NotesonPer sonsandFami lyRel

ati
ons
Fi
nalCoachi ng,
SBE2020
Shar
i’
ahCent er,
Mi ndanaoStateUni
versi
ty
Prof.Jashim A.AbdulRahman,Sh.
L.

Per
sons

Legalcapaci
ty.Juri
dical
capacity
,whichisthefit
nesstobethesubj
ectoflegal
rel
ati
ons,
i
sinherentineverynaturalper
sonandi slostonl
ythroughdeat
h.Capaci
tytoact,
which
i
sthepowert odoact swi t
hlegalef
fect
,isacquir
edandmaybel ost
.(
Arti
cle8)

LegalCapacit
y(Dhimmai nArabi
c;alsoahli
yatul-Qanuniy
ya)isthepresenceofboth
j
uridi
calcapaci
ty(Ahli
yat
ul-
wujub[ Recept
iveCapacity]
;alsoAhli
yatul-
Shariy
ah)and
capaci
tytoact(Ahl
iy
atul-
Ada[Act
iveCapacity
];al
soAhliyat
ut-t
asarr
uf[v
oluntar
yact
s])
.

LegalCapaci
tyi
sal
sodefinedast
hequali
tybywhichapersonbecomesf
itt
owhathe
i
ssubjectedt
o(maalai
)andtowhathei
sentit
ledt
o(malahu).

Jur
idi
calcapaci
tyisthefit
nesstobethesubj
ectofl
egalr
elat
ions,i
sinher
enti
nev
ery
nat
uralper
son,andislostt
hroughdeat
h.

Capaci
tyt
oacti
sthepowert
odoact
swi
thl
egalef
fect
,isacqui
redandmaybel
ost
.
[
Art
.8,CMPL.
]

1.Ahli
yatulwujub (
Recept
iveorinher
entCapacity
)whichcor r
espondst
o Jur
idi
cal
Capaci
ty.Thi
sisthecapaci
tyf
ort
heinherentr
ight
sandobl
igat
ions;

2.Ahli
yatulAda(
Act
iveCapaci
ty)cor
respondstoCapaci
tyt
oAct
.Thi
sist
hecapaci
tyf
or
theexerci
seofri
ght
sandt hedi
schargeofobli
gat
ions.

Di
sti
nct
ionbet
weenJCandCTA:

1.JC isthecapaci
tyf ort
heinher
enceofr i
ghtsandobl
i
gat
ionswhi
l
eCTA i
sthe
capaci
tyf
ortheexer
ciseofr
ight
sandobl
igat
ions.

2.JCispresentassoonasthefoetusi
sformed,butisconsi
dereddefecti
veuntilitis
bornal
ive,wereJCnow becomescompl et
e,whil
eCTAacqui r
ed,albei
tinr est
ricted
for
m,fr
om birt
h,andi
sperf
ecteduponmentalandphysi
calmaturi
tyoftheperson.

3.JCislostonl
ythr
oughdeat
hwhi
l
eCTAmaybel
ostorr
est
ri
ctedev
enwhi
l
ethe
per
soni
sst i
l
lal
iv
e.

Rest
ri
cti
onsoncapaci
ty.

1
The foll
owing cir
cumstances,among ot hers,modi fyorl imitcapaci
tyt o act
:age,
i
nsanity,i
mbecil
ity
,thestat
eofbeingdeaf-mut e,thecondi ti
onofdeath-i
l
lness(marad-
ul
-
maut ),penalty,prodi
gali
ty,absence,f ami l
yr elati
ons,al i
enage,insolv
ency,and
tr
usteeship.Theconsequencesoft hesecir
cumst ancesar egovernedbythisCodeand
otherI
slamiclawsand,inasuppletorymanner ,byot herlaws.(Art
icl
e9.)

Ther estr
ict
ionisenumer
atedinArt.9,CMPL,butt
heenumer at
ionisnotexhausti
ve(as
notet hewor ds“amongaothers”
).Thesearecondit
ionsthateitherl
imitormodi f
ya
person’scapacit
ytoact,
andmaybegener all
ydivi
dedintoTHAMAWI( wor korresul
tof
provi
dence)andMAKSUBA( workorresul
tofman’sacti
on).

Theenumer ati
oni nthecodeasar ef ol
lows:Age( aql),Insanit
y( majnun),imbecil
ity
(ma’t
uh),satteofbei ngdeaf -
mute,condi t
ionofdeath-il
lness(mar adul-maut),penalty
(haj
rorinciv i
llaw,civi
lint
erdi
cti
on),prodigal
it
y(tabdheerori sr
aaf),absence(ghaibah),
famil
yrelat
ions( sateofbeinganusrah) ,ali
enage(ghareeboraj nabeyy?),i
nsolvency(al
i
h’saar
aoral -aj
za‘anil-
waf aa’
l
;moh’sirisinsol
vent)andtrusteeship(al-
wisaayah).

Theot herrestricti
ons[ actuallymodi fi
cat i
on ofl egalr esults]whi ch arenoti nt he
enumer ati
onsar e:f orgetf
ulness( ni
syan)[ usu.Appl i
cablet or i
ght sofGOD,eg.For gets
thathei sfasting,butaper soni nst ateoff orgetfulnesscausi ngdamaget oanotheris
sti
lll
iable]
,sleep( naum)[ utterancesmadedur i
ngsleeporf aintingspellnotbindi
ng,but
damagedonemustber ecti
fiedorr esti
tuted],mistake( khata)[ anactdonebymi stake
notamount i
ngt oanof f
enseandnoti njuri
ouswi llbeexcusedbecauseofwantof
i
ntention{Shaf i
i}
,ot hershowev erposi tthataper soni sliablef orhisactwi t
houtregard
forhisi nt
entionbecausei tisdi ffi
culttoascer t
ainone’ si ntention,inaddit
iontot he
presumpt i
on t hatan acti s al way sintentionall
y done { Hanaf i}
,coercion (i
kraah)
,
i
gnor anceofl aw( j
ahi),faint
ing( bihushi)
, i
ntoxicati
on( nashah) ,jest(hazl
),andapostacy
(stat
eofbei ngamur t
ad) .

Per
sonal
i
ty

Bir
thdeter
mi nesper sonali
ty;buttheconceiv
edchil
dshallbeconsi
deredbornf
oral
l
purposest
hataref avorabletoit,
provi
deditbebor
naliv
e,howev
er,br
ief
ly,
atthet
imei
t
i
scompl et
elydeli
veredf r
om themot her
'swomb.

TheCiv
ilcodehasaprovisi
on(Art.41)whichprovi
desthat“forciv
ilpurposes,t
hefetus
i
sconsideredborni
fiti
sal i
veatt heti
mei tiscompl
etelydeli
veredfrom t hemother’
s
womb.Howev er,i
fthefetushadani nt
ra-ut
eri
neli
feofl essthan7mont hsiti
snot
deemedbor nifitisdi
eswi thi
n24hour saf t
eriti
scompl etel
ydeliveredfrom the
mother
’swomb” .

Contr
astthi
swit
hthemorefav
orabl
eprovisi
oni
nArt.
10oft
heCMPL:“
Birt
hdetermines
per
sonali
tybutt
heconcei
vedchil
dshallbeconsi
der
edbornf
oral
lpurposesthatare

2
fav
orablet
oit
,prov
idedi
tbebornal
i
ve,howev
erbr
ief
ly,att
het
imei
tiscompl
etel
y
del
iver
edfr
om t
hemother
’swomb.
”

ARTI CLE 10.Per sonali

ty how acqui r
ed.Undert his art
icl
e,itpr ovi
des f av orabl
e
presumpt i
ont otheconcei v edchildpr ovidedhewasbor nali
vehowev erbri
ef l
yaf terhe
wascompl etel
ydel i
veredf rom themot her’swomb.Pr esumpt i
onfav orabl
et ot hechi l
d
i
ncl ude,amongot hers,thef ol
lowing: 1.Thatt hechi l
dismal eforpurposeofi nheritance.
Weknowt hatt heshareofmal eist wicebi ggert hant hef emaleandt opr esumet hatthe
fetusisf emal ethatapor tionoft heest ateequi valenttoashar eoffemal ewasr eser v
e
forherandl at
eroni tcomeoutt obeamal e,thenhi sshar eisprejudiced.2.Thatt he
concei v
edchi l
dispr esumedt obeMusl im.Topr esumet hatthefetusi snotaMusl im
woul dmeant hathei sdi squalif
iedt oi nher i
tf r
om hsMusl im parents.Ther efore,the
fetusmustbepr esumedMusl i
m becauset hati sf avorabl
et ohim.3.Thatt hechi l
dis
presumedt obehumanandnotamonst er.A nonhumancannoti nherithencet he
favorablepr esumpt i
oni sthatthef etusishuman.

4.Thatt
hechil
dispresumedtobenotdisqual
i
fiedt
oinher
it
.Iti
sal
way
sfav
oral
etot
he
fet
ustobepresumedquali
fi
edtoi
nheri
t.

Ext
inct
ionofper
sonal
i
ty.

(1) Ci vi
lper
sonal
it
yisexti
ngui
shedbydeath.Theef
fectofdeat
hupontheri
ght
sand
obl
igat
ionsofadeceasedper
sonisdet
erminedbythi
sCode,bycontr
act
,andbywil
l.

Art11CMPLst atesthat“ci
vilper
sonali
tyi
sextingui
shedbydeat h”
,and“ t
heeff
ectof
deathupont herightsandobl i
gat
ionsofdeceasedpersonisdeterminedbythiscode
(pr
ovisi
onson i ntest
atesuccession),bycontract(r
ight
sand l i
abil
i
tiesaccr
uing i
n
contr
acts;eg.Ift hemar ri
ageset tl
ementprovidesa part
icul
arregimeofpr opert
y
rel
ati
onbetweenspouses)andbywi ll
.

(2) Af teranabsenceofsevenyear
s,i
tbeingunknownwhet
herornott
heabsent
ee
sti
l
lli
ves,
heshallbepresumeddead.Ar
( t
icl
e11)

Vi
ewofot
herSchool
sofThought

1. I mam AbuHani f
a:thepersonmissi
ngorabsentshal lbepr esumeddeadby
decreeofthecour
tafternoneofhiscont
emporar
iesissti
l
lli
ving.Someofhisdi
sci
ples
oftheschoolsai
dthathewill
bepresumeddeadafterni
netyyears.

2. I mam Malik:af
terf
oury ear
s,thi
sv i
ewisbasedact ual
lyonthesayi
ngofCali
ph
Umarwhosai d“Anywomanwhosehusbandi smi ssi
ngandshedoesnotknow his
whereaboutmustwaitforfouryears,t
hereaf
ter,observ
ethe‘i
ddaoffourmonthsand
tendaysandaft
erthatshecanbemar r
ied,
narratedbyBukhar
iandShaf
i’
i.

3
3. I mam Shafi
’
i:aft
ertheexpi
rat
ionofaper
iodt
hatnooneofhi
ski
ndmayl
i
ve,
the
j
udgemaydecreehisdeat
h.

4. Anot hervi
ew ofAbuHani
fahandI
mam Shaf
i’
i:Theper
ioddependsupont
he
di
scr
eti
onoftheJudge.

5. I mam Ahmad:I
fhehasbeenabsentormissi
nginadanger
oussit
uat
ion,li
kewar,
hi
sdeat hcanbedecreedbythecourtaft
erfouryear
s.However,i
fheismi ssi
ngor
absentundernor
mal
andpeaceful
sit
uati
on,i
tdependsupont
hediscr
eti
onofthecourt
.

ToJust i
ceAlauya,hi
sview ismoreont hedi
scr
eti
onoft hecourtpr
ovidedthatno
I
slamicprecepti
satallvi
olat
edconsi
der
ingthepr
esenttendencyi
nthemoder nworl
d
andoft hefactt
hatthecourtisr
eal
lyi
nabet t
erposi
ti
ont olooki
ntothetrut
hofthe
matteraft
erdueheari
ng.

Si
mul
taneousdeat
h.

If,asbetweentwoormor epersonswhoar ecalledt osucceedeachot her

,therei
sa
doubtast owhi
chofthem di
edf i
rst
,whoeveral
legest hedeathofonepri
ortot heot
her
shallpr
ovethesame;intheabsenceofsuchproof ,i
tispresumedthattheydiedatthe
samet i
meandt hereshal
lbenotransmissi
onofr i
ghtsfrom onetotheother.However
,
thesuccessi
onalr
ight
softhei
rrespect
ivehei
rsshal l
notbeaf f
ect
ed.(Ar
ti
cle12)

Howev
er,
Rul
e131i
nSec.(
jj
)cont
ainsadi
sput
abl
epr
esumpt
ioni
nthi
swi
se:

“thatexceptforthepur poseofsuccessi on,whent wopersonsperishi

nt hesame
calamit
ysuchawr eck,battl
eorconf l
agration,anditi
snotshownwhodi edf i
rst,and
therearenopar t
icularcir
cumstancesf orwhi chitcanbeinfer
red,t
hesurvi
vorshipis
determinedfr
om t hepr obabi
li
ti
esr esult
ingf rom t
hestr
angeandageoft hesexes
accordi
ngt ot
hefollowingrul
es:

1.I
fbot
hwer
eundert
heageof15y
ear
s,t
heol
deri
spr
esumedt
ohav
esur
viv
ed;

2.I
fbot
hwer
eabov
etheageof60,
they
oungeri
sdeemedt
ohav
esur
viv
ed;

3.I
foneisunder15andt
heot
heri
sabov
e60,t
hent
hef
ormeri
sdeemedt
ohav
e
sur
viv
ed;

4.I
fbothov
er15andunder60,
themal
eispr
esumedt
ohav
esur
viv
ed,
ift
heagei
sthe
same,t
hentheol
der
;

5.Ifonebeunder15orover60andt
heot
herbet
weent
hoseages,t
hent
hel
att
eri
s
deemedtohavesur
viv
ed.
”

Thi
srul
eisper
ti
nentonl
ytot
her
ightofsur
viv
orshi
p,whi
chi
stheaccr
uingt
oper
soni
n

4
aco-
owner
shi
porpar
tner
shi
p,whosur
viv
eshi
sco-
ownerorpar
tner
.

Appl
i
cat
ionoft
heMusl
i
m Code

(1)Theprovi
sionsoft
hisTi
tl
eshal
lappl
ytomarri
ageanddivor
cewherei
nbothpar
ti
es
areMusli
ms,orwherei
nonlythemal
epartyi
saMusli
m andthemarr
iageissol
emni
zed
i
naccordancewi t
hMusli
mlaworthi
sCodeinanypar
tofthePhil
i
ppi
nes.

(2)In caseofmar
ri
agebetween a Musli
m and a non-
Musl
im,sol
emnized notin
accor
dancewit
hMusl
imlaworthi
sCode,theCi
vi
lCodeofthePhi
li
ppi
nesshal
lapply
.

Thi
sar
ti
clehassi
ximpor
ts:

1.I
taut
omat
ical
l
yappl
i
esi
fbot
har
eMusl
i
ms;

2.I
tappl
i
esi
fmal
eisMusl
i
m andmar
ri
edunderMusl
i
mlaw;

3.I
tdoesnotappl
i
esev
eni
fmal
eisMusl
i
m butmar
ri
edundert
heCi
vi
lCode;

4.Incombi nemar ri
age,thefir
stmar ri
agei sv ali
dati
ng and thesecond i
smer el
y
ceremonial
;(see,Sumagkav sSumagka,G. R.200697)TheMusl i
m Codeconti
nuesto
governthemaritalr
elat
ionsofMuslim spouseswhof i
rstwedunderMusl i
ml aw r
it
es
anddecidedtowedagai nundercivi
llawri
tes.(ThisisalsotheansweronQ#4of2018
SBE,Kamalcannotdi vorceMaria,becausetheirmar r
iagei sgover
nedbyCi vi
lCode
(Famil
yCode)andnotCMPL.

5.Themar
ri
ageofmal
eMusl
i
m andpol
ythei
stf
emal
eisv
oid;

6.Themar
ri
ageofMusl
i
mfemal
eandnon-
Musl
i
m mal
eisv
oid.

I
naddi t
iontotheaboveisarti
cle178,onceanon- Musl
i
m couplewasconv ert
edto
I
slam,themar r
iagewasrect
if
iedasi ftheyweresol
emnizedinaccordancewit
hthe
pr
ovisi
onoft hi
scodeorMusl i
ml aw,foraslongasther
ei snolegalimpedi
mentto
marri
ageunderMusli
mlaw.

Example:A non-Muslim couplewasconv er

ted t
oI sl
am,t hei
rcivi
lmar ri
agewas
automati
cal
lytr
ansfor
medi ntoanIsl
amicmar ri
ageifthereisnolegalimpedimentto
thei
rmarri
ageunderMusli
ml aw.I
ftheyrel
atedbyfoster
age,animpedimentrecogni
zed
underMusli
mlaw,thei
rmarriagei
ssti
llv
oid.

Mar
ri
age

Nat
ure

Marr
iageisnotonl
yaci v
ilcontr
actbutasoci
ali
nsti
tut
ion.I
tsnat
ure,consequences
andi
ncident
saregover
nedbyt hi
sCodeandtheShar
i'
ahandnotsubjectt
ost i
pul
ati
on,

5
exceptthatt
hemarri
ageset
tl
ement
smayt
oacer
tai
next
entf
ixt
hepr
oper
tyr
elat
ions
ofthespouses.
(Ar
ti
cl
e14)

Regime ofproper
tyr el
ati
ons.The propert
yr el
ati
onsbetween the spouses,int he
absenceofanystipul
ati
onoranyot hercontract
,shal
lbegov er
nedbyt heregimeof
complet
eseparati
onofpr oper
tyi
naccor dancewiththi
sCodeand,i nasuppl etory
manner,bythegeneralpri
ncipl
esofIsl
amiclaw andtheCivi
lCodeoft hePhi l
ippines.
(Ar
ti
cle38)
.

Thepr
oper
tyr
elat
ionswhi
chmaybeagr
eedbyspousesar
e:

1.Absol
utecommunityofproper
tyrel
ati
on.Thisshal
lconsi
stofal
lpr
oper
tiesownedby
bothspousesatthetimeofcelebrati
onoft hei
rmarri
ageoracquir
edthereaf
ter
.The
rul
eonco-owner
shipappli
esforthei
rproper
ti
es.

2.Conj
ugalpart
ner
shi
pofgai ns.Thecoupledplacedcommonf undsandt
hef
rui
ts,
pr
oceeds,
andincomeconst
it
uteaconjugal
partner
shipofgai
ns.

Essent
ial
requi
sit
esofMar
ri
age

Nomarri
agecont
ractshal
lbeper
fect
edunl
esst
hef
oll
owi
ngessent
ialr
equi
sit
esar
e
compi
l
edwith:

(
a)Legal
capaci
tyoft
hecont
ract
ingpar
ti
es;

(
b)Mut
ual
consentoft
hepar
ti
esf
reel
ygi
ven;

(c)Offer(i
jab)andacceptance(
qabul
)dulywi
tnessedbyatleasttwo compet
ent
personsaf
terthepr
operguardi
ani
nmarr
iage(
wal
i
)hasgivenhi
sconsent
;and

(
d)St
ipul
ati
onofcust
omar
ydower(
mahr
)dul
ywi
tnessedbyt
wocompet
entper
sons.

 ThePr
esumpt
iveMar
ri
ageabl
eAgei
s15y
ear
sol
d.

 Notbel ow 12-lessthan15,pet i
ti
onofpr operWal
iisneeded.Thef ol
lowing
personsshallhaveauthori
tyt
oactasguar dianformarri
age(wali
)intheorderof
precedence:(a)Fat
her (b)Pater
nalgrandfather
;(c)Brotherandotherpater
nal
rel
ativ
es;( d)Pater
nalgrandf
ather
'sexecutorornominee

 Arti
cle16( 3)oncapaci t
ytocont actmar ri
age,thisrefer
stoKhiyar
ulbulughor
optionofpuberty
, i
tmeanst heMi noruponr eachingtheageofpubert
ycanannul
themar ri
age.Takenot eoft herequisi
testhati noptionofpuber
ty: a.Thegir
l
wasmi norb.Shewasgi veninmar r
iagebyawal iot
herthanherf at
heror
paternalgr
andfather;c.Noconsummat ionhast akenplace;
d.Theannulmentof
mar ri
agemustbewi t
hinfouryearsuponat t
ainingtheageofpuberty
.

6
  I
ftheconsenti
svi
ti
atedi
tisFasi
dMar
ri
agenotVoi
d.

 CMPLappl
iestot hemar
riageper
formedoveraphoneorskypeprovidedthe
sol
emni
zat
ion,
(ij
abandqabul)i
sdulywit
nessbyt
wocompetentwi
tnesses.

 Themar r
iageisval
idev
ennosti
pul
ati
onofMahrdur i
ngthesol
emni
zat
ionof
Marr
iagebutthewif
ecanaskf
orMahrMit
hlorPr
operDower.

Mar
ri
agemaybesol
emni
zed:

(
a) Byt
hepr
operwal
ioft
hewomant
obewedded;

(
b) Uponauthor
it
yofthepr
operwal
i
,byanyper
sonwhoi
scompet
entunderMusl
i
m
l
awt
osol
emnizemarri
age;
or

(c) Byt hej

udgeoft heShar
i'
aDi
str
ictCour
tofShar
i'
aCir
cui
tCourtoranyper son
designat
edbyt hejudge,shoul
dtheproperwal
iref
usewit
houtj
ust
if
iabl
er eason,to
authori
zethesol
emnization.

 I
mam canbesol
emni
zi
ngof
fi
cer
,hei
sincl
udedt
othecompet
entunderMusl
i
m
l
aw.

Mahr(
Dower
)

Specif
icati
onofdower .Theamountorv alueofdowermaybef ixedbyt hecont ract
ing
part
ies(mar h-
musamma)bef ore,duri
ng,oraft
erthecelebrat
ionoft hemar r
iage.Ifthe
amountort hev aluet
hereofhasnotbeensof i
xed,aproperdower( mahr-mithl
)shall
,
uponpet i
ti
onoft hewi
fe,bedeterminedbythecourtaccordi
ngtot hesocialstandingof
theparti
es.

Paymentofdower .Subjecttothestipul
ati
onoft heparti
es,thedowermaybeful
lyor
part
iall
ypaidbef
ore,dur
ing,oraft
erthemar r
iage.Thepropert
yorestat
eoft
hehusband
shal
l beli
abl
efortheunpaiddower,oranypartthereof
.

Whatar
ethecausest
hatwi
l
lfor
fei
tthedower
?

1.Whenthewif
einiti
atedadivor
cedbeforet
heconsummat ionofmar ri
age;
2.Whenthewif
econdoneherent i
redowertoherhusband;
3.Whenthewiferenouncesherdowerasaconsi der
ati
onforherreleasefr
om mar
ri
age
bond.(
khul
)
4.Whenthemar r
iageisfasi
dont hegroundthatitl
ackswitnessesandthesepar
ati
on
takepl
acebef
oretheconsummat ion.

Oneoft hecircumst
anceswheredowerbecomedueanddemandabl
eiswhent
he
marr
iageisconsummatedandconsummat
ionisoft
woki
nds:

7
1.Dukhul
oract
ual
consummat
ion

2.Khal
wat
usSahi
horVal
i
dret
ir
ement

3.Thedeat hofoneoft hespouses.Thedeathofoneoft hem wi l

lrenderthedowerfull
y
duewhet herornotconsummat i
onofmar ri
ageort heKhulwahast akenplacebecause
dowerisaconsi derat
ionofacont r
actlongtimeagoper fected.I
nshor t,t
hedowerisa
contr
actualobl
igati
onoft hehusband.Thecontractisnul
l
ifi
edbydeat h.I
tjustcomesto
maturi
tybydeat hbecauset hecontractisli
felongandi tendsi sdeath,hence,the
dowerbecomesf ul
l
yduebydeat h.(Alauyapg46)

Dhukulreferstotheactualorphysicalconsummat i
onofmar r
iagewhileKhalwat
us
sahihref
erst oacir
cumstancewher ethecouplehappenedtobei napl acewhereno
bodyornot hi
ngcanstopthem f
rom consummat i
ngthei
rmarri
age, I
nsuchcase,t
helaw
presumedt hatt
hei
rmarri
agewasconsummat edalt
houghinactualisnot
.

Breach ofcontract
.— Anyperson who hasent er
ed int
o acont r
actto marr
ybut
subsequentl
yref
useswit
houtr
easonablegroundtomar r
ytheotherpart
ywhoi swi
ll
i
ng
toperformthesameshal
lpaythelat
tert
heexpensesincurr
edfortheprepar
ati
onofthe
marriageandsuchdamagesasmaybegr antedbythecourt
.

 Pr
omi
set
omar
rydoesnotnecessar
il
ymeanbr
eachofcont
ract
.

Pr
ohi
bit
edMar
ri
ages

Bat
ilMar
ri
age

a.Art. 24.Prohi
bit
ionbyconsangui ni
ty(t
ahri
mjbin-nasab).— Nomar ri
ageshal
lbe
contr
actedbetween:
(a)Ascendant
sanddescendantsofanydegree;
(b)Brot
hersandsist
ers,
whethergermane,consanguineoruterine;and
(c)Brot
hersorsi
ster
sandtheirdescendant
swi t
hinthethirdciv
ildegree.

Art. 25.Pr ohibit

ionbyaf f
inity(tahrim-bi
ll
-musahar a).— (1)No mar ri
ageshal lbe
contractedbet ween:
(a)Anyoft hespousesandt heirrespect i
veaffi
nalrelati
vesintheascendinglineandi n
thecol l
ateralli
newi thi
nt hethirddegr ee;
(b)Stepfatherandst epdaught erwhent hemar r
iagebet weentheformerandt hemot her
ofthel att
erhasbeenconsummat ed;
(c)Stepmot herandst epsonwhent hemar ri
agebet weent heformerandt hef atherof
thelatterhasbeenconsummat ed;and
(d)St epsonorst epdaught erandt hewi dow,wi dowerordi vorceeoft hei
rr espective
ascendant s.
(2)Thepr ohibi
tionundert hisar ti
cleappl i
esev enafterthedissolut
ionofthemar ri
age
creati
ngt heaf fi
nal r
elati
onship.

8
Art.26.Pr ohi bi
tionduet ofost erage( tahri
m- bir
-rada'a).— (1)Noper sonmayv al
idl
y
contractmar r
iagewi t
hanywomanwhobr eastfedhimf oratleastf i
vetimeswi thi
nt wo
yearsafterhisbirth.
(2)Thepr ohibit
iononmar ri
agebyr easonofconsangui nit
yshal lli
kewi seappl yto
personsr el
atedbyf oster
agewi thinthesamedegr ees,subjecttoexcept ionrecognized
byMusl imlaw.
 I tisimpor tanttonoteher et hatthef osterrelationshipsonlyappl ytot hebreast
-
fedper sonandhi soffspring.Theydonotappl yt ootherr el
ati
ves,suchashi s
bloodbr othersandsisters.
 Forexampl e,consi
deraman" A"hasaf ost
ersi ster"B",
abl oodbr other"C",
anda
son" D".Inthiscase,"
A"and" D"ar epr ohibi
tedf rom mar r
ying"B",but"C"isnot.

(b)Thosecont r
act
edincont ravent
ionoftheprohibi
ti
onagainstunl
awfulconj
unct
ion;
and( NieceandAunt,
Sister
ssi mult
aneousl
y,f
ostersi
ster
s)
(c)Thosecontract
edbypar t
iesoneorbot hofwhom hav ebeenfoundguil
tyofhavi
ng
kil
ledthespouseofei
therofthem.

Fasi
dMar
ri
age

Art.32.Fasidmar r i
ages.—Thef ol
l
owingmar ri
agesshal lbeirregul
ar( f
asi
d)from thei
r
performance:
(a)Thosecont r
actedwi thaf emaleobser
ving'‘
idda;
(b)Thosecont r
actedcont rarytoArt
icl
e30; (Marri
ageafterthreet al
aq)
(c)Thosewher eint heconsentofeitherpartyi
sv i
tiat
edbyv i
olence,inti
midat
ion,f
raud,
deceitormisrepresentati
on;
(d)Thosecont ractedbyapar t
yinaconditionofdeat h-
il
lness(mar ad-ul
-maul
t)without
thesamebei ngconsummat ed;
(e)Thosecont r
actedbyapar tyinastat
eofi hr
am; and
(f)Mixedmar r
iagesnotal l
owedunderI sl
ami cl
aw.

Thet
empor
ari
l
ypr
ohi
bit
edwomenar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Marr
yingmorethanfourwomen
I
famanhasf ourwi
ves,
all
otherwomenbecomet
empor
ari
l
ypr
ohi
bit
edf
orhi
m.

2.Si mult
aneouslymarr
yingt
wosi st
ers
Aslongasamani smar r
iedtoaparti
cul
arwoman, allofhersi
stersbecomet empor
ari
l
y
pr
ohibi
tedforhi
m; hemaynotmar r
yanyoft hem unlesshedi v
orcestheirsi
ster
.

3.Simult
aneousl
ymarry
ingauntsandt
heirni
eces
I
tisnotper
missi
blet
osimultaneousl
ymar
ryanauntandherni
ece.Amanwoul
dhav
e
t
odivor
ceoneofthetwobeforehemaymarrytheother
.

4.Womenmar r
iedt
oothermen
Thi
siscl
ear
lyexpr
essedintheabov
eayahofSuratun-
Nisa'(4:
24)
.Thesameappl
i
est o
awomanwhohasbeendi v
orcedanon-
ter
minaldivor
ce(fi
rsttwoti
mes)andi
sstil
lin

9
her'
‘
‘i
dda.

5.Mushrikwomen
Amushr i
kwomanmaynotbemar ri
edunlesssheembr acesI
slam.Amushri
kref
erst
o
non-Musli
m whoarepol
ythei
steitherworshippi
ngidol
sorpeoplewhoarenotbel
ongt
o
PeopleoftheBook(Ahl
-alKi
tab),inthepresentthi
smayi ncl
udepeopl
ewhobeli
evei
n
Buddhism,Hi
ndui
sm andShinto’
s.

6.Marri
ageduri
ngi hram
Apersonwhogoesf orHaj jor'
Umrahispr
ohi
bit
edfrom court
ingormar r
yingwhileheis
i
nt hest
ateofi
hram.Thi sisinaccor
dancewi
ththepri
nciplethataper sonwor shippi
ng
Al
lahshoul
dbedevot edlyandperf
ormingt
heri
tual
sproperlywithoutanyinter
ference.

Ot
herPr
ohi
bit
edMar
ri
age

1.Mar r
iageOfMut ’
ah
All
ah'
s Messenger( SAW)per mitted itforsome t i
me,and f inal
ly prohi
biti
ng it
permanentl
y.Sabr
ahBi uMa' bi
d( RA)r epor
ted thatatt hetimeoft heConquestof
Makkah,All
ah'sMessenger( SAW)sai d:
“Opeople!Ihadprevi
ouslyper mitt
edy outohav ewomenbywayofmut '
ah.Butindeed,
All
ahhasnowpr ohi
bit
edt hatunt i
ltheDayofResur rect
ion.Thus,anyonewhohasany
suchwomenshoul dletthem go, anddonott akeanyofwhaty ougav ethem.

I
bn' Abbas(RA)di dnotknow t hatAllah'
sMessenger(SAW)pr ohi
bit
edt hemut '
ah
marri
age,so'Al
i(S)reproachedhi m andsaidtohi
m:“I
ndeed,Al
lah'
sMessenger( SAW)
pr
ohibit
edenjoyi
ngwomen( mut'ah)ont hedayofKhay
bar,andheprohi
bitedeat
ingthe
or
dinarydonkey
s( cont
rarytozebras).”

2.Mar r
iageOfShighar
Shighari saprocesswher ebyt womeni nter
-marr
yeachot hers'daught er
sorwomen
undert hei
rcustodywithouteitheronegiv
ingamahr .Nafi'
(RA)explai
ned:
“Shigharisthatamanwoul dmar r
yhisdaughtert
oanot hermanwi ththecondit
iont
hat
theot hermanwoul dmar ryhim hisdaughter
.Andt heywouldnotr equireanymahrin
betweent hem.”
I
bn' Umar( RA)repor
tedt hattheProphet(SAW)prohibi
tedshigharmarriagesandsai
d:
“Noshi ghar(i
spermissible)inIsl
am.”

3.Mar ri
ageWithTheInt
enti
onOfDi vor
ce
Somemenmaymar r
yawomanf oraspecifi
cpurpose,i
ntendi
ngwithi
nthemselvesto
divor
ceherassoonast hatpurposeisaccompli
shed.Anexampl eofthi
sisacommon
pract
iceinsomeWest er
ncount r
ieswhereaforei
gnermarriesanati
vewomani norder
toobtainresi
dencyinhercountr
y ,pl
anni
ngtodivorceherassoonasheachi eveshis
goal.

SubsequentMar
ri
age

10
Byahusband.— Not withstandingt her uleofI slami claw per mi tti
ngaMusl imt ohav e
morethanonewi febutnotmor et hanf ouratat imeunl esshecandealwi tht hem wi t
h
equalcompani onship and justt r
eatmentas enj oi
ned byI slamicl aw and onl yin
except
ionalcases.
 AnyMusl im husbanddesi ri
ngt ocont ractasubsequentmar ri
ageshal l,beforeso
doing,fileawr it
tennoticet hereofwi t
ht heCl er
kofCour toft heShar i'
aCi r
cuit
Courtoft heplacewher ehi sfami lyresides.Uponr eceiptofsai dnot ice, t
heCl er
k
shallser veacopyt hereoft ot hewi feorwi ves.Shoul danyoft hem obj ect,an
AgamaAr bitr
ati
onCounci lshallbeconst i
tutedi naccor dancewi tht hepr ovisi
ons
ofpar agraph( 2)ofthepr ecedingar ticle.Ift heAgamaAr bitr
at i
onCounci lfail
sto
obtaint hewi fe'
sconsentt ot hepr oposedmar r
iage,t heCour tshal l,subjectto
Arti
cle27, deci
dewhet herornott osust ainherobj ection.(Article162)
 Offensesr el
ati
vet osubsequentmar ri
age, divorce, andr evocat ionofdi vorce.—A
personwhof ail
st ocompl ywi thther equi rement sofAr t
icles85, 161, and162of
thisCodeshal lbepenal izedbyar rest omay ororaf i
neofnotl esst hant wo
hundredpesosbutnotmor et hant wot housandpesos,orbot h,i nt hedi screti
on
ofthecour t.
(Arti
cle183)

Bywidow.—Nowi dowshal
lcontractasubsequentmarr
iageunlessshehasobserved
an'‘i
ddaoffourmont hsandt enday scountedfrom t
hedat eoft hedeat
hofher
husband.I
fatthattimethewidow ispregnant
,shemayr emarrywithi
nareasonable
ti
meaf t
erdel
i
very.I
nsuchcase,sheshallpr
oducethecor
respondingdeat
hcer
ti
fi
cate.

Bydivor
cee.— (1)Nowomanshal lcontr
actasubsequentmarr
iageunlessshehas
obser
vedan'‘i
ddaofthr
eemont
hlycoursescount
edfr
om thedat
eofdi vor
ce.Howev
er,
i
fsheispregnantatt
heti
meoft
hedi v
orce,shemayr
emar r
yonl
yafterdeli
ver
y.

 Pregnancyafterdissolut
ion.— If,aft
erthedi ssol
uti
onofmarri
age,thewife
beli
evesthatsheispregnantbyherf or
merhusband,sheshall
,wit
hint
hirt
ydays
fr
om thetimeshebecameawar eofherpregnancy,not
ifyt
hef
ormerhusbandor
hi
shei rsoft hatfact.Thehusbandorhi shei rsmayaskt hecourttotake
measurestopr ev
entasi mulat
ionofbir
th.

(2)Shoul
darepudiat
edwomanandherhusbandr econci
l
edur i
ngher'‘
idda,heshal
l
haveabett
err
ightt
otakeherbackwi
thoutneedofanewmar r
iagecont
ract.

(3)Whereiti
sindubit
abl
ethatthemarr
iagehasnotbeenconsummat
edwhent
he
div
orcewasaf
fect
ed,no'‘
i
ddashal
lber
equir
ed.

Ri
ght
sandObl
i
gat
ionsBet
weenSpouses

Arti
cle34.Mut ual
r i
ghtsandobli
gat
ions.
(1)Thehusbandandt hewifear
eobligedt oli
vetogether
,observ
emut ualr
espectand
fi
deli
ty,andrendermut ualhel
pandsuppor ti
naccordancewiththi
sCode.
 Thev ali
dmar ri
agemakeslawfulforthehusbandandwi f
ethesexualr
elat
ionshi
p
andthechildrenbornoutoft
hemar ri
agearel
egiti
mate.

11
Thewi
feshouldtreatherhusbandi
nagoodmanner
,becauseAl
l
ahsay
s(i
nter
pret
ati
on
oft
hemeaning):

“
Andthey(women)hav er i
ghts(overthei
rhusbandsasregardsli
vi
ngexpenses)si
mil
ar
(
tothoseoftheirhusbands)ov erthem (asregar
dsobedi
enceandr espect
)towhatis
r
easonabl
e”[al
-Baqarah2:228]
 Petit
ionformar i
tal
resti
tuti
onofr i
ghtsatShar
i’
ahCir
cuitCour
t.

(2)Whenoneoft hespousesnegl ect

shi sorherdutiest
ot heconj
ugalunionorbri
ngs
danger,dishonorormat er
iali
njuryupont heot her
,theinj
uredpart
ymaypet iti
ont he
courtf
orr el
ief
.Thecourtmaycounselt heof f
endertocomplywit
hhisorherduties,
and
takesuchmeasur esasmaybepr oper.
“They(women)ar eagar mentfory ou( men)andy ouareagar mentforthem.”Qur’an
SurahAl-Baqarah:187
ThePr ophetalsosaid,"
Thewomani saguar dianovert
hehouseholdofherhusband
andshewi l
lbeaskedaboutherresponsibil
i
ty”.
Theymustguar dt
heirdi
gnit
yandhonour .

3)Thehusbandandt
( hewi
feshal
li
nher
itf
rom eachot
heri
naccor
dancewi
tht
hisCode.

 Arti
cle111.Shar eofsur vi
vinghusband.Thehusbandsur vi
vingtogetherwi t
ha
l
egiti
mat echil
dorachi l
doft hedecedent
'
ssonshal lbeentit
ledtoone- f
ourthof
thehereditar
yestate;shouldtherebenosuchdescendant s,heshalli
nher i
tone-
halfoftheestat
e.
 Arti
cle112.Shareofsur viv
ingwife.Thewifesur
viv
ingtogetherwithal egit
imate
chil
d orachi l
d oft hedecedent '
ssonshal lbeent i
tled t
o one-ei
ghtoft he
heredit
aryestate;int heabsenceofsuchdescendant s,sheshallinheritone-
fourt
hoft heestate.

(4)Thehusbandandt hewi f
eshal lhav ether i
ghttodi vorcei naccor
dancewi t
hthis
Code.
.
Articl
e45.Di vorcei st heformaldi ssol
utionoft hemar ri
agebondi naccordancewith
thisCodet obegr antedonlyaftertheexhaust i
onofal lpossiblemeansofr econci
l
iat
ion
betweent hespouses.I tmaybeef fectedby :
(a)Repudi ati
onoft hewi f
ebyt hehusband( t
alaq);
(b)Vowofcont inencebyt hehusband( i
la);
(c)Inj
uriousassimi l
ationofthewi febythehusband( zi
har);
(d)Actsofi mprecat i
on( l
i'
an);
(e)Redempt i
onbyt hewi fe(khul'
);
(f)Exercisebythewi feoft hedelegatedr i
ghttorepudiate(tafwld);
or
(g)Judicialdecree( f
askh).

Ri
ght
sandobl
i
gati
onsofthehusband.Thehusbandshal
lfi
xther
esi
denceoft
hefami
ly
.
Thecour
tmayexemptthewifefrom l
ivi
ngwithherhusbandonanyofthefol
l
owing

12
grounds:
(a) Herdoweri snotsati
sfi
edinaccor dancewit
ht hestipul at
ions;or
Eventhereisnost ipul
ati
ons,thewifemayaskf orthesat i
sf acti
onofherpr operdower
(mahrmithl).
(b)Theconjugaldwel l
i
ngisnoti nkeepingwithhersocialst andingoris,foranyreason,
notsafeforthemember softhefamilyorherproperty.
(Article35.)
 Ther esidencemustbei nli
newi ththesocialstandingoft hewife.I
tmeanst he
pr
ovisi
oni sexcepti
ontothedef i
niti
onofthesuppor tinar ti
cle65.

 Support( nafaqa)incl
udes ev er
ythi
ng thatisindi
spensabl
ef orsust enance,
dwelli
ng,clot
hingandmedi calatt
endanceaccordi
ngtothesoci
alstandingofthe
personobligedtogiveit
,andt heeducationoft
hepersonenti
tl
edtot hesuppor t
unti
lhecompl eteshiseducati
on,t r
aini
ng,orv
ocati
onev enbeyondt heageof
majori
ty.

Howev er
,itmaycont
rar
ytot
heQur’
ani
cverse:
“Lodgethem (t
hedivor
cedwomen)wher
ey oudwel
l
,accor
dingt
oyourmeans”[
al-
Talaaq65:6]

Ri
ght
sandobl
i
gat
ionsoft
hewi
fe.

1)Thewi
( feshallduti
full
ymanaget heaf f
airsoft hehousehold.Shemaypur chase
t
hingsnecessaryforthemai nt
enanceoft hef amily,andthehusbandshal
lbeboundt o
r
eimbursetheexpenses, i
fhehasnotdel iv
eredt hepropersum.
 Itmeanst hewifemaynotaskdi v
orcebyf askhwithi
nsixmonthsinst
eadtobe
steadfastandi fshei sfinancial
lyableshemustmai ntai
nedthef ami
lyand
subjecttorei
mbur sementbythehusband.

2)Thewi
( f
ecannot ,wi t
houtt hehusband'
sconsent,acquir
eanypr oper
tybygr at
uit
ous
t
it
le,exceptfrom herrelati
v eswhoarewithi
ntheprohibit
eddegreesinmarri
age.
 Thiscanbeal sobr oughttoAgamaAr bi
tr
ationCouncilifthehusbandhasno
val
idreasonstogi vehisconsent
,whenthesubj ecti
sHalalandthegiftdoesnot
i
nvolveanymal iciousintent
.

(3)Thewifemay,withherhusband'sconsent
,exer
ciseanyprofessi
onoroccupati
onor
engageinlawf
ulbusinesswhichisinkeepi
ngwithI
slamicmodest yandv
irt
ue.However,
i
fthehusbandrefusestogiv
ehi sconsentonthegr
oundthathisincomeissuff
ici
entf
or
thefamil
yaccordingtoitssocialstandi
ngorhisopposit
ionisbasedonser iousand
vali
dgrounds,
themat t
ershallberef
erredtot
heAgamaAr bit
rat
ionCouncil
.

4)Thewi
( f
eshal lhavet
her i
ghttodemandt hesati
sfacti
onofhermahr .
 Thedowermaybet hef i
xedorstipulat
eddower( mar h-
musamma)orapr oper
dower( mahr -
mithl
)whi chi stobedet er
minedbyt hecourtaccordi
ngt othe
socialst
andingofthepar ti
es.
 Art
icle21.Pay mentofdower .Subjecttothestipulat
ionoftheparti
es,thedower
maybef ul l
yorpart
iall
ypaidbefore,duri
ng,oraf t
erthemar r
iage.Theproper
tyor

13
 est
ateoft
hehusbandshal
lbel
i
abl
efort
heunpai
ddower
,oranypar
tther
eof
.

(5)Unlessotherwisestipulatedi nthemar r
iagesettl
ements,thewi f
eretai
nownershi
p
andadmi nist
rati
onofherexcl usivepr operty
.
 Exclusivepropertyofwi fe.Thef ol
lowingshallbetheexclusi
vepropert
yofwif
e:
(a)Propert
iesbroughttot hemar r
iagebyt hewife;
(b)Alli
ncomeder ivedbyherf rom anyempl oyment,occupat
ionort r
ade;
(c)Anymoneyorpr opertyacqui r
edbywi f
edur i
ngmar ri
agebylucrati
veti
tl
e;
(d)Thedower( mahr )ofthewi feandnupt i
algif
ts;
(e)Properti
esacqui r
edbyr i
ghtofr edempt i
on,purchaseorexchangeoft heexcl
usiv
e
propert
yofei t
her;and
(f)Al
lfrui
tsofproperti
esi nthef oregoingparagraphs.

(6)Thewifeshal lbeentit
ledt oanequalandjusttr
eatmentbyt hehusband.
 Itisar ightoft hewi feuponthehusbandt hathet reatco-wives,ifany,inajust
andequi t
ablemanner .Hemustbeequi t
ableandequal wit
hrespecttofood, dri
nk,
clothing,housingandspendi ngthenightsint heirbeds.Itisnotper missibl
efor
himt obeunf ai
r,unjustorwrongfuli
nanyoft hesemat ter
s,assuchi sf or
bidden
byAl l
ah.
TheProphetMuhammad( )said,
"Whoeverhastwowi v
esandshowsf avouri
ti
sm t oone
ofthem will
comeont heDayofJudgmentwi thoneofhi ssideshangingdown.

7)Ri
( ghtt
osuet
hehusband.

 Righttosueandbesued.—Thewi femay ,independentl

yofthehusband,sueor
besuedint hef oll
owingcases:
(
a)Whenthel i
ti
gationi sbetweenhusbandandwi fe;
(
b)Ift
hesuitconcer nsherexcl usi
vepropert
y;
(
c)I
ftheli
ti
gationisi ncident
altoherprofessi
on,occupat ionorbusi
ness;
(
d)Ift
heli
tigat
ionconcer nstheexclusi
vepropert
yoft hehusband,t
headmi ni
str
ati
onof
whi
chhasbeent ransf erredt
oher ;or
(
e)Suchotherappr opriatecasesasmaybef ol
lowedbyt hegeneral
pri
ncipl
esofIsl
amic
l
awandotherlaws.

Pat
erni
tyandFi
l
iat
ion

Legi
ti
macyoffi
li
ati
onisest
abli
shedbyev i
denceofvali
dmar
ri
agebet
weent
hef
ather
andthemot
heratthet
imeoftheconcept
ionofthechi
l
d.

Ar
t. 59.Legit
imatechil
dren.— (
1)Chi
ldr
enconcei
vedi
nlawfulwedl
ockshallbe
pr
esumedtobel egit
imate.Whoev
ercl
aimsil
l
egi
ti
macyoforimpugnssuchf
il
iati
on
mustpr
ovehisall
egat
ion.

 Ev
ent
hemar
ri
agei
sFasi
dthechi
l
drenar
epr
esumedl
egi
ti
mat
e.

14
(2)Chi
ldrenbor naftersi xmont hsfollowi ngtheconsummat i
onofmar ri
ageorwi thtwo
yearsafterthedissolutionoft hemar ri
ageshal lbepr esumedt obel egit
imate.Against
thi
s presumpt ion no ev idence shal lbe admi t
ted othert han thatoft he phy si
cal
i
mpossi bil
it
yofaccessbet weent hepar entsatoraboutt hetimeoft heconceptionof
thechi
ld.
Art.60.Chi l
drenofsubsequentmar ri
age.—Shoul dt
hemar ri
agebedi ssol
vedandt he
wifecontractsanothermar riageaf tert heexpi r
ati
onofher' ‘i
dda,thechi l
dbor nwi t
hin
sixmont hsfrom thedi ssolutionoft hepr i
ormar r
iageshal lbepresumedt ohav ebeen
concei
veddur ingthef ormermar r
iage, andi fbor
nt her
eafter,duri
ngt helatt
er.

Ri
ght
sofLegi
ti
mat
eChi
l
dren

Alegi
ti
mat echi ldshal lhav ether i
ght :
(
a)Tobeart hesur namesoft hef atherandoft hemot her ;
(
b)Tor eceivesuppor tf r
om t hef atheror ,inhi sdefault,from hi sheirsi naccor dance
wi
thArticl
es65and68; and
 Suppor t( nafaqa)i ncludes ev er
ythi
ng t hatisi ndispensabl ef orsust enance,
dwel l
ing, clothingandmedi calat t
endanceaccor dingt ot hesoci alst andingofthe
personobl igedt ogi vei t,andt heeducat ionoft heper sonent itl
edt ot hesuppor t
untilhecompl eteshi seducat i
on,t r
aining,orv ocationev enbey ondt heageof
maj ori
ty .
 Theamountofsuppor tshal lbei npropor ti
ontot heresour cesoft hegi verandto
theneedsoft her ecipient .
 Suppor t bet ween ascendant s and descendant s.— The ascendant s and
descendant sshal lbeobl igedt osuppor teachot herint heor derinwhi chtheyare
calledt osucceedbyi nt estacyt heper sonwhohasar ightt ocl ai
m suppor t.
(
c)Toshar ei nt hel egitimat e( furud)andot hersuccessi onalr ightswhi cht hi
sCode
r
ecognizesinhi sf av or.
(
d)Righttof oster age
 Thef atherwhoi spr i
mar il
yr esponsiblef orthefosterageofhi schild.
 Themot hercannotbef or cedt obr eastfeedherchi ldunl esst herecoul dbeno
oneav ail
abl et obr eastfeedhi m.Nei t
hert hediv
or ceemot hercandemandbi gger
salaryf orbr east feeding, ifthef athercangi veorpr ovidespeci almi lk,becausei t
wi l
lbepr ejudi cial t
ot hef ather .Andi nv i
olati
onoft heQur ’anicAy ah“ Themot her
shouldnotbepr ejudicedbecauseofherchi l
dandt hef athershoul dnotal so
prejudicedbecauseofhi schi l
d.

(
e)Ri
ghtt
ocar
eandCust
ody

 Everyparentandeveryper sonexercisi
ngparent
alauthor
it
yshallseetoitt
hatt
he
ri
ghtsofthechildr
enarer espected,andthei
rduti
escompl i
edwith,andshal
l
part
icul
arlybypreceptandexampl e,
imbuethem withrel
i
giousandci v
ic
att
achmentt otheidealofpermanentwor ldpeace.

 Ar
t.74.Ef
fect
suponper
sonofchi
l
dren.—Thepar
ent
shav
e,wi
thr
espectt
o

15
 t
hei
runemanci
pat
edchi
l
dren:

(
a)Thedut
ytosupportthem,havethem i
ntheircompany,
educateandinst
ruct
t
hem i
nkeepi
ngwi t
htheirmeansandrepresentthem i
nal
lact
ionswhichshall
r
edoundt
otheirbenef
it
s;and

(
b)Thepowert
ocor
rect
,di
sci
pli
ne,
andpuni
sht
hem moder
atel
y.

 Art.75.Eff
ectsuponpr opert
yofchildren.—(1)Thef ather,
orinhi
sabsencet he
mot her
,shallbethelegaladminist
ratorofthepropertyofthechi
ldunderparent
al
authori
ty.I
fthepropertyisworthmor et hanf
ivethousandpesos,thef
atheror
themot hershall
giveabondt obeappr ovedbythecour t
.

(2)Thecour
tmayappoi
ntaguar
dian(
wasi
)int
heabsenceofonewhoi
snat
ural
ortest
amentar
y.

Cust
ody

(
1)Thecar eandcust odyofchi ldr
enbelow sevenyearsofagewhosepar entsare
divorced shallbel
ong t ot he motheror ,in herabsence,t ot he mater
nal
grandmot her,t
hepaternalgrandmother,thesist
erandaunt s.Inthei
rdefaul
t,i
t
shalldevolveuponthefatherandthenearestpaternalr
elat
ives.Theminorabove
seveny earsofagebutbel ow theageofpuber tymaychooset heparentwith
whom hewant stostay
.

 Thedivorceemotherwhocontract
sasubsequentmarr
iageshalll
osepar
ental
author
it
yandcust odyoverallchi
ldrenbyt
hedeceasedhusband,unl
essthe
second husband is rel
ated to them wi
thi
n the prohi
bit
ed degr
ees of
consanguini
ty.

(2)Theunmarri
eddaught
erwhohasr
eachedtheageofpubert
yshal
lst
aywi
tht
he
f
ather
;theson,
undert
hesamecir
cumst
ances,
shall
staywi
ththemother
.

 Ther easonbehindtherul
e,amongot herthings,i
sthattheunmar r
ieddaughter
whohasr eachedt
heageofpuber tyisur gedtostaywithherf
atherbecausethe
l
atterisableandstrongenoughtoprot ect,di
scipl
i
neandcontrolherconsi
deri
ng
thatsheisy oungandofmar ri
ageage.Theson,undert hesameci r
cumstances,
i
si nci
tedtolivewi
thhismotherbecauset helatt
erisweakandhecanhel pher.

Par
ent
alAut
hor
it
y

 Thefatherandthemot hershallj oi
ntl
yexer ci
sej ustandreasonableparental
aut
hori
tyandf ul
fi
llt
heirr esponsibil
i
tyov erthei
rlegiti
mateandacknowl edged
chi
l
dren.Incaseofdisagreement ,thefather'
sdecisionshal
lprev
ailunl
essthere

16
 i
saj
udi
cial
ordert
othecont
rar
y.

 The mot hershal

lexerci
se par
ent
alauthor
it
yov erherchil
dren bor
n outof
wedlock,butthecour
tmay ,whenthebesti
nter
estsofthechil
drensorequi
re,
appointageneral
guar
dian.

 Parent
alaut
hori
tycannei
therberenouncednortransf
erredexceptasot
her
wise
provi
dedint
hisCodeandthegeneralpr
inci
plesofI
slamiclaw.

 Par
entalauthor
it
yter
minat
esupont
hedeat
hoft
hepar
ent
sort
hechi
l
d,orupon
emancipat
ion.

 SubjecttoArti
cle78,thewidowedmot herwhocont
ract
sasubsequentmarri
age
shal
ll oseparentalauthor
ityand custodyoveral
lchildr
en bythedeceased
husband,unlessthesecondhusbandi srel
atedtothem wit
hint
heprohibi
ted
degreesofconsanguinit
y.

 Thecourtmaydepr i
veaper sonofpar ent
alauthor
it
yorsuspendtheexerci
se
ther
eofi
fhetreatshischi
ldr
enwi thexcessi
veharshness,gi
vest
hencor
rupti
ng
orimmoral
ordersandcounsel,orabandonsthem.

Guar
dianshi
p

Art.79.Guardianf ormarri
age(wali)
.—Thef oll
owingpersonsshallhaveauthori
tytoact
asguar di
anf ormar ri
age(wali
)intheor derofprecedence:
(a)Father
(b)Paternalgrandfather
;
(c)Brotherandot herpater
nalrel
atives;
(d)Paternalgrandfather
'sexecutorornomi nee;or
(e)Thecour t.
Art. 80.Guar dian ofmi nor's property
.— The f ol
lowing persons shal
lex er
cise
guardianshi
pov ert hepr
opertyofmi norsintheorderofprecedence:
(a)Father;
(b)Father'
sexecut orornominee;
(c)Paternalgrandfather
;
(d)Paternalgrandfather
'snominee;or
(e)Thecour t.

Adopti
on
Noadopt i
oninanyfor
m shallconferuponanypersont
hestat
usandri
ghtsofa
l
egit
imatechi
l
dunderMusl
i
ml aw,exceptt
hatsai
dper
sonmayr
ecei
veagi
ft(
hiba)
.

Di
vor
ce

Di
vor
cebyTal
aq.

17
TheTi
mingofDi
vor
ceandt
hePr
ecedi
ngSt
eps

Tobegi nwith,bef or
eadi vorcetakespl aceasaf i
nalact
ion,sev
eralcondit
ionsmust
obtai
n,thesearet hefollowing:
A.Thehusbandwhowi shest oini
tiateadi vorcemustbeofageandcapabl eof
“di
scernment”ast ateusual l
ymeasur edbyr eachingtheageofpuberty.
B.Hemustbesane, conscious, al
ert,
andf reefrom excessi
veanger.
C.Hemustbef reef r
om ext ernalpr
essur e.
D.Theremustbeacl earint
ent i
ononhi sparttoterminat
ethemar r
iage.
E.Thedi vor
ceshoul dt akepl aceaccor di
ngt othePr ophet
’sSunnah,i.
e.thewifemust
beofageandi nthest ateofpur i
ty.

 Whent hehusbanddi vorceshi swi fe,theyneedt oobser vethet hreemenst rual

peri
odsort hreemont hsper iodof‘ idda’.Wi t
hint heper iodof‘ idda’,thespouses
arerequi r
edt osl eepi nsepar atebedbutunderoner oofori nonehouse.Wi thin
thi
sper iod,talaqi sr egar dedasTal aqRuj u’/Raj ’iorr ev ocabledi vorcebecause
thehusbandcanr eturnt ohiswi f
eanyt i
mewi thint hi
sper iodwi thoutt hebenef i
t
ofnewmar r
iagecont ract .
 Oncet heper i
odof‘ i
dda’hasl apsed,t hedi vorcebecomeTal aqBai nSughr aor
i
rrevocabledi vorceofl esserdegr eeandt hehusbandcanonl yber eturnt ohi s
wifewi thnew mar ri
agecont ract.Ther easonbehi ndi ti sdur ingt heper iodof
‘
idda’,themar r
iaget iesi sst il
lexi st
ingandoncet he‘ i
dda’hasl apsed,t he
mar r
iagewassev er edorcut .
 Ifthehusbandhasdi vorcet hewi fef ort wot imesandi neachdi vorce,t he
prescri
bedper i
odof‘ i
dda’ hasbeenobser ved,oncet hehusbandhasr eturnedt o
hiswi f
e,hecannotj ustdi vorceherf ort het hirdt imewi t
ht heper i
odof‘ i
dda’
l
apsedbecausei tbecomesaTal aqBai nQubr aori rr
ev ocabl ediv or
ceofhi ghest
degree.Thehusbandcanonl yr etur ntot hewi f
ei fshewi llbemar ri
edt oanot her
manandt hesecondhusbanddi vor cesherand‘ idda’ hasbeenobser ved.
 Tahli
list hel egal izationoft hemar ri
ageofat hricedi vorcedcoupl eaf teran
i
nterveningmar ri
aget ookpl aceandt hent heydi vorcedand‘ i
dda’ isobser ved.

I
fthehusbandremar
ri
edhiswi feaf t
ercomplyi
ngwit
htherequi
rementsoftahl
i
l,how
manytal
aqcanhemakeagai n?Thr eediv
orcesareav
ail
abl
etohim becauset
heeffect
oft
ahl
ili
sasift
heyhavenotdivorcedevenonce.

Eff
ectOfIrr
evocabl
eTal aq:
1.Themar ri
agebondshal lbesev er
edorcutandt hespousesmaycont r
actanother
marri
age;
2.Thespousesshalll
oset heirmutualri
ghtofinheri
tance;
3.Thecustodyofchil
drenshal l
bedet er
mi nedinaccordancewi t
harti
cle78;
4.Thewifeshallbeent i
tl
edt orecoverfrom thehusbandherwhol edowerincaset he
tal
aqhasbeenaf f
ectedaf tertheconsummat ionofmar r
iage,oronehalft her
eofif
eff
ectedbefor
eitsconsummat i
on;
5.The husband shallnotbe di scharged from hi s obl
igati
on to gi
ve supportin

18
accor
dancewi t
htherul
esonsuppor
tasembodi
edinthecode;
6.Theconjugalpar
tner
shi
p,i
fsti
pul
atedi
nmarr
iagesett
lement
,shal
lbedi
ssol
vedand
l
iqui
dated.

Di
vor
cebyi
l
a

 Itisanol darabpr act i

cet oswearnott ogonearhi swi feiftheywantt odi
v or
ce
hiswi f
e,Sincethehi ddenmeani ngofthev owisdivorce,t
heCodepr ovidesthatif
thehusband’ sv ow ext endst ofourmont hs,thewi f
ei sgiventher ighttof i
lea
petit
ionfordivorcebyi laandaf terduetri
alandhear i
ng,thecour tmaygr antthe
divorcetothewi fe.
 Thehusbandcanr et ur
nt ohiswi fewit
hintheperi
odoff ourmont hsbuthehast o
performt heprescr ibedexpiationby1.Fr eeasl aveorf eedt enpoorpeopl eor
cloththem orfastf orthreeday s.

Di
vor
cebyzi
har

 Thisi spartofar absubt let

yorbei ngi ndirectthatsomet imeswhent heywantt o
divorcet heirwi ves.Theydoi ti
ndirectlybyassi mi
lati
ngorl i
keningtheirwives
witht hewomanr elat
edt ot hem withinpr ohibi
teddegr eesofmar ri
age.Anyti
me
afterthezi har,thehusbandcanr eturntohi swi feprovi
dedhewi llperf
ormedt he
prescr i
bedexpi at
ion:Fr eeasl av
eorf astf ortwomont hsconsecut i
vel
yorf eed
60poorpeol e.
 Unlesst hepr escribedexpi ati
oni sper formed,i tcannotbesubst it
utedbynew
mar ri
agecont racti.ethehusbandaf tert helapsedoft hr eemonths, f
orexampl e,
thedi vorcebecomei rrevocablethenhemar ri
edagaint hewife.Thiscannotbe
l
egal i
zedei therbyTahl il.Theonlywayi sper f
ormanceofexpi ati
onorki f
arat
.

Di
vor
cebyl
i
’an

 Thepr escri
bespr ocedurefortheact sofi mprecati
on:Thej udgewi l
lletthe
husbandswearf orfourtimesthathiswi f
ehascommi t
tedadulter
yandi nthe
fi
ft
ht i
me,hewi llinvokethewrathorcur seofGodi fheist el
li
ngal i
e.Thent he
j
udgewi l
lrequi
ret hewifetoswearf orf ourti
mest hatt heaccusationoft he
husbandi snott
rueandi nthefi
fthti
me, shewil
linvokethewr at
hofcur seofGod
i
fsheist ell
i
ngal i
e.Thereaft
er,
thejudgewi l
li
ssueanor derofperpetualdivor
ce.

 Why fourt i
mes swearing? Because i
nthe adul
ter
y case,i
tr equir
es f
our
wi
tnessestopr ov
eit,si
ncethehusbandhasnowi t
ness,t
hecourtrequi
reshi
m
t
oswearf orfourt
imes.

Di
vor
cebykhul
.

 I
nthiskindofdi
vor
ce,onceitisgrantedbythecourt,i
tbecomestal
aqbainor
i
rr
evocabledi
vor
ceaccor
dingtothejamhur-
ulfuqahaormajor
it
yoft
hejur
ist
s

19
  Cantheconsider
ationi
nkhulbegr
eatert
hanthedower
?Accor
dingt
othej
amhur,
i
ti smakruhonthepar toft
hehusbandtodemandanamountwhichisgr
eat
er
thanthedowergivenbyhiminmar
riage.

Di
vor
cebyt
afwi
d

 Delegationofthepowert oeffecttal
aqmaybedoneal sothr
ought hi
rdperson
andt hatiswhatwecal lTAUKIL.Thissimplymeanst hatt
hehusbanddelegated
anyper sonothert hanthewifetoef fectthetalaqbetweenhim andhiswi fe.
Exampl e,thehusbanddelegat
edhi sf at
her-in-l
aw t
oef f
ectt
alaqifoneoft he
conditi
onssetforthinthedel
egati
oni sviol
ated.

Dif
fer
encebetweent afwidandtauki
l
1,In Taf
wid,oncet hepowert o eff
ecttal
aq wasgiv
en tothewife,itcannotbe
wit
hdrawnbutintaukil,
thehusbandmayr ev
okethet
auki
latanyt
imehewish;
2.InTauki
l,t
hedel egateworksatt hepl
easur
eofthehusbandbuti
nt af
wid,thewi
fe
canworkatherpleasure.

Di
vor
cebyf
askh

Thecourtmay ,uponpet it
ionofthewi f
e,decr eeadi vor
cebyf askhonanyoft he
fol
l
owinggrounds:
(
a)Neglectorf ai
lureofthehusbandt opr ovi
desuppor tfort hefami l
yf oratleastsix
consecut ivemont hs;
(
b)Conv i
ctionoft hehusbandbyf inaljudgmentsent encinghi mt oimpr i
sonmentf or
atleastoney ear;
(
c)Fail
ureoft hehusbandt operformf orsixmont hswi thoutr easonabl ecausehi s
mar i
talobl i
gationinaccor
dancewi tht hi
scode;
(
d)Impot encyoft hehusband;
(
e)Insanityoraf f
lict
ionofthehusbandwi thanincurabledi seasewhi chwoul dmake
thecont inuanceoft hemarri
ager el
at i
onshipinj
urioust othef amil
y ;
(
f)Unusual cr uel
tyofthehusbandasdef inedunderthenextsucceedi ngarti
cle;

 Habit
ual
lyassaul tsherormakesherl i
femi ser
ablebycr uelconductevenifthi
s
doesnotresultinphy si
cali
njur
y;
 Associ
ateswi thper sonsofi l
l
-reput
eorl eadsani nfamousl if
eorat temptsto
for
cethewi f
et oliveanimmor alli
fe;
 Compelshert odisposeofherexcl usi
vepropertyorpreventsherfrom exer
cisi
ng
herl
egalri
ghtsov erit;
 Obstr
uctsherint heobservanceofherreli
giouspracti
ces; or
 Doesnottreatherj ustl
yandequitabl
yasenjoinedbyIslami cl
aw.

(g)Anyothercauserecogni
zedunderMusl
i
ml awforthedi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
ageby
f
askheit
herattheinst
anceofthewif
eorthepr
operwali
.

Whatar
etheef
fect
soff
askh?Theef
fectoff
askhar
e:

20
1.Thecont ractofmar riageisr ender
edv oidabini
ti
o( fr
om t heverybegi
nni
ng)ift
he
groundf orfaskhwasexi st i
ngatt heti
meoft hecel
ebrat
ionofmar ri
age;
2.Thecont ractofmar r
iagei sjustnulli
fiedi
fthegroundforfaskhisnotexist
ingatt
he
ti
meoft hecel ebr
ationofmar riage;
3.Thef askhshal lnotbecount edast alaqtobedeductedf r
om thenumberofdivor
ce
thatthehusbandi senti
tled;
4.Thef askhhast hesameef fectast hosestat
edinpar agraphs2,3,
4,
5and6oft he
effectofirr
ev ocabletal
aqst atedabov e.

Diff
erencebet weentalaqandf askh
1.Intalaq,duringtheperiodof‘ idda’ortalaqruju,marr
iageisnotsev eredbuti nfaskh,
mar r
iagesev er
esupondecr eeoft hecourtbecausethereisno‘idda’
2.Int al
aq,once‘ i
dda’hasl apsedi tisconsideredonet al
aqandi tistobededuct edto
thethreetalaqt obeexercisedbyt hehusbandbutnoti nfaskh;
(Faskhi sli
mi t
less)
3.TalaqisendowedbyALLAHt ot hehusbandbuti nfaskh,whent her
eexi stamongt he
grounds.

‘
i
dda

‘
idda i
st heperi
od ofwai
ti
ng prescr
ibed f
ora woman whosemar r
iagehasbeen
dissol
vedbydeat
horbydiv
orcethecompl et
ionofwhi
chshal
lenabl
ehertocont
racta
newmar ri
age.

(
1)Everywif
eshal lbeobli
gedtoobserve‘i
ddaasf oll
ows:
(
a)Incaseofdissoluti
onofmar ri
agebydeath, f
ourmont hsandt enday scountedf
rom
t
hedeathofherhusband;
(
b)I
ncaseoft erminati
onofmar ri
agebydivorce,f
orthreemont hlycourses;
or
(
c)I
ncaseofapr egnantwomen, f
oraper i
odextendinguntilherdel
iver
y .
(
2)Shouldthehusbanddi ewhilethewi f
eisobser vi
ng'‘i
ddaf ordiv
orce,another'
‘
idda
f
ordeathshal
lbeobser vedinaccordancewit
hpar agraph1(a).

 ‘
iddaisobli
gator
yt obeobserv edbythewi f
eastheinj
unct
ionoft
heHolyQur’
an,
theHadit
handt heI j
mahasdecl ared.TheQur’anstat
esintheherei
nbelow
quoted verses regardi
ng ‘idda: “Div
orced women shall wai
t concer
ning
themsel
vesf ort
hreemont hl
yper i
ods.Qur’
an2:
228.

 “Suchofy ourwomenashav epassedt heageofmont hl

ycourses,fort
hem t
he
prescr
ibedper i
od,ify
ehav eanydoubt,isthr
eemonths,andforthosewhohave
nocour ses(itisthesame).Forthosewhocar ry(
burdenintheirwombs),t
heir
peri
odisunt i
ltheydel
ivert
hei
rburdens”.Qur’
an65:
4

 “
Ifanyofyoudi
eandleavewi
dowbehind,t
heyshal
lwai
tconcer
ningt
hemsel
ves
f
ourmonthsandtendays.
“Qur
’an2:
234

A wi
dow ordi
vor
ceei
naconsummat
edmar
ri
agemustobser
ve‘
i
dda.I
fwear
eto

21
specif
ical
lyenumeratethem,t
heyar
eoff
iveki
ndsofwomenwhoar
etoobser
vet
hei
r
respecti
vedesignat
ions,
towit
:

1.Pregnantwi dow, whose‘‘i

ddaisextendinguptothet i
meofthedeli
ver
yofherburden
orfourmont hsandt endayst obecount edfrom t hedateofherhusband’
sdeat h
whicheveriffart
her ;
2.NotPr egnantwi dow, whose‘i
ddaisfourmonthsandt enday
stobecountedf
rom the
dateofthedeat hofherhusband;
3.Pregnantdivorcee, whose‘i
ddaisuntilt
hedeli
veryofherburden;
4.NotPr egnantdiv or
cee,whoi smenstruati
ngregularl
y,whose‘i
ddai
sthreemenstrual
peri
ods;and
5.NotPr egnantdiv or
cee,whoisnotatal lmenstr
uating,whose‘i
ddai
sthreemonthsto
becountedf rom thedat eofdiv
orce.

Ki
ndsof‘
i
dda

‘
i
ddai
soft
hreeki
nds,
namel
y:1.‘
‘
iddaal
Aqr
a;2.‘
i
ddaAl
Ash-
hurand3.‘
i
ddaAl
haml
.

(
a)‘ i
ddaAlAqr aisaki ndof‘ i
ddawher ei
nthewomani sr equiredtoobserv
eher
‘i
ddaf ormenstr
ualcourses.TheeminentscholarsofI
slami clawgivendi
ffer
ent
meani ngst
oanAr abicter
m“ Quru”whenAl l
ahsaid:
Divorcedwomenshal lwaitconcerni
ngthemselvesf ort
hreemont hlyperi
ods.Someof
them saidt hatquru’i
saper iodofpuri
ty(t
uhr)
.St i
l
lsomear guedt hatiti
saper i
odof
menst ruat
ion.What ev
eritis,itisaper i
oddesi gnedtodet er
mi newhet herornota
divor
ceei spregnant.

(
b)‘
iddaAsh- hurisanot herkindof‘ i
ddawher ei
nthewomani srequi
r edbythe
Shari
’
ah t o observ
e her‘ i
dda fora per i
od ofthree months because her
menstruati
oni si
rr
egul arofshei
snotatal lmenst
ruati
ng.Thereshallbe‘i
ddaby
months( ‘
i
ddaassh- hur)ononlytwooccasions,vi
z:1.Whent hedivor
cee,whois
observ
ingofhermenst r
uati
onisirregul
ar;2.Whent hewidow isr equi
redto
observ
ean‘ iddaoffourmont hsandt endays.

(
c)‘
iddaalhamli sathi
rdkindof‘ i
ddaobservedbyapr
egnantwomandur
ingher
pregnancyanditwi
ll
lastunt
ilherdel
i
very.

 AliandIbnAbbassai dt hatthewif
eshoul dobser v
eei therf ourmont hsandt en
daysorunt i
lthedeli
ver yofherpregnancywhi cheverisf ar
ther .Accordingt oI
bn
Mas’udandI bnThabi tandconcur r
edbyt heJamhuralFuqaha,t he‘i
ddai sunti
l
herdeliv
eryev enift
hedeceasedhusbandi snoty etinterr
ed.Howev er,Justice
Alauyaisont heviewt hat‘iddahaspurposes:topr eventsimul ati
onofbi r
thand
tofiveduerespecttot hedeceasedhusbandandhi sr el
ati
v es.Hef urtheradded
thati
fweal l
owt heviewofJamhuri nthispart
icularissue,thewi dowint hegiven
probl
em cangetmar riedt wodaysaft
ert hedeathofherhusbandi .
e.ifshehad
deli
veredtwoday safterthedeathofherhusband.

22
Ef
fectofcodeonpastact
s.—

(1)Act sexecutedpr i
ort otheeffect
ivi
tyofthi
sCodeshallbegovernedbythelawsi n
forceatt heti
meoft heirexecuti
on,andnothi
ngher
einexceptasotherwi
sespecif
icall
y
prov i
ded,shallaff
ecttheirvali
dit
yorlegal
it
yoroperat
etoextingui
shanyri
ghtacquired
orliabil
i
tyincurredthereby.

(2)A marri
agecontract
edbyaMusl i
m malepr i
ortotheeffect
ivi
tyofthi
sCodein
accor
dancewi t
hnon-Musli
ml awshal
lbeconsideredasonecontract
edunderMusl
i
m
l
awpr ov
idedthespousesregi
stert
hei
rmutual
desiretot
hisef
fect.

Sanda/Sanl
a/Ar
indao

Bysandaorsanl a,theownerofar ealest

ate,plantat
ion,orchardorf r
uit
-beari
ngt rees
forconsi
derati
onorcer t ainsum ofmoneymor tgageshi spropertybyplacingthesame
i
nt heoccupationandenj oymentofthemortgageef oraf i
xedper i
odoft i
meorwi thout
suchperiod,withthecondi ti
onthatshoul
dtheloanbepai dwithintheperi
odagr eed,ifa
peri
odhasbeenst i
pul
ated,oratanyt i
me,butnoti ndefi
nitel
y,ifnoperiodisstipul
at ed,
thepropert
yshal lbereturnedtotheowner,wit
houtanyobl i
gationtopayanyi nt
ereston
thepri
ncipalcontractofloan.

Arindao is a customar y cont ractwher eby t he ownermor t

gages hisr ealest
ate,
plantat
ion,orchardorfruit
-bearingtreesforaconsi derat
ionorcer t
ainsum ofmoneyf or
af ixedperiodoft imewi t
ht hecondi ti
ont hatthemor tgagorshallhavet heri
ghtof
occupat i
onandenj oymentoft hepropertydur ingtheperiodsost i
pulat
ed,anduponthe
expirat
ionoft hatperi
od,t hemor tgagorshal lretur
nt hepr oper
tyt othemor t
gagee
withoutpayingt heconsiderat
ionormoneyr eceivedbyhim

Apledgeissomethi
ngdeli
ver
edassecuri
tyfort
hepaymentofadebtorf
ulf
il
lmentofa
pr
omi seandsubj
ecttof
orf
eit
ureonf
ail
uretopayorful
fi
ll
apromi
se.

I
n Ci
villaw mor
tgage,ther
eisa paymentoflegalrat
ei nt
erestand t
hepr
oper
ty
mort
gagedremai
nswi t
hthemor
tgagorf
oradef
ini
teper
iod.

Bycontr
actofanti
cresi
s,theaccr
edit
oracquir
esther i
ghttor
ecei
vet
hefrui
tsofan
i
mmov abl
eofhisdebtor
,witht
heobli
gati
ontoapplythem t
othepay
mentofi
nter
est
,if
owi
ng,andther
eaf
tertothepaymentofhi
scredi
t.[
Art
.2132,NCC]

Usufr
uctgivesari
ghttoenjoyt
heproper
tyofanotherwit
htheobli
gati
onofpr
eserv
ing
i
tsform andsubst
ance,
unlesst
heti
tl
econsti
tut
ingitort
helawother
wisepr
ovi
des.[
Art
.
562,NCC]

Ref
erences:

23
 Abdal Ati,Hammudah.TheFami l
ySt ructureinIslam.Amer icanTr ustPublication.
1977
 Aji
jola,Al hajiA.D.I ntr
oduct i
onofI sl
ami cLaw.I nter
nati
onalI sl
ami cPubl i
sher s,
Karachi, Paki st
an.1981
 Alauy a,Saaduddi nA.TheQui zzeri nMusl im PersonalLaw.Ki ngFaisalCent erfor
I
slami c and Ar abi c St udies. Mi ndanao St ate Universit
y. Mar awi Ci ty,
Phili
ppines. 1984
 Atty.MeholK.Sadai n.Rev i
ew Not esI nPer sonsAndFami l
yRel ationsShar i
’ah
Pre-WeekBarRev iew, June21- 24,2011, UP- I
SSI
 Bangsamor oOr gani cLaw
 Benito,Tal i
bAbdul hami d.IssuesandFact sinMusl i
m PersonalLaws.Ki ngFaisal
Centerf orI slamic,Ar abicandAsi anSt udies,Mi ndanaoSt ateUniv ersit
y.Mar awi
City,Phili
ppi nes.2010
 CodeofMusl im Personal Lawsoft hePhi li
ppines
 Doi,AbdurRahmanI .Shar i
a:TheI slami cLaw.Kual aLumpur ,Mal aysia.
A. S.
NOORDEN. 1990
 i
slami conl i
neuni versity
.com
 Saadudi nA.Al auy a.TheQui zzeri nMusl i
m Per sonalLaw.Ki ngFai salCent erfor
I
slami candAr abicSt udies,Mi ndanaoSt ateUniv ersi
ty.Marawi Cit
y, 1984.

24