MODERN DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS International Fourth Edition B. P. Lathi Professor Emeritus California State University—Sacramento Zhi Ding Professor University of California—Davis New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2010Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholership, and education. Oxford Now York Auckland CopeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi Kuolalempue ‘Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shonghai Taipei Terenlo With offices in Asgentine Austia Brezil Chile CzechRepublic Francs Greece Gvatemale Hungary taly Jopen Polord Portugal Singapore SouhKorea Switzerland Thoilard Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 1983 by CBS College Publishing: @ 1989 by B. P. Lathi & Saunders College Publishing, a division of Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Ine.; © 1995, 1998, 2010 by B. P. Lathi Published by Oxford University Press, ine 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 hip: / farwwoup.com Oxford isa registered trademark of Oxford University ross All sights tosorved. No pat ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmited, in any form or by ony means, electronic, machcnical, photocopying, recerding, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data {ethi, 8. P. (Bhagwandas Pannctal} Modern digital and cnaleg communication systems / B, Plath, 2hi Ding. —4th ed P. em. {SBN 978-0-19-538493-2 (hardcover : atk. popes] 1, Telecommunication systems. 2. Digital communicetions. 3. Statistical communication theory. |. Ding, Zhi, 1962~ I. Tle. TK5101.333 2008 621.382—de22 2008029440 Printing aumber: 987654321 Frinted in the United Stotas of America ‘on acid fiee paperBRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS ONAUNERON = oo W 12 13 4 oe mo Preface xvii Introduction 1 Signals and Signal Space 20 Analysis and Transmission of Signals 62 Amplitude Modulations and Demodulations 140 Angle Modulation and Demodulation 202 Sampling and Analog-to-Digital Conversion 251 Principles of Digital Data Transmission 326 Fundamentals of Probability Theory 393 Random Processes and Spectral Analysis 456 Performance Analysis of Digital Communication Systems 506 Spread Spectrum Communications 614 Digital Communications Under Linearly Distortive Channels 666 Introduction to Information Theory 734 Error Correcting Codes 802 Orthogonality of Some Signal Sets 873 Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality 875 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization of a Vector Set 877 Basic Matrix Properties and Operations 880 Miscellaneous 885 Index 889CONTENTS PREFACE | wii ] INTRODUCTION 1 1 1.2 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL MESSAGES 4 1.2.1 Noise Immunity of Digital Signals 4 1.2.2 Viability of Distortionless Regenerative Repeaters 5 1.2.3 Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion 6 1.2.4 Pulse-Coded Medulation—A Digital Representation 7 CHANNEL EFFECT, SIGNALTO-NOISE RATIO, AND CAPACITY 9 1.3.1 Signal Bandwidth and Power 9 1.3.2. Channel Capacity and Data Rate 10 MODULATION AND DETECTION 13 1.4.1 Ease of Radiation/Transmission 11 1.4.2 Simultoneous Transmission of Multiple Signals—Muliplexing 12 1.4.3. Demodulation 13 DIGITAL SOURCE CODING AND ERROR CORRECTION CODING 13 A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF MODERN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 15 viiviii © CONTENTS 2 SIGNALS AND SIGNAL SPACE 20 21 SIZE OF A SIGNAL 20 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS 22 2.1 Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals 23 2.2.2 Analog ond Digital Signals 23 2.2.3 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals 24 2.2.4 Energy and Power Signals 25 2.2.5 Deterministic and Random Signals 25 23 UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL 26 2.4 SIGNALS VERSUS VECTORS 28 2.4.1 Component of a Vector along Another Vector 28 2.4.2 Decomposition of a Signal and Signal Components 30 2.4.3. Complex Signal Space and Orthogonality 32 2.4.4 — Energy of the Sum of Orthogonal Signals 34 25 CORRELATION OF SIGNALS 34 2.5.1 Correlation Functions 35 2.5.2 Autocorrelation Function 36 2.6 ORTHOGONAL SIGNAL SET 36 2.6.1 Onhogonal Veclor Space 36 2.6.2 Onhogonal Signal Space 38 2.6.3 Parsevai's Theorem 39 27 THE EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES 39 28 MATLAB EXERCISES 46 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS | «2 3. APERIODIC SIGNAL REPRESENTATION BY FOURIER INTEGRAL 62 3.2 TRANSFORMS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTIONS 69 3.3 SOME PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 75 Time-Frequency Duality 76 Duality Property 77 Time-Scaling Property 79 Time Shifting Property 81 Frequency-Shifing Property 83 Convolution Theorem 87 Time Differentiation and Time Integration 88 3.4 SIGNALTRANSMISSION THROUGH A LINEAR SYSTEM 90 3.4.1 Signal Distortion during Transmission 92 3.4.2. Distortionless Transmission 92 3.5 IDEAL VERSUS PRACTICAL FILTERS 95 wWOwwwww Peo bbve Yoon oneContents ix 3.6 SIGNAL DISTORTION OVER A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL 97 3.6.1 Linear Distortion 97 3.6.2 Distortion Caused by Channel Noalinearities 99 3.6.3 Distortion Caused by Multipath Effects 101 3.6.4 Fading Channels 103 37 SIGNAL ENERGY AND ENERGY SPECTRAL DENSITY 103 7.1 Parseval's Theorem 103 332 Energy Spectral Density (ESD) 104 3.7.3. Essential Bandwidth of a Signal 105 3.7.4 Energy of Modulated Signals 108 3.7.5. Time Autocorrelation Function ond the Energy Speciral Density 109 3.8 SIGNAL POWER AND POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 111 3.8.1 Power Spectral Density {PSD} 111 3.8.2 Time Autocorrelation Function of Power Signals 113 3.8.3 Input and Output Power Spectral Densities 117 3.8.4 PSD of Modulated Signals 118 3.9 NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM: THE DFT 118 3.10 MATLAB EXERCISES 123 AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS AND DEMODULATIONS 140 4d BASEBAND VERSUS CARRIER COMMUNICATIONS 740. 42 DOUBLE-SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODULATION 142 43 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) 151 44 BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS 158 AS AMPUTUDE MODULATIONS: VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND [VSB) 167 46 LOCAL CARRIER SYNCHRONIZATION 170, 47 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING [FDM} 172 48 PHASE-LOCKED LOOP AND SOME APPLICATIONS 173 49 MATLAB EXERCISES 181 ANGLE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 202 5.1 5.2 NONLINEAR MODULATION 202 BANDWIDTH OF ANGLEMODULATED WAVES 209x CONTENTS 53 54 55 5.6 57 5.8 GENERATING FM WAVES 222 DEMODULATION OF FM SIGNALS 231 EFFECTS OF NONLINEAR DISTORTION AND INTERFERENCE 234 SUPERHETERODYNE ANALOG AM/FM RECEIVERS 239 FM BROADCASTING SYSTEM 241 MATLAB EXERCISES 242 6 SAMPLING AND ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 2s: 6.1 6.2 63 64 0.5 66 67 6.8 69 SAMPLING THEOREM 251 6.1.1 Signat Reconstruction from Uniform Samples 253 6.1.2 Practical Issues in Signal Sampling ond Reconstruction 258 6.1.3 Maximum Information Rate: Two Pieces of Information per Second per Hertz 262 6.1.4 Nonideal Practical Sampling Analysis 263 6.1.5 Some Applications of the Sampling Theorem 267 PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM} 268 6.2.1 Advantages of Digital Communication 270 6.2.2 Quantizing 271 6.2.3 Principle of Progressive Taxation: Nonuniform Quantization 274 6.2.4 Transmission Bandwidth and the Output SNR 278 DIGITAL TELEPHONY: PCM IN T1 CARRIER SYSTEMS 281 DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING 285 64.1 Signal Format 285 6.4.2 Asynchronous Channels and Bit Stuffing 287 6.4.3 Plesiochronous {almost Synchronous} Digital Hierarchy 288 DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION (DPCM) 290 ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIAL PCM (ADPCM) 294 DELTA MODULATION 295 VOCODERS AND VIDEO COMPRESSION 300 6.8.1 Linear Prediction Coding Vocoders 301 MATLAB EXERCISES 310Contents — xi PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION _ 326 71 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 326 7.1.1 Source 326 7.1.2 line Coder 327 7.1.3 Mubiplexer 328 7.1.4 Regenerative Repeater 328 72 UNE CODING 329 7.2.1 PSD of Various Line Codes 330. 7.2.2 Polar Signaling 334 7.2.3 Constructing a DC Null in PSD by Pulse Shaping 336 7.2.4 OnOff Signaling 337 7.2.5 Bipolar Signaling 339 7.3 PULSE SHAPING 343 7.3.1 Intersymbol Interferences (ISI} and Effect 343 2 Nyquist's First Criterion for Zero IS|_ 344 3 Controlled ISI or Partial Response Signaling 350 4 Example of a Duobinary Pulse 351 5 Pulse Relationship between ZerolSI, Duobinary, and Modified Duobinary 352 7.3.6 Detection of Duobinary Signaling and Differential Encoding 353 7.3.7 Pulse Generation 355 7.4 SCRAMBLING 355 7.5 DIGITAL RECEIVERS AND REGENERATIVE REPEATERS 358 7.5.1 Equalizers 359 7.5.2 Timing Extraction 363 7.5.3 Detection Error 365 7.6 EYE DIAGRAMS: AN IMPORTANT TOOL 366 7.7 PAM: MARY BASEBAND SIGNALING FOR HIGHER DATA RATE 369 78 DIGITAL CARRIER SYSTEMS 372 Basic Binary Carrier Modulations 372 PSD of Digital Carrier Modulation 374 Connections between Analog and Digital Carrier Modulations 376 7.8.4 Demodulation 377 7.9 MARY DIGITAL CARRIER MODULATION 380 7.10 MATLAB EXERCISES 386 3 3. 3. 3.