PHYSIOLOGY Toxin that blocks sodium channels of neuron?

NERVE PHYSIO  Tetradotoxin (puffer fish)

3 PARTS OF A NEURON Toxin that blocks acetylcholine – botulinum
toxin
 Cell body - soma
 Axon Toxin that blocks GABA & glycine –
 Dendrites tetanospasmin

Insert pic of neuron
What is the normal nerve resting membrane
potential? -70mv
What neurotransmitter is found in the pre
ganglionic and neuromuscular junction?
 Keyword is preganglionic and
neuromuscular junctiopls take note
 This is where u will encounter ach
 Autoimmune rxn attacking ach receptor
leads to myasthenia gravis -decreased
ach
What part of the brain produces ach?
 Nucleus basalis of meynert (found in
basal ganglia)
Algae causing red tide & algal blooms –
preisteria
Type of amnesia that hippocampal lesion cause
– anterograde amnesia
Type of amnesia a thalamic lesion cause –
retrograde amnesia
Bilateral temporal lesion, temporal lobectomy –
loss of social inhibition, hypersexuality (kluver
bucy syndrome)
Part of the vestibular system responsible for
linear acceleratio - semicircular canals
Important in arousal and wakefulness – orexin
neurons (hypocreta) is produced by neurons in
the hypothalamus

What neurotransmitter is produced by locus Loss or destruction of orexin producing

cereus? neurons: narcolepsy

 Norepinephrine Nuclei in the brain responsible for ADH

 There are also different parts that
produce (abundant amt) NE -chromaffin
cells produces Ne and epinephrine
(some amt)
Phenylalanine and tyrosine would yield which
neurotransmitter? (These are the amino acid
precursor)
 Cathecholamines:
 Dopamine
 Epinephrine
 Norepinephrine
secretion: supraoptic nuclei
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Nuclei Responsible for oxytocin
 Secretion: Paraventricular
Nuclei
What is GHRELIN = hunger
Hormone
What is leptin: satiety hormone
SURFACTANT
– complex phospholipid secreted by
– type II epithelial cells
– decrease alveolar surface tension to
decrease the work of breathing
–
 Type of Alveolar cells that produces
surfactant = Type II
What week does it have mature?
Week 35
What do we give to those
less than 0-5 wks AOG : DEXAMETHASONE
What are the diseases associated w/ deficiency
of surfactant? RDS & BRONCHOPULMONARY
dyslapsia
PHOSPHATIDYGLYCEROL = CARDIOLIPIN
(marker for VORL)
What is the normal FEV1/FVC ratio? 80%
What do you call the phenomenon associated
w/ unloading of O2 secondary to increased H+?
BOHR EFFECT
What do you call the phenomenon associated
w/ unloading of carbon dioxide secondary to
increased O2?
HALDANE EFFECT
*BOHR EFFECT - ↑ O2 delivery to tissues
when CO2 & Hydrogen ions shift the
oxygen – hemoglobin dissociation curve
*HALDANE EFFECT – release of CO2 when O2
binds w/ hemoglobin.
- CO2 is an acid & acids have hydrogen ions
Where is erythropoietin produced?
- Peritubular capillaries of the kidney
What enzyme is present in the kidney to
convert vit.D to its Active form? 1 – Alpha
Hydroxylase
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Active form of vitamin D
 1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol (calcitriol)
Vitamin D deficiency
 Rickets (children)
 Osteomalacia (adults)
Functional unit of the kidney – nephron
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
 JG cell – secrete renin
 Macula densa – senses changes in
volume & decrease in NaCl
concentration
 Mesangial cells
Normal protein content of the urine: zero
What is the normal glucose content or urine?
Zero
Micturation reflex
 The 1st urge to void if felt at a bladder
volume of about 150ml
 Marked fullness at about 400ml
What substance would be secreted in response
to changes in BP by the JG cells of the afferent
afferiole? Renin
Action of renin: converts angiotensinogen (from
the liver) to angiotensin I
Descending limb
 Highly permeable to water
 No active sodium transport
Ascending limb
 Actively pumps sodium out of tubule to
surrounding interstitial fluid
 Impermeable to water
Urea handling by the kidneys
 Thick ascending limb, DCT & cortical
collecting duct are impermeable to urea
Aldosterone is produced specifically: zona
glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
What is the specific action of ADH on the
kidney?
 Causes insertion of aquaporin
Water channels on the distal tubules
What is the renal threshold for glucose?
150mg/dl
Strongest stimulus for erythropoietin secretion?
Hypoxia
Arteriole
 Smallest branches of the arteries
 The site of highest resistance in the CVS
Veins
 Contain the highest proportion of blood
in the CVS
Preload
 The muscle length prior to contractility
& it is dependent of ventricular filling (
or end diastolic volume)
 This value is related to right atrial
pressure
 The most important determining factor
for preload is venous return
Afterload
 The tension (or the arterial pressure)
against which the ventricle must
contract
 If the arterial pressure increases,
afterload also increases
 End systolic wall stress or resistance
Cardiac output
 Is the volume of blood pumped each
minute, and is expressed by the
following equation: CO= SV X HR
 SV  stroke volume per beat
 HR  number of beats per minute
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF GI SMOOTH MUSCLE
 Resting membrane potential: -40 to -
80mv
 Slow waves produced by interstitial
cells of cajal
 ACH – predominant excitatory
neurotransmitter
 VIP & NO – inhibitory neurotransmitter
GASTRIC SECRETIONS
 Stomach secretes about 2L of gastric
juice
 Most important of the pancreatic
enzymes for digesting proteins are:
o Trypsin
o Chymotrypsin
o Carboxypeptidase
 CCK = I cells
 Effect of CCK on the GB & sphincter of
oddi?
o GB contraction
o Relaxation of sphincter of oddi
 The maximum volume that thw GB can
hold is only 30 to 60 ml
2 important actions of bile salts in the intestinal
tract:
1. Emulsifying
Detergent function of bile salts
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