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    prEN 16612 PDF

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    maikelc1

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    pe W 16 IR Determination ofthe load resistance of Introduction “This Standard gives the principles of determining the lal resistance of plas. ‘The principles of determining the load resistance of glass are based on the sirecturl [Eurocode EN 1990: Basis of structural design. The acions are determined in accordance with the structural Eurocode series EN 1991: Basis of structural design ~ Actions on structures, including the National annexes. 1 Scope “This Standard gives the principles of determining the load resistance of glass. It gives: ‘the general method of calculation, and ‘determination of load resistance by testing for any application, ‘This Standard does not determine suitability for purpose. Resistance to applied loads is only ne par ofthe design process, which may also need 1 tak into acount: * eavioamental factors (@. sound insulation, thermal properties), safety characteristics (e.g. fre performance, breakage characteristics in relation to human safety, security) 2 Normative references “The following referenced documents are indispensable forthe application ofthis docunent. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest ceton ofthe referenced document (including any amendments) applies. [Ea ‘Gass in balding ~ Delerination of laninous and solar characterises of glaring ENS iiss in bllding - Base sod ime siete glass prods ENSTDT ‘Gass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products ~ Par Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties ENG “Glas in building - Determination of thermal tansmitance (U value) = Calculation method EN TO Glass in building - Mirrors fom silver coaied oat glass Tor iaewmal EN 1056 | Glass a building ~ Coated glass EN 1279 ‘Gass in building sulting lass units "EN 1748:1 | Glas in building - Basic borosiieate glass products EN T748-1-1 [Glass in building ~ Basic boroslicae glass products ~ Pat T Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties ENTHE2 | Glass in building - Basic glass ceramies products fENTaaT—] ]Giass in building - Basie glass ceramics products - Part I= Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties EN 1863 Giass in building - Heat strengthened soda lime siete glass TEN 1863-1 lass in building - Heat strengthened soda lime slieate glass ~ Part: Definition and description TEN 1990;3000 | Euracode = Basie of srvesural design EN 1991, ‘Actions om sivcures| [EN 1991-14 | Wind actions. EN 1997 ‘Geotechnical dex EN 1998 Design of structures for eanhguake EN 12150, ‘Gass in building - Thermally toughened soda Time silicate salty glass EN 12150-1 [Glass in building - Thermally toughened sods lime silicate safety glass ~ Part 1: Definition and description ENISS7 Giass in building - Chemically strengihened soda Tine scare glass 'EN 123371 | Glass in building - Chemically strengthened soda lime silicate gas = Part 1: Definition and description [EN 180 12543 —| Glas in building - Laminated and laminated iy glass EN 180 125431 [Glass in building ~ Laminated and faminated safeyy glass ~ Part 1 Definitions and description of component parts ENO Glass in building - Thermally toughened borosilicate safey glass EN 130241 [Glass in building - Thermally toughened boroslicae safety gas Part 1: Definition and description ENA Glass in building - Basic alkaline earth Scale glass prodios EN 141781 | Gass in building - Basic alkaline earth sia glass products ~ Par efiniions and general physical and mechanical properties EN TAT ‘Glass in building - Heat soaked thermally toughened soda line cate safety glass EN T4179 | Gass in bulding ~ Heat soaked thermally Toughened soda Time sca safety glass - Part 1: Definition and description EN T4321 | Glass in building - Thermally toughened alkaline ean slate wey lass EN 143211 | Glass in building ~ Thermally toughened alkaline ath oilcae saleiy las - Part I: Definition and description | EN Ta9 Glass in building ~ Laminated glass and laminated safety glass — Evaluation of conformity/Product Standard 3 Terms and def ions For the purposes ofthis document, the following terms and definitions apply 3.1 annealed glass: Glass which has been treated during manufacture to minimise the residual sess in the glass, allowing itt be cut by scoring and snapping. [NOTE Fxamples are oat glass, drawn sheet las, patterned glass and wired gla. 3.2 effective thickness (of laminated glass): A thickness calculated for laminated glass ‘hich, when used in place ofthe pass thickness in an engineering formula, wil result in 8 Teasonably accurate determination of the deflection of and /o stress in the laminated glass. 133 prestressed pass: Glass which has been subjected oa strengthening treatment, by heat ‘or chemicals, which induces a compressive surface stress into the whole surface ofthe tlss, balanced by a tensile sre within the body ofthe glass. NOTE Examples are thermally roughened safety glass, heat strengthened glass and chemically stengthened gas. ‘34 main structure: The teams, the columns, the floor forming the main strscture of the building (se figure 1). [NOTE The main strctre is commonly class of consequence CC2 or CC3. e- @®- @ Key main structure 2 secondary structure 3 infil pane Figure 1 — Identifiation of structure [NOTE Elements of main structure are stritural in so far as they carry themselves and secondary structures, and, in case of failure, endanger the fundamental stability of the building. The main structural elements must have a safety and a ribilty appropriate 10 their design use and larger factor of safety than the one applicable to the secondary structure of to the non structural nfl elements. ‘These main strotures are the reference structure and constinte the point of reference forthe coefficients determined hereafter. 3.5 secondary structure: Windows assembly frames, which are secondary scuctues Insofar a8 thei stability i their own, NOTE 1 Secondary structures are commonly clas of consequence CCI or CC2. NOTE2 An example of glass secondary structure is pass fs. NOTE3 A flure of these secondary structures only affects the infill panels or the now-structral elements carted by this secondary structure and in no case has any effec on the main streture ofthe building. ‘The secondary structures ‘ca be replaced independently ofthe main suctres, 3.6 infil panels; Elements placed in structures inorder to close building and which do ‘not contribute in any manne to the stability ofthe main structure, [NOTE infil panes are commonly a class of consequence lower than CC 3.7 classes of consequence: classes which allow for the fect that the failure of the secondary structures oF the infill panels does not have the same economic and/or human consequences ofthat ofthe failure ofthe min structues NOTE An adapted factor of safety is thus aeeptable on the actions. The coefficient of class of consequence, kn, expresses the adaptation ofthe factor of safety applicable to the ‘secondary structures and infll panels compared to that applicable forthe main structures according tothe EN 1990, Annex B. This coefficient is integrated in he partial coefiients relating to the ations, o and yo, except inthe case where the action has a favourable elect ina combination of actions. The coefficient of class of consequence doesnot apply to the arial coefficients relating to materials. 3.8 unfactored load: an action as obtained from EN 1991 (e.g. wind load, snow load), including al the factors relevant for determining the action, but before applying the pasta factors fr actions ze, 7e andlor 4 Symbols and abbreviations x Surface area ofthe pane (=a x0) a ‘Shorter dimension of te pane a? | Characteristic length of an insulating glass uit ® Conger dimension of th pane (Co [Limiting design value of the relevant serviceability erierion z cx | Coeflicient forthe effect of altude change on isochore pressure (=0,12 KPaim) cpa | Probability factor applied to the wind pressure for different return periods er Coefficient for the effect of eavity temperature change on isochore presse 34 KPalK) = "Young's modulis Ex Effect of the aston() Ease ‘Servigeabiiy Tit sate value of the eect of he setion() Esa | Uma tte vale ofthe fet of testo) Tose | Uma int ste value o i eet fs permanent aon out | Ula iit ste valve ofthe effet of anon dominant action Ea [Uline in st vate of hfs fhe dominant tion E{Fsca] | Caeation of i fet ofthe seviebiiyHi sate design VaR {Fass | Caleuaon of he eet ofthe uate it sate sien vale } Fi | Desig aie af ian Far | Desi vale of i son on pane an nui as wit ar | Desig ve of th acon on pae 2 ofan inslsing 5 ui Fass | Servcabliy Tint sate Gsgn vale of «single ation or of @ Soibaion oT actions Fase | Uiats init aie Gaga wale of # ingle Scion or of combination of actions Ta Chance vale oe Tein arena of peed as Tea Desig ae of srengh or te src of gas panes Tar | Chances vale of he bending seengh of mealed ss Gale of st weigh asa [aide Tis Arde of rodbton 0 iaing 5 a | Nomina dhs ofthe pe Eo] Nomi thshosr of ae 1 Pan lating gar wa ory ToFa To pass Te | Nominal Wika of pane ofan lating Sas wit 0 V2 oa amie as ay] Noni ener of pane 3 ofan nling alas wit ply 3 a Tana as Te | seal eat eater coetiiear Thx Bective bicness of lamina glaw Tor walling outofaiane Bending defection ace] Eiecve Hines oF Tainted gas Tor elculting eat pane nding sre iV : | eral ea an ose | Nomina iknes of pane jof a inslting Baw wait or ply FoF a nial sia x] Nominal tines of pane Fafa nsaing gar wit py oa Taina ass Tar | he dance of te mid plne of Be Gas py Tom he wine oft laminated gs Tear dsance of he midline of he Ga ply 7 fom We wine of Be laminated gis Bo [the dstince of Be midpine of Ge dass ply 3 Fem Be wine of Isminstd ss Tar [The distance of Be wipe of he gan pV] Faw Be wine of Be laminated plas ‘The disance of the midplane of the Bais ply K Wom the midplane of te laminated glass ‘Caviy heat wanier coefficient ‘Coefficient used in the calculation of large deflection ares ‘Coefficient used in the calculation of large deflection deflections Coefficient used in the calculation of large deflection volume changes Coefficient of class of consequence expressing the reduction of safety aplieable to the secondary structures and infill panels compared to that applicable forthe Tena |Facior forthe load duration ‘oust [Faetor or the load duration of tie dominant action ia Toed combination enix | Factor forthe load duration when there are combined losde Tusa [Factor forthe load duration of permanent in a load combination outs [Factor forth load duration of a nos-dominantacson in load combination Tey [Factor forthe glass surface profile ky [Factor for strengthening of prestresed ass P Pressure Tsochote presare for an insulating ase unit [Air pressure ea _[Isochore presure due tthe effet of change in eaviy lemperaure and alr pressure ‘Bar| Exiermally applied uniformly distibuted load on pane 1 of @ wipe insulting lass uit ‘poo [Extermally applied uniformly aistibuted load on pane 3 of @ triple insulating lass unit ‘pia Isochore presare du to he offs of change alude De ressure atthe time of production of insulating glas uit [pss Load partion fr pane 1 of ripe insulating glass unit ‘Bess | Load partition for pane ofa triple insulating glass unit ‘Bess [Load partition for pane 3of a triple insulating pass uni pe [ Non dimensional uniformly distsbuted Toad [Valve ofthe single action oF dominant action ‘Qu | Vales of the actions which are not dominant Rs | Design value of the resistance tote ations Nominal cavity wiih ofa double glazed insating glass unit ‘Nominal cavity width of cavity 1 ina tiple glazed insulting glass unit ‘Nominal cavity width of cavity ina triple glazed insulating glass unit Tasulaing glass unit cavity temperature ‘Extemal air temperature Glass temperature of oue pane of slang glass uit Glass temperature of inner pane of insulating glass nit Intemal (room) si temperature “Temperature of production of insulating las uit Toad duration (in hours) ‘Volume change in an insulting glass unit cavity due tothe Gefiesion of one of the panes Vex | Nominal volume of cavity (nan naulating glass wait Vea" Nominal volume of cavity Zin an wsulting glass unit. Va | Nominal volume of cavity Kin an insulting pass unit Design vale of deflection ‘Wax [Manin dfletion cfeutated for the design Toad ze (Coeficienused in the approximate calculation of 2] Coeficient used in the approximate calculation of | Coeficient sed in the approximate calculation of ‘1 | Coefiien used in the approximate calculation of ‘ajay [Relative volume changes forthe panes on efihe: side of caviyy 1 ofa wipe insulting pass unit ‘aun @] [Relative volume changes Yor We panes on eihe” side of eaviy 2 of a ple insulating pass unit sa} [ Relative volume changes for the panes on either side of cavity i of tiple insolating glass unit ‘ear | Solar direct sbsorptance ofthe cult pane ofan inulating glass unit ‘ax | Sola iret sbsorptance ofthe inner pane ofan insulting sass unit B Factor used inealulating internal pressure diflennoes in Wipe insulating was ‘apr [eral pressure difference for cavity 1 ofa tiple nsoating glass unit ‘apr imernal pressure difference for cavity ofa tiple insulting pass unit 5 ‘Sites partition for pane | of a double insulating lass unit ‘br Sifness pation for pane’ ofa double insulating glass unit ® Tnsulating Hs unk factor for a duble bela ass uni 4 Tnsulstng glass unit factor fr eavity {ofa ripe sulting glass wait ‘2 [ sulting glass unit factor for cavity 2 of eplensulaing glass unit $e Taeident solar radiant flux ze | Patil factor for permanent acions, also accountng for model wnoeranies and dlinensional variations ‘Material partial factor x] Material panial factor Yor annealed glass | Material parti fetor for surface presress Se [ Paria factor for variable acdons, also accountng Tor ode] unceraiies and mensional variations x ‘Aspect rato ofthe pane (= a/b ) 7 Poisson number ‘vai Volume change of glass pane 1 when sobjected to unit uniform pressure ‘var | Volume change of glass pane 2 when subjected to unit uniform pressure Vs | Volume change of glass pane 3 when subjected tc unit uniform pressure ‘ra Volume change of glass pane k when subjected i unit uniform presse Glass densi ‘Maximum srs caleuated fo te design Toad ‘Combination ffrs forthe actions ‘Combination factors forthe setions which are nol dominant ‘Partal factor fora frequent value ofa variable ation so that ether the total cme, within the reference period, during. which itis exceeded is only a small given part of the reference period, or the frequency of it being exceeded is limited to a given value. It may be exprsted as a determined part ofthe characteristic valve by using a factor ys 1 ‘Combination factor fora quas permanent value of a variable scion [NOTE This value is determined so thatthe total period of ime for wich i wil be exceeded isa large fraction ofthe reference period. Tt may be expressed as & determined part ofthe characteristic valve by using a factor y2 = 1 ‘Combination fstor fora quai permanent value of a varicle sation [NOTE This valu is determined so thatthe total period of time for whch i wil be exceeded isa large fraction ofthe reference period. It may be expressed a a determined part ofthe characteristic value by using a factor ys = 1 ‘Coeficent forthe shear tanfer ofan interlayer in laminated glass 5 54 Requirements ‘Bass of determination of load resistance of glass ‘The process stall conform 1o EN 1990: Eurocode ~ Bass of structural design ‘The determination of acions shall be in accordance with the relevant parts of EN 1991: ‘Actions on structures. Where relevant or required, the following shal lso be taken ito EN 1997; Geotechnical design, and EN 1998: Design of structures fr earthquake design. 5.2 General requirements ‘Table 1 — Table of requirements forthe varfous limit states imate iit sae Sericesbiity iit ae Requirement Enns SR Esa SCy a 1.3) z where the effet of the] B,,,= Elfin) Ga) | Faxs=EFFacal 0 actions is in which Faas We Uitte Lint | Faas i te Seviceabliy State design vale ofa single | Limit State design value of 2 ‘ction or of a combination of single action or ofa setions. combination of actions iad Baae isthe design value of he effect ofthe action(s), expressed as where: caeulated stress, caused by the action(s) ® isthe design value ofthe corresponding eisance, expresea ‘a5 maximum vlmate limit state design value of strength fos taking ito accoun the material paral fctr for the ulimate imi state pu (ee 5.3). Fass the design value ofthe efestof ie aston), expressed as calculated stressor deflection, caused by the action(s). G ‘the limiting design value of the relevant serviceability criterion, expressed az maximum serviceabiliy limit state design value of strength fa or limit on deflection, w, taking into account the material parial factor for the serviceability limit state ue 5.3), 53 Material patil factor ‘The recommended values of the material partial factor are given in table 2 ‘Table 2 — Recommended values of the material partial factor ‘Uikimate iit state “Anmeaied asa" a= 16 ‘Surface presress_ = 12 ‘NOTE (I) The material paral factor Yor annealed glass also applied 10-4 component ofthe srengh of prestressed pss ~ see equation 6), SAA Process of determining the load resistance of glass For any calculation or test, the mechanical and physical properties of glass shall be ‘etermined in accordance with clause 6. ‘The design value ofthe actions shall be determined in accordance with claus 7 The design value of stengih for the glass, for the ultimate limit state and for the serviceability limit tate (if required), shall be determined in accordance with clause 0. ‘Where 2 design deformation limit applies for the serviceability limit stat, such a value shall be determined in accordance with EN 1990. Where no her standard specifies a , fy are the thicknesses of te glass plies (see rigure 2), ana hot, he ae the distances of the midplane of the glass plies J , respectively, from the midplane ofthe laminated pass (se figure 2. Key 1 Mid-pane ofeach glass ply 2 Mid-plane of laminated glass Figure 2 — Example of laminated glass thickness dimensions ‘The effective thicknesses for calculating stesses and deflection in laminated glass ‘comprising two pies ofthe same thickness, with an inte-layer 0.76 mum thick, using a value ‘of © = 03, are given in table 9. ‘Table 9 — Eifective thicknesses of laminated glass with two plies ofthe same thickness, an interlayer 0.76 mm thek, and a = 0.3 Glass thickness Effective hickness mm (@=03) Tig agi Sa 07 tS S01 5.0 ar 076+d 6.63 732 3401645 819 9.05, 640.76 +6 9.75 10.74 S406 + 8 12.86 145 10+ 0.76 + 1] 1598 1757 923 Determination of o Each interlayer bas its interlayer shear transfer coefiient assigned for a number of ifferent load eases according to the test method and evaluation from peEN vwaye (1). The oad eases are given in table 10. Toad ca - "Tempeatire range ‘Wind lod (Wedieranzan eas) occe< we ‘Wind oad other areas) oe <0 < we Personnel Balustrade loads ~ normal] 30 seconds oc) area of surface stressed in tension; ©) the surface condition. “The bending strength and Ioed resistance of laminated glass i also influenced by de following facors affecting the interlayer properties: ‘date and duration of loading giving rise to creep of the interlayer; ©) temperature affecting the stiffness ofthe interlayer. ‘The influence exerted by factors a) to ¢) on bending strength and load resistance should be talon into acount inthe testing method andor subsequent analysis AG. Effect of rate and duration of loading ‘icc glass is linearly elas, altering the rat or duration of load does not affect stresses or ‘Sefections if all the other components are also lincarly elastic. However the duration of the load has «significant effect onthe wlimate stength. In particular, ifthe design load is log duration, it isnot sensible to test to ultimate failure ina short duration tes. Better is to measure the induced stress (e.g. by the use of strain gauges) and compare it with the allowable long duration sires. Far laminated glass there i no simple way to measure the stresses ina short dition test to ‘obiain an estimate of long duration stresses, since the greater shear transfer over short, uration can develop sigitcantiy different stresses in the glass plies. The est and the snulysis model need to take this ito account. ‘AA Effect of stressed surface area ‘There is an ares effect on glass strength depending on the specimen size. On average, smaller sizes will break at higher stresses than larger sizes. This en be overcome by using, lest specimens of sizes representative ofthe aplication, Tt affects only the breakage sess, not the sess generated by a specifi loa. ‘The imerlaminar shear transfer in laminated glass is size dependent. Larger pane sizes have greater shear transfer than smaller pane sizes. The test specimen sues should be representative of the application, AS. Surface condition ‘The variation in microseopic flaws in glass surfaces mean tat the lad resistance obtained in atest wo ultimate failure of nominally identical glass specimens can vary by a factor of 4 Caution should be used in assessing factors of safety related (o ultimate stengh tests unless a large number have been performed (more than 10 to obtain a reliable mean strength and ‘more than 20 in order to abain a reliable characteristic strength). AG. Temperature Variations of temperate within the renge normally obiined in buildings have nepiible cefct on the reation of glass to load and stress. Temperature can have a major effect on the properties of laminated glass interlayers. Where possible tess on laminated glass should he conducted at 2 temperature representative of service. Annex B (informative) Calculation formulae for stress and deflection for larg deflection of rectangular anes supported onal edges (OF the dimensions a and b of the pane a shall be taken asthe shorter dimension. The aspect ratio is piven by 2 = alb and the area is piven by A = cb or practes! determination ofthe sess, the denection and he change in volume (or the ‘avy of insulating glass units), Formulae are given as fellows: “Maximum tensile bending sess: 4 Cn heh en Deflection: co @ ‘The values ofthe coetcets are given in bis B. 0B 3. In case of fouredge supported panes, the dimensionless coetiins kn, pend om the apet tio, and he non dimesina la Now dimensions ad a( A) ral 0 ‘The coeficens in tables B.1 to B.3 are valid for a Poisson number inthe range 0,20 ta 0,24. They can be interpolated linearly. For small defletins (linear theory) the values for p* = O apply ‘Table B.1 — Coefficient k for calculation ofthe maximum stress fps [ow [s— ofa fem fost fas fpus fore esm fo le foams pre fesse Yous fumarase 2 — [uefa four fea fous four [effort [foe xt les_nas_Iposlns_Tees loos Ioan loos leer la Fe Bepuros oe eee h is | B+ sive ynaufanuronnonf-ur(-1)")] arth) eas ‘s a ‘Table B.2 — Coefficient k for calculation of the maximum deflection, be = amas [0 1 [2 3 0 [30 [700 [300 [300 1,0 [aoair [aon [asia [oane a7 [aoa [oon [acon oame 0,9 loa: [ooue [ast locum 0,8 loae7 oa onus amos (0.7 los. loam Joass lows [0.6 om Joos Joos [oan [0,5 [omer [own Joost fomst 0,4 |omoe [aoa [amo gous 0.3 Too Joo Joo [oon [0.2 [oss [aoe [ass [aon 0.1 Tago Joos loons eons Forte purposes of calculation: nous [a [oo loro [oan 00136 [a7 [oma [ows Joan ni36 [neu [ooaa loons [oso [anise [nr [ax loos loss o.i2 [oom [ooo [amo non ows [opus [om arose Jaane po1es tony [oss Joss Joams nas [aos [ooo [ooms loans 20015 [ao15 Loonis loons Toms z ie ee eae : i6p* where 5, =192(-u")* 0.00406+ 0.00896 1 -exp|-1.123( 1-1 I ot: Forpt=a, t= Hi i ‘Table B.3 — Coeiclent ks for calculation of the volume change aaa fio fos jos for [os os [ojos _o.2 [ou [0.0154 0.0335 |, 0788 0,0345| 0, 0430 0,495] 00585 0,067] 0, 0764 0.0858 Forte purposes of calculation 4 [Gir paisesozneo(-ssty”) vimre a ingven ia ute B2 Annex € aformative) Calculation process for Cul. Double insulating plas units C.L.1 Sign convention for loads Figure C.1 shows the directions in which positive values ofthe lads are acing. Figure C.1 — Sign convention for loads C12 General Incase of double glazing, with panes of thickness and fo, the distribution (parton) of external uniformly distributed loads (e.g. wind, snow, self weight is essentially determined by the distribution (partion) of the stiffness ofthe panes, thats: ‘Sifiesspariton for pane 1 with thickness «p @ Adéitionlly the distribution (partion) of extemal losds as well asthe effect of internal loads is determined by the insulating unit actor @ 1 Tela ce) ‘The length a gives the ctu dimension ofthe wit (.g. in case of @ rectangular unt the Jeng ofthe short edge) while a* isthe characteristic length ofthe unt, depending onthe thickness ofthe plass panes and he gas space, s, and the shape of the ni whe if CONE RY co ‘The coeicient of volume, hs, depends onthe shape of the uni (see table B.3 in Annex B) €.13 Distribution (partition) of external loads (load sharing) ‘By means ofthe intemal pressure de exter owls (eg, wind on pane I) are distibted to ‘ott panes, as shown in table C.1 ‘Table C.1 — Load partition for external loads Lod ‘Parition of Toad cari’ | Parton ofToud eared by pane by pane 2 Exeral Toad Fracting onpane 1 [Fy =, +#8)F Fal [Bernal fad Feasting onpane? | Fyy= (dF Fe =W5,+5,)F, C14 Etfect of internal loads C.14.1 Internal loads applied to the panes “The internal loads given by the isochore pressure are reduced by the exbity of the ranes

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