teeth.
Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be used to
lift or drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is
recovered by attaching shafts or hubs to this gear. Though drive chains are often
simple oval loops, they can also go around corners by placing more than two gears
along the chain; gears that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are
generally known as idler-wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and output
gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered. For example, when
the bicycle pedals' gear rotate once, it causes the gear that drives the wheels to
rotate more than one revolution.

CHAIN CONVEYOR FOR

PACKAGING LINE
LINE

USE OF CHAIN DRIVE IN SPECIAL

SLAT COUNTER MACHINERY

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2.5.2.3. Belt and Chain drive uses in packaging line

The Packing conveyor belt is having stainless steel Table Top with moving Endless
sandwich belt in the center. Tabletop is fixed to the same structure made out of SS
square pipe & supported on adjustable bolts. Tabletop is of 12 inches working space
on both side of the conveyor belt for final visual inspection & packing into the box.

The conveyor belt brings the container or products from the labeling/blister/strip
machine, These bottles/products operators in turn pick up the bottles/products &
visually inspect the bottles/products & doing necessary action like primary packing,
secondary packing, picking & placing at proper place.

Salient Features :
 Designed as per CGMP - Current Good Manufacturing Practices compliance
 Automatic conveying of goods for packing.
 PVC and endless belt for long life.
 Structure is made from AISI 304 with matt finish.
 Belt-alignment system for long life & striate running of belt.
 Direct gear drive with variable speed drive.
 Adjustable height of conveyor belt, to align with other machine of the line
 Self-alignment bearing for easy maintenance.
 Rigid Vibration free Construction for trouble free performance.

2.5.3. Brake and Clutch Drive

Brakes and clutches using mechanical actuation include a lever for mechanical
advantage to trigger engagement and disengagement. This levering usually works
to squeeze friction discs together for torque transmission. When the mechanism
moves, the clutch or brake condition changes from engaged to disengaged or vice
versa. Some such brakes and clutches have a locking mechanism to keep the unit
as it is until repowering. Such clutches and brakes have no bearings to fail; are
fairly speed tolerant; come in optional one-position setups; are unaffected by
power failures; and offer automatic overload release during over-torqueing or
locking. On the other hand, many mechanically actuated clutches and brakes don’t
automatically disengage during power loss — and most need adjustments to
compensate for wear.

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Clutches and brakes that are electromagnetically engaged (or disengaged,
depending on design) use a magnetic coil to generate a magnetic flux — either to
move an armature from friction-disc contact or to move the armature for squeezing
discs together. That’s because electromagnetic clutches and brakes are either
electrically activated or spring-applied-electrically-deactivated setups. The latter
does double-duty as a failsafe during power loss.

BRAKE-CLUTCH ASSEMBLY FOR

PACKAGING MACHINES
LINE

2.5.3.1. Brake and Clutch Drives uses in packaging machines

The electromagnetic and pneumatic clutch-brake designed by Eide (packaging
machine spare part making company) plays an essential role in automatic and
semi-automatic packaging machines. It can regulate clutch performances and
braking in a controlled manner for greater security.

There are three types of clutch-brake for this purpose:

NEF pneumatic clutch-brake without rotary air: compact unit formed by a

pneumatic clutch and an antagonistic brake antagonistic that works by spring’s
reaction. With regulation of air pressure, it is possible to control the acceleration of
the machine.
EFE electromagnetic clutch-brake: a compact and narrow unit that offers a safe
and rapid response.

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GEF electromagnetic clutch-brake: the clutch and brake of this unit are mounted
within a housing and have the possibility of a combination of up to 17 different
versions. Both devices operate on the current draw.
Uses: - Auger Filler Machine in dry and liquid product filling, Butter Packing
Machine, Lassi Packaging Machine, Milk Pouch Packing Machine, Pepsi Pouch
Packing Machine, Water Pouch Packing Machine and Pouch Packing Machine

2.5 Kw Pneumatic Type Packing

Machine with Clutch Brake Auger
Filler

2.5.4. Cam Follower mechanism uses in packaging machines

A cam follower, also known as a track follower, is a specialized type
of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cam lobe profiles. Cam followers
come in a vast array of different configurations, however the most defining
characteristic is how the cam follower mounts to its mating part; stud style cam
followers use a stud while the yoke style has a hole through the middle.

CAM FOLLOWER

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A cam may be defined as a machine element having a curved outline or a curved
groove, which, by its oscillation or rotation motion, gives a predetermined
specified motion to another element called the follower . The cam has a very
important function in the operation of many classes of machines, especially those
of the automatic type, such as printing presses, and filling machines. In any class
of machinery in which automatic control and accurate timing are paramount, the
cam is an indispensable part of mechanism.

60ds Series High Precision

Cam Indexer, Cam Index,
rotary Indexing Tables For
Food Packaging Machinery

2.5.5. Actuator mechanism uses in packaging machines

An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and
controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. In simple
terms, it is a "mover".
Actuators are mechanical or electro-mechanical devices that provide controlled and
sometimes limited movements or positioning which are operated electrically,
manually, or by various fluids such as air, hydraulic, etc. Two basic motions are
linear and rotary. Linear actuators convert energy into straight line motions,
typically for positioning applications, and usually have a push and pull function.
Some linear actuators are unpowered and manually operated by use of a rotating
knob or handwheel. Rotary actuators convert energy to provide rotary motion. A
typical use is the control of various valves such as a ball valves or butterfly valves.
Each actuator type has versions for various power configurations and come in
many styles and sizes depending on the application. Linear chain actuators provide
push and pull motions with rigid chains.

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An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts upon an
environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or electronic
system), software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), a human, or
any other input.

The widespread use of pneumatics technology for packaging machines—to drive

motion and actuate machine sequences—has garnered more interest by machine
designers and end users as to how pneumatics can improve safety and safe
operating functionality in their equipment.

USE OF ELECTRIC
ACTUATORS IN BOTTLE
FILLING

Linear actuators are used in packaging machines. Several trends are driving
increased demand for electric actuators for providing linear motion control in
packaging machines. While pneumatics-driven actuation has historically served
this function, the industry is transitioning away from that approach in order to
realize greater flexibility, cleaner operation, less noise, and reduced costs.
Using lead screw-driven electric linear actuators in packaging systems provides the
increased accuracy, precise repeatability, and innate adaptability that
manufacturers of packaged goods need to boost productivity.
An electric linear actuator combines a lead screw with an electric motor to produce
and control linear motion. They are perfectly suited for packaging applications
because both their force and stroke length can be precisely controlled—supporting
fast operating speeds and smooth acceleration and deceleration.
A variety of packaging systems can benefit from the use of lead screw-driven
actuators for linear motion control applications because of the speed, control,
precision, and reusability that they provide. Common types of packaging systems
that utilize these types of actuators include:

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  Box/Carton-Packing Machines – While box-packaging applications can use
some standard components, they also have special needs that require
customized mechanical components.
 Filling Machines – Whether filling bottles, cups, or other types of
containers, these systems use a series of nozzles that are driven by electric
linear actuators, which when fully enclosed eliminate risk of contamination,
both in the linear control mechanisms and during the filling process.
 Pick and Place Systems – These machines require multi-axis linear motion
solutions, whether deployed for small or large components. Matched
with profile rail guides and an appropriately sized motor, lead screw-driven
actuators can be configured to provide the stiffness that is critical for these
applications.
 Labeling Systems – Whenever labels are affixed to product packaging,
electric actuators are used to drive both the conveyor that transports the
packages, which typically vary in size, and engage the label gun mechanism
in response to a signal from an optical detection system. Lead screws enable
the precision and speed required to complete labeling while packages stay in
motion.

Other packaging applications include:

 De-Blistering Machines
 Capping Systems
 Palletizing and Loading Systems
 Wrapping Applications
 Vacuum Packaging Equipment
 Case Packers
 Multipacking Infeed
 Bag Inserters and Uncutters

2.5.6. Bearing uses in packaging machines

Bearings are constrained elements used to reduce the friction of certain moving
parts in a machine or device. This is done by replacing sliding friction with rolling
friction. Bearings are used to provide better linear motion or rotation around a
fixed axis.

Roller bearings are typically cylinders similar to free rollers, except that they are
constrained in their motion. Ball bearings are spheres that are held in a track.

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Uses:-All types of packaging machineries to reduce friction specially in cartonator
,blister line, HFFS etc.

Types of bearings used in packaging line:

CERAMIC/HYBRID CERAMIC BEARINGS

 Great for applications that need reduced friction

 Less heat generation
 Require less lubrication

DOUBLE ROW BEARINGS

 Designed with deep raceways

 Can handle radial and axial loads
 Features a higher load carrying capacity than single row bearings

NEEDLE ROLLER BEARINGS

 Feature a high load carrying capacity

 Designed for higher rigidity
 Comes in a wide variety of styles for customization

PLASTIC BEARINGS

 Resistant to rust
 Can handle applications without the use of grease or oil
 Resist chemical changes
 Do not conduct electricity

RADIAL BALL BEARINGS

 Operate efficiently at high speeds

 Highly durable
 Long lifespan

STAINLESS STEEL BEARINGS

 High resistance to corrosion and chemicals

 Maintain high stability in high temperature
 Food grade greases are commonly installed

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THIN SECTION BEARINGS

 Lightweight
 Can be produced quickly to accommodate shorter development times
 Several cross sections and sizes available

BEARINGS USE IN
PACKAGING LINE

2.5.7. Coupling uses in packaging machines

A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the
purpose of transmitting power. The primary purpose of couplings is to join two
pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some degree of misalignment or end
movement or both. In a more general context, a coupling can also be a mechanical
device that serves to connect the ends of adjacent parts or objects. Couplings do
not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation, however there
are torque limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit
is exceeded. Selection, installation and maintenance of couplings can lead to
reduced maintenance time and maintenance cost.

USE OF COUPLING IN
PACKAGING
MACHINES

Designed for packaging applications, rigid couplings feature precision honed

bores, antivibration hardware, and opposing hardware on two-piece styles to
ensure fit, alignment, and holding power. The couplings are suited for shaft-to-
shaft connections and servodriven applications as they produce no misalignment,

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vibration, or bearing noise. Straight-bore rigid couplings have precision honed
bores for better fit, torque transmission, and alignment. The coupling’s crosscut
design accommodates slight deviations in the size of the shafts being connected for
proper fit.
USES:- Specially in FMCG lines like bottle filling, sealing, HFFS,VFFS etc.

2.6. Other Important Mechanisms used in packaging

machines
 Multi-axis, Multi-link Spatial Mechanisms

Machine uses multi-axis and multi-link spatial mechanisms to push in X,Y,Z

directions
Here is a 'Do Nothing Machine'. It just pushes a block around a 3D path.

 Inverse Kinematics

Inverse Kinematics gives the best results for High-Speed Machine Design
We find machine and mechanism design without an inverse kinematic capability is
difficult and time consuming.

 Carton Erection

Carton Erection modeling with parallelogram proportioned, four bar mechanisms

Sometimes pack forming processes like carton erection can be understood better if
the panels of the carton can be modeled as a mechanism.

 Pot plunger Mechanism

Pot Plunger has a positive reciprocating mechanism developing pressure inside the
Hot Melt Glue Transfer Unit as an example.

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  Slider Crank Mechanism

Slider crank mechanism is used to move the table up and down. Horizontal sealing
bar is placed in table which holds the film and pull it downward. Horizontal sealing
bar is also operated with the help of Slider crank mechanism. Length of the crank
and connecting rod is selected according to the vertical bag length i.e. space
between the top and bottom seal. And also depends upon the force which is
required to lift the table.

 Piston Plunger Mechanism

Piston Plunger has a positive reciprocating mechanism developing pressure inside

the Hot Melt Glue Transfer Unit as an example.

 Lever Mechanism

A low-to-high pressure, fusion-welding, press mechanism for vertical packing

machines which seals packed products using packing film. The press mechanism
comprises a cylinder, a cylinder rod, a circular disc, a plurality of pairs of levers
and a pair of sealing substrates having a pair of sealing blades, these members
being interconnected to each other to fusion-weld packed products with said pair of
sealing blades under desired sealing pressure.

 Ratchet Mechanism

A tensioning system for an endless chain comprising a snail cam mounted on a

second shaft parallel to a sprocket shaft which supports a sprocket and chain, a
follower running against the snail cam and mounted on a mechanism supporting
the sprocket shaft, a ratchet device which selectively limits the rotational direction
of the second shaft so that the radius of the snail cam at the follower increases with
rotation, a means of applying a controlled rotational force to the second shaft to
advance the ratchet device if chain tension is below a predetermined level, but not
advance it if chain tension is above a predetermined level.

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2.7.Failures and the proposed maintenance of the
mechanical drives used.

1. Adhere to a Preventive Maintenance Schedule

Automation Mag touts preventive maintenance as the number one recommendation
for a long machine lifespan. For good reason: A packaging machine, LIKE A
CAR, needs to be periodically and regularly maintained to ensure optimal
production and peak OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS. Formulating,
and more importantly adhering to, a preventive maintenance schedule is of utmost
importance after installation of a packaging machine.
A machine maintenance schedule is designed to prevent both minor problems and
major disasters, thereby decreasing unscheduled downtime. Examples of
preventive maintenance tasks include:

 Machine inspection
 Monitoring and changing wear parts regularly
 Ensuring high wear parts are kept in stock
 Lubricating the machine

These preventive maintenance activities often necessitate a higher level of

technical training and expertise, and as such should only be performed by highly
qualified and trained personnel or a certified service technician from the packaging
machine manufacturer. Top packaging OEMs provide Service Audit
and PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PLANS with regular scheduled onsite visits
tailored to your individual business needs.

2. Combine With Autonomous Maintenance Tasks

Automation Mag recommends pairing the more in-depth assignments associated
with a Preventive Maintenance Plan with easier, task-based activities that are
carried out at regular intervals by trained machine operators.
Operating off of a PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST, operators are
tasked with activities they must perform on daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly,
and biannual intervals. These tasks often contain simple visual cues, and

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because the operators become familiar with the machine with repeated
maintenance tasks, they can often detect when something is 'off' before a scheduled
OEM technician visit would.

3. Partner With Responsive Packaging OEMs

When your packaging machine is down, every second counts. Ideally, before
purchasing a piece of equipment, you have properly vetted the OEM to learn the
details of their technical service availability, methods of contact, and related costs.
Partner with a packaging machine manufacturer in which an actual person will
answer your call or email, and one that has remote capabilities to access
and TROUBLESHOOT PROBLEMS without unnecessary and costly onsite visits.
Availability of video conferencing via mobile apps is an added bonus that can also
decrease the need for onsite visits.

4. Understand Your Spare Parts List

After purchasing a packaging machine, your OEM should provide you with a
recommended SPARE PARTS list. This list should be broken down into part class
by wear. For instance, at Viking, our parts are classified by letters:

 A - High wear parts. These parts have a shorter lifecycle or are not standard
items and have a long lead time.
 B - Medium wear parts. These parts have a longer lifecycle and may or may
not ever fail.
 C - Low wear parts. These parts should never fail.

It is always recommended to keep high wear parts in stock. The last thing you want
to do when your machine is down is wait for a part to be fabricated or
shipped. Every minute your machine is inoperable during production hours is
money down the drain.

5. Plan for Upgrades and Obsolescence

Inevitably, packaging equipment and software require upgrades and sometimes
replacement when a certain machine or component is made obsolete and no longer
supported. Technology develops fast these days, and packaging equipment is no
exception.
Maintain close communication with your PACKAGING EQUIPMENT
MANUFACTURER to learn of necessary or recommended equipment upgrades

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and to ensure notification if your particular piece of equipment is being phased out.
If so, formulate a proactive plan for upgrade or replacement of your machinery,
components, or software that will minimize downtime.

Free Preventive Maintenance Checklists

When it comes to preventive maintenance of your packaging machine, don't be
taken by surprise. Download our free packing machine maintenance checklists &
planners today to ensure maximum productivity for the life of your packaging
equipment.

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3. Bibliography
 https://vikingmasek.com/packaging-machine-resources/packaging-machine-
blog/5-expert-tips-for-proper-packaging-machine-maintenance
 https://www.psmotion.com/examples
 https://www.school-for-
champions.com/machines/bearings.htm#.Xg2oGFUzbIU
 https://www.linak.com/business-areas/industrial-automation/packaging-
machines/
 Theory of Machines Book
 Packaging Machineries from library reference
 Food Packaging Machineries Book
 Class Notes

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