Методичка письмо 22

ДЕРЖАВНИЙ ВИЩИЙ НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ЗАКЛАД
«ЗАПОРІЗЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ»

МІНІСТЕРСТВА ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ
Л.М. Пінчук
ДРУГА ІНОЗЕМНА МОВА (АНГЛІЙСЬКА)

Навчальний посібник з формування навичок писемного мовлення
до комунікативного комплексу «New Cutting Edge Intermediate»
для студентів факультету іноземної філології
освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «бакалавр»
1
ДЕРЖАВНИЙ ВИЩИЙ НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ЗАКЛАД
«ЗАПОРІЗЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ»
МІНІСТЕРСТВА ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ
Л.М. Пінчук

до комунікативного комплексу «New Cutting Edge Intermediate»
ля студентів факультету іноземної філології
освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «бакалавр»
Затверджено
вченою радою ЗНУ
Протокол № від 2012 р.
Запоріжжя
2012
2
УДК 811.111’243 (075.8)
ББК Ш 143.21-923
В 172
Друга іноземна мова (англійська): Навчальний посібник з формування навичок писемного мовлення
до комунікативного комплексу «New Cutting Edge Intermediate» для студентів факультету іноземної
філології освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «бакалавр» / Уклад.: Пінчук Л.М. – Запоріжжя: ЗНУ, 2012. –
70 с.
Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів III курсу денного та заочного відділення
факультету іноземної філології освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «бакалавр», які вивчають другу
іноземну мову (англійську) за автентичним комплексом «New Cutting Edge Intermediate». Даний
посібник має за мету формування комунікативної компетенції у писемному мовленні у відповідності до
вимог Європейського освітнього стандарту з іноземних мов...
Посібник складається з вступу, 10 уроків за темами базового підручника, в яких містяться
рекомендації щодо написання різних типів писемного висловлювання (твір-опис, твір-роздум, твір-
висловлювання власної думки, твір-розповідь, ділові та особисті листи, рецензії на книги, фільми тощо),
тексти-опори, умовно-комунікативні вправи та комунікативні письмові завдання.
Рецензент Г.В.Ваніна
Відповідальний за випуск К.М. Ружин
CONTENTS
3
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………... 4
Guidelines for writing…………………………………………………………………………… 6
Module writing tasks………………………………………….................…………………….… 9
Module 1 All about you…………………………………………………………………………. 10
Module 2 Memory………………………………………………………………………..……. 15
Module 3 Around the world……………………………………………………………...…….. 19
Module 4 Life stories……………………………………………………..……………………. 24
Module 5 Success………………………………………………………….…..……………….. 28
Module 6 In the media………………………………………………………..………………... 32
Module 7 Socialising……………………………………………………………….……………. 40
Module 8 Things you can’t live without…………………………………………….…………... 44
Module 9 Future society………………………………………………………………………… 48
Module 10 An amazing story …………………………………………………………………… 53
Module 11 Rules and freedom …………………………………………………………………. 58
Module 12 Dilemmas……………………………………………………………….…………… 65
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..……………... 70
ПЕРЕДМОВА
Навчальний посібник з формування навичок писемного мовлення до комунікативного комплексу

«New Cutting Edge Intermediate» призначений для студентів 3 курсу денного та заочного відділення
факультету іноземної філології освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «бакалавр», які вивчають англійську
мову як другу іноземну.
4
Основна мета посібника полягає у сприянні розвитку комунікативних умінь писемного
мовлення, яке нарівні з такими видами, як говоріння, читання, аудіювання є одним з головних видів
мовленнєвої діяльності.
Реалізація поставленої мети передбачає виконання наступних завдань:
 вивчити методичні рекомендації щодо написання різних типів писемного висловлювання, а саме:
твір-опис, твір-роздум, твір-висловлювання власної думки, твір-розповідь, ділові та особисті
листи, рецензії на книги, фільми, телепередачі;
 прочитати і проаналізувати тексти-зразки відповідних типів писемного висловлювання;
 виконати умовно-комунікативні вправи з формування навичок писемного мовлення;
 виконати комунікативні завдання з розвитку умінь писемного мовлення у вигляді написання
різних типів писемного висловлювання за темами базового підручника.
Посібник складається з 10 уроків за темами базового підручника «New Cutting Edge
Intermediate».. Кожен урок містить методичні рекомендації щодо написання відповідного типу
писемного висловлювання, текст-зразок , 5 умовно-комунікативних вправ, що потребують виконання
таких завдань, як наприклад, скласти план прочитаного тексту та вибрати із запропонованих назв тексту
найбільш вдалу; виписати речення, що розкривають ідею тексту; виконати лексико-граматичне завдання
до тексту і замінити виділені в тексті слова відповідними синонімами / антонімами або написати
дієслова у правильній формі; написати основну або заключну частину і завершити текст; переказати
текст від третьої особи; описати зовнішність, характер, стиль життя відомої особи, спираючись на
запропоновані вербальні опори, висловити у письмовій формі власну точку зору на проблему, що
розглядається і т.п. Наприкінці кожного уроку студентам пропонується виконати комунікативне
завдання у вигляді написання власного писемного висловлювання відповідного типу за
рекомендаціями, що були опрацьовані в уроці.
Автор сподівається , що вивчення теоретичного матеріалу і виконання практичних завдань
посібника допоможе студентам грунтовніше оволодіти навичками граматично правильного, логічно
послідовного, ясного і чіткого вираження власних думок при написанні різних типів писемного
висловлювання і, тим самим, досягти високого рівня комунікативної компетенції у писемному мовленні,
що є запорукою дотримання вимог Європейського освітнього стандарту з іноземних мов.
5
A GUIDELINES FOR WRITING
Writing as one of the basic language skills is directed at developing and improving students’
communicative abilities. The kind of writing the students are supposed to do depends on what genre they need
to write, what writing process they are involved and what writing habits they have.
A genre is a type of writing which members of a discourse community would instantly recognize for
what it was, either they were small ads in a newspaper, or articles, or news reports etc. Genre analysis helps
students see how typical texts within a genre are constructed, and this knowledge will help them create the
appropriate texts of their own.
The writing process involves planning what the students are going to write, drafting it, reviewing and
editing what they have written and then producing a final version. Many people think that this is a linear
process, but a closer examination of how writers of all different kinds are involved in the writing process
suggests that they do all of these things again and again: plan – re-plan, edit – re-edit etc. before they produce
their final version. This process may be time-consuming but necessary for the students to improve their writing
skills.
Building the writing habit is also important as some students do not want to write. This may be
because they lack confidence, think it’s boring or have “nothing to say”. But if the students often do different
writing activities that are enjoyable to take part in. they are involved in writing process with enthusiasm and
they improve their language level.
Writing and speaking are known to create language production. Speakers have a great range of
expressive possibilities at their command. Apart from the actual words they use they can vary their intonation
and stress which helps them show which part of what they are saying is most important. By varying the pitch
and intonation in their voice they can clearly convey their attitude to what they are saying, too; they can
indicate interest or lack of it, and they can show whether they wish to be taken seriously. At any point in a
speech event speakers can rephrase what they are saying; they can speed up or slow down. This will often be
done in response to the feedback they are getting from their listeners who will show through a variety of
gestures, expressions and interruptions that they do not understand. And in a face to face interaction the speaker
can use a whole range of facial expressions, gestures and general body language to help to convey the message.
The writer suffers from the disadvantage of not getting immediate feedback from the reader – and
sometimes getting no feedback at all. Writers cannot use intonation or stress, and facial expression, gesture and
body movement are denied. These disadvantages have to be compensated for by greater clarity and by the use
of grammatical and stylistic techniques for focusing attention on main points, etc. Perhaps most importantly
there is a greater need for logical organisation in a piece of writing than there is in a conversation, for the reader
has to understand what has been written without asking for clarification or relying on the writer's tone of voice
or expression.
Perhaps the most important difference between writing and speaking, however, concerns the need for
accuracy. Native speakers constantly make 'mistakes' when they are speaking. They hesitate and say the same
thing in different ways and they often change the subject of what they are saying in mid-sentence. Except in
extremely formal situations this is considered normal and acceptable behaviour. A piece of writing, however,
with mistakes and half-finished sentences. would be judged by many native speakers as illiterate since it is
expected that writing should be 'correct'.
When writing, therefore, there are special considerations to be taken into account which include the
organising of sentences into paragraphs, how paragraphs are joined together, and the general organization of the
ideas into coherent piece of discourse.
So, to be successful in writing everyone needs to plan, draft and edit in that way, even though this may
be time-consuming. Students need to see the difference between spoken and written English.
There are some peculiarities in written grammar versus spoken grammar.
Written grammar Spoken grammar

Sentence is the basic unit of
Clause is the basic unit of construction
construction
Clauses are often embedded
Clauses are usually added (co-ordination)
(subordination)
Subject + verb + object
Head + body + tail construction
construction
Reported speech favoured Direct speech favoured
Precision favoured Vagueness tolerated
Little ellipsis A lot of ellipsis
6
No question tags Many question tags
Performance effects including
hesitations
repeats
No performance effects
false starts
incompletion
syntactic blends
Verb forms Verb forms
Active / passive tense forms Present tense forms outnumber past tense forms by 2:1
Modal expressions Simple forms outnumber continuous and perfect forms by over
Infinitive constructions 10:1
Participial constructions The past perfect and present perfect continuous are rare
Passive verbs account for only 2 % of all finite verbs in speech
Will, would and can are extremely common in speech.
Besides, students should know that when they write postcards, notes or messages they can leave out a
lot of words.
e.g. Weather horrible (The weather is horrible).
Having a great time (We are having a great time).
What is more, the senders of text messages have invented a unique language of abbreviations to save
space:
U. You WAN2..? Do you want to…?

HOW R U? How are you? 2DAY Today
4U For you 2MORO Tomorrow
THX Thanks TXT ME BAK Text me back
L8R Later GR8 Great
Y Why? CU18 See you later
XXX Kisses CU See you
Each piece of writing usually consists of some paragraphs. A paragraph usually begins with a topic
sentence. It is written to make it clear to the reader what ideas are planned to set down and substantiate in this
paragraph. It is a kind of one-sentence summary of the entire paragraph narrowing its content to one or two
points. The topic sentence has to be followed by supporting statements, which are aimed at proving what is said
in the topic sentence. But you should not make the paragraph too long as it can become too tiresome to read.
Three, five, or seven sentences at the utmost would probably be enough for one paragraph. A paragraph should
end with a concluding sentence. The concluding sentence summarizes the argumentation of the supporting
statements, draws some conclusion(s) from what was said in the topic sentence and the supporting statements,
and may also provide logical links to the following paragraphs.
The paragraph must be logical, i.e., all statements (sentences) have to be logically interconnected. The
paragraph is logical when it has unity and coherence. This means clear organization and logical sequencing of
ideas. There should be no unnecessary repetitions. The logical order and logical connectors ensure coherence
and cohesion. Logical order is the sequence of sentences in the paragraph when every following supporting
statement is logically connected to the preceding one and has direct connection to the idea(s) stated in the topic
sentence. Logical connectors, sometimes called link-words and expressions, are words/ expressions providing
links between sentences and paragraphs by language means. These are such words as: first, next, last, therefore,
meanwhile, furthermore, nevertheless, on the one hand…on the other hand and others. Using link-words when
writing a paragraph is very helpful not only to the reader for whom the logic of what is said becomes clear.
They are no less helpful to the writer giving him an opportunity of organizing his own ideas logically.
A very important thing is not to deviate. When writing the supporting statements, you should develop
only the idea(s) compressed in your topic sentence. Never let yourself be distracted by different associations
generated by your main idea(s). Irrelevant or off-topic sentences must absolutely be excluded. They will only
make your paragraph illogical, vague and hard to read, while it should go straight from the main idea(s) to its
substantiation in an arrow-like manner without sidetracking.
TYPES OF COMPOSITION
7
When you write a composition you need to understand the type of writing required. Your piece of
writing can be in the form of a letter, an article for a magazine / newspaper or a report.
LETTERS are written to people for a specific reason (e.g. to give advice, to make a complaint etc).
They include:
 Informal letters to people you know well, written in a personal chatty style.
 Formal letters to managers/officials etc, written in a polite formal style .
 Semi-formal letters to people you do not know well or people you know but you want to sound polite and
respectful (e.g. a teacher of yours, your pen friend's parents, etc.) , written in a respectful style.
ARTICLES are found in magazines and newspapers. The following can be found in the form of an article:
 Descriptions of people, places, buildings, objects, festivals, ceremonies etc.
 Narratives about real or imaginary events which happened in the past. They can be written in the first
person (first-person narratives) when the writer is the main character of the story or in the third person
(third-person narratives) when the writer is describing events which happened to people.
 News reports about current/recent events (e.g. fires, accidents, etc) written in impersonal style. News
reports present facts objectively and unemotionally.
 Reviews discussing a film, TV programme, book, etc and recommending it or not to the reader.
 Discursive essays about arguments concerning particular subjects.
They include:
- "For and Against" essays which present the pros and cons on a specific topic
- Opinion essays which present the writer's personal opinion on a specific topic
- Providing solutions to problems which discuss a problem and its causes, making suggestions and
mentioning the expected results and consequences
- Letters to the editor which present the writer's personal opinion on a specific topic or the writer's
suggestions on a specific problem .
A good article should consist of:
 an eye-catching headline which gives the reader an idea of what the article is about. Headlines are
normally brief and are written in the same style (formal or informal) as the article itself.
 an interesting introduction
 a main body consisting of two or more paragraphs where details on the topic are given
 a conclusion which gives an appropriate ending to the article.
REPORTS are formal pieces of writing and have a specific format and features. They include:
 Assessment reports discussing the suitability of a person, place, plan, etc for a
particular purpose, job, etc.
 Proposals reports discussing suggestions or decisions about future actions.
UNDERSTANDING RUBRICS
To plan your composition you need to understand the rubric, i.e. the composition instructions. Read the
rubric carefully and underline the key words/phrases which will help you decide what you will write about.
Keywords/phrases indicate:
 the imaginary situation you will write about (e.g. You are a reporter to write about a fire which broke out
last night ...) This can also suggest who you are (e.g. a reporter), what has happened (e.g. fire broke out),
etc.
 the imaginary reader who is going to read your piece of writing (e.g. the manager of the company you
work for has asked you to write ...) This will help you decide on the writing style i.e. the appropriate style
of language formal/informal, etc you should use.
 the type of writing (e.g. a letter, an article describing an event you attended, etc)
 the specific topics you should include in your answer (e. g. describe the place and comment on its good
and bad points)
MODULE WRITING TASKS
8
MODULE 1. All about you
Type of writing: Descriptive essays.
Writing task: Write an essay describing your best friend.
MODULE 2. Memory
Type of writing: First-person narratives.
Writing task: Write an essay “A memorable story happened in my life.”
MODULE 3. Around the world

Writing task: Write an essay describing some places that are worth visiting.
MODULE 4. Life stories

Writing task: Write an essay describing a person you really admire.
MODULE 5. Success
Type of writing: Discursive essays.
Writing task: Write an opinion essay “What is success to me?”
MODULE 6. In the media

Type of writing: Reviews. News reports.
Writing task: Write a review of a film /TV programme / book.
Write a news report.
MODULE 7. Socialising
Type of writing: Descriptive essays
Writing task; Write an essay describing an unforgettable event / festival / celebration..
MODULE 8. Things you can’t live without

Type of writing: Discursive essays.
Writing task: Write a for-and-against essay “Pros and cons of using modern technologies”
MODULE 9. Future society

Type of writing: Informal letters
Writing task: Write a letter to your friend how you could spend the lottery money.
MODULE 10. An amazing story

Type of writing: Third-person narratives
Writing task: Write an essay “The most amazing story I have ever heard”
MODULE 11. Rules and freedom

Type of writing: Formal letters
Writing task: Write a letter of application for a job
Write a letter of complaint to a manager about the things you found annoying while
traveling.
MODULE 12. Dilemmas

Type of writing: Discursive essays
Writing task: Write an essay providing solutions to problems “ If I were a psychologist: how to find
solutions to problems”.
MODULE 1 All about you
9
WRITING
Write a composition describing people (your best friend /a famous person) based on the module and extra
vocabulary. Learn the notes below how to write descriptive essays.
WRITING NOTES:
A composition describing people
We can find descriptions of people in novels, articles, letters, witness statements, etc. When describing
people your composition needs to be well-organised. Each paragraph starts a new topic. Paragraphs should be
well developed and linked together with a variety of linking words (so, even if, although, but, as well as, not
only, despite the fact, etc.)
Introduction
set the scene (name of the person, time/place you met him/her)
Main body
Para 1: physical appearance
Para 2: personality characteristics
Para 3: activities he/she takes part in (hobbies, interests)
Conclusion
comments/feelings about the person
Points to remember
 When describing people’s physical appearance you should give details in the following order:
height/build/age, facial features, hair, clothes moving from the most general adjectives to the most
specific ones, e.g. Julie is quite short and slim. She’s got a round face with beautiful almond-shaped
eyes and a slightly upturned nose. She wears her long blond hair loose. She is often casually dressed in
a T-shirt and jeans.
 When describing character and behaviour, support your idea with examples, e.g. Tom is very reserved.
He never talks about his feelings. When you want to describe negative qualities, you should use mild
language, e.g. He can be rude/ He is a bit rude/ He is sometimes rude. not He is rude.
 Make your composition more interesting by using a wide range of adjectives.(fabulous, superb,
gorgeous, stunning, sparkling)
 Use more complex sentences joined with connections, e.g. Although Julia is quite reserved, she is a
kind person who will listen to your problems and try to help you.
 Use narrative techniques in your descriptive composition to gain your reader’s interest. For example,
while giving the name of the person described, the time and place you saw or met him/her, you can set
the scene by narrating the incident. Instead of saying: ”I met John at Jane’s birthday party last
Saturday. He was tall, skinny with spiky hair” you can say: “As soon as I entered Jane’s flat last
Saturday I noticed a strange mixture of people gathered to celebrate her birthday. It wasn’t long before
my eyes fell on a tall, skinny man with spiky hair, His name was John.”
MODEL
Famous supermodel
10
Claudia Schiffer is a very successful German supermodel. She has
appeared on the covers and fashion pages of all the major fashion
magazines.
Claudia now is in her mid-thirties, is a very beautiful woman. She
is tall, slim with very long legs. Her most stunning feature, though, is
her attractive heart-shaped face with her sparkling eyes and straight
nose. She wears her shoulder-length blond hair loose.
Claudia is not only a professional model but she is also a very
successful businesswoman. She has her own video and she is a partner
in the new chain of “Fashion Cafés”. She is also very kind and generous
and spends a lot of time working with various charity organizations,
helping those in need.
Claudia is sociable too, and likes going to parties, but she rarely
stays out late. When Claudia is not modeling or doing charity work,
she likes spending free time with her family. She also enjoys reading and watching old films.
It is a pleasure to meet a famous model who remains down-to-earth and sincere in a world where
fame and success can often harm one’s character. Claudia Schiffer believes that working hard is the
only way to succeed in life.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
I. Activate words and collocations from your student’s book:
to be really into to work full-time to be exhausted

to be interested in to have a full-time job to participate in
to have enough time for to be physically active to have a shower
to be good at doing sth. to be a regular Internet user to have coffee
to chat on the phone to be keen on doing sth. to have dinner
to listen to music to waste a lot of time at work to play computer games
to do homework to do exercises to relax and do nothing
to do housework to hang out with your friends to text friends
II. Memorize extra vocabulary:
Physical appearance :
General beautiful, pretty, attractive, good-looking, pleasant-looking, handsome, elegant,
appearance stylish, gallant, plain-looking, ugly
Hair long, middle-sized, short, shoulder-length, blond, black, brown, grey, red, fair,
dark, dyed, straight, abundant, scanty/thin, silky, wavy, curly, spiky, going bald
Eyes brown, grey, green, blue, hazel, slanting, sparkling, vivid, bulging, cross-eyed
Height tall, quite tall, short, quite short, of middle height
Build / thin, slim, slender, fat, plump, stout, overweight, paunchy, broad-shouldered,
Figure well-built, graceful
Face round, oval, square, puffy, wrinkled, freckled, pimpled, clean-shaven
Complexion pale, dark, yellowish, peaches and cream
Nose big, small, straight, flattish, snub, turned-up, aquiline, hooked
Skin light brown, dark, very dark, olive, tanned
Lips full, thin, sensual, compressed, rosy, painted
Other beard, moustache, wig, plaint/braid, eyes bags, glasses, lenses, high / narrow
features forehead, dimples in the cheeks, friendly smile, heavy/square jaw, double chin
Personal qualities:
11
Virtuous / good qualities: Evil / bad qualities:
well-educated, clever, intelligent, witty, sharp- uneducated, silly, slow-witted, weak-witted,

witted, broad-minded empty-headed, shallow / narrow-minded
warm-hearted, kind-hearted affable, amiable, hard-hearted, ill-natured, unkind, spiteful, evil,
gentle, sweet, good-temped, good-natured, vicious, wicked, malicious, cruel
sociable, outgoing, easy-going, communicable unsociable, sulky, sullen, reserved, secretive
hard-working, industrious idle, lazy, disorganized
with good / fantastic sense of humour, with no sense of humour, boring
funny, jolly hard to communicate
loyal, devoted, faithful disloyal, unfaithful, revengeful
sensible, agreeable indifferent, insensible
patient, forbearing absent-minded, forgetful
sincere, earnest, cordial insincere
reliable, responsible unreliable, irresponsible
purposeful, assertive, insistent aimless, stubborn, obstinate
capable, talented, creative, imaginative incapable, untalented
tactful, tolerant, considerate, thoughtful, tactless, intolerant, insolent, inconsiderate,
merciful, sympathetic, careful, benevolent unrestrained, impudent, blunt
ambitious, dignified bossy, rude, harsh
brave, courageous, strong-willed cowardly, weak-willed, awkward, clumsy
energetic, enthusiastic lacking initiative, selfish, self-centred,
self-possessed, proud conceited, pompous, haughty
timid, shy, modest, discreet, embarrassed, indiscreet, moody, capricious, temperamental,
calm, quiet perverse
decisive, determined, resolute immature, childish
generous greedy, mean , miserly
honest, just, respectable deceitful, dishonest
sophisticated jealous, envious
scrupulous unscrupulous
Idioms / Proverbs
A sound mind in a sound body. Beauty lies in lover’s eyes.

A walking encyclopedia. Carry off one’s age well.
An idle brain is the devil’s workshop Character corresponds to sb’s appearance
Appearances are deceptive. Cut the cost according the cloth.
As pretty as a picture Go one’s own way.
In the prime of life. Tastes differ.
Never judge by appearances. Inner beauty is more important than physical one.
Famous words:
 The only thing we have to fear on this planet is man.

C.Jung (Sviss psychologist).
 Strength of character may be learned at work, but beauty of character is learned at home.
Henry Drummond (Scottish naturalist)
 Clothes make the man.
Mark Twain (US novelist)
III. Make up as many sentences as you can using words and phrases suggested above.
IV. Perform the following pre-writing tasks:
Pre-writing task 1
Choose the points below to complete the table, then make sentences about your family members.
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fantastic sense of humour, sailing, painting, good-looking, immature, great sense of style, scuba diving,
outgoing, olive skin, curly dark hair, casual clothes, friendly, wavy hair, pale complexion, rude, lazy, pointed
nose, shoulder-length hair, tall, slim, of medium height, generous, popular, skiing, bossy, attractive, plump,
rafting
Topic Main points

appearance
personal qualities
hobbies /interests
e.g. My mother has a fantastic sense of humour.

My brother likes sailing a lot.
Pre-writing task 2
Match the adjectives to their justifications. Then, use your answers to talk about your friends or
relatives, as in the example:
e.g. My sister is a generous person who always buys presents to her family.
Adjectives Justifications
1. generous a) always buys presents to her family
2. talkative b) doesn't like working
3. mean c) never tells lies
4. intelligent d) always tells people what to do
5. bossy e) feels angry about not having what others have
6. loyal f) wears smart clothes
7. rude g) hates spending money
8. jealous h) does well at university
9. shy i) isn't polite to other people
10. elegant j) always smiles
11. cheerful k) never betrays friends
12. imaginative l) cares only about him/herself
13. lazy m) able to think of new ideas
14. selfish n) never stops chatting
15. honest o) doesn’t say a lot
Pre-writing task 3
Complete these descriptions using the adjectives in the list

moody, energetic, cheerful, lazy, impatient, aggressive, selfish
1. Susan is ……………… When she gets angry she starts shouting and bangs her fist on the table.
2. Paul is…………… . …..When he has to wait for anything he constantly looks at his watch.
3. Alison is…………… . ….She hardly ever gets tired and is enthusiastic about everything.
4. My aunt Betty is ………..She is always in a good mood and smiles a lot.
5. Rick is…………………. He doesn't like working or doing sports.
He would rather sit around and watch TV all day.
6. Angela is …………… ... .She doesn't like sharing her toys with other children.
7. Wanda is………….. …. .One minute she is happy and the next she is sad and won't talk to anyone.
Pre-writing task 4
Read the article and label the paragraphs with the headings below:
hobbies/interests, name & when /where /how met, comments/feeling, physical appearance& clothes,
personal qualities
Para 1____________________________
Para 2____________________________
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Para 3____________________________
Para 4____________________________
Para 5____________________________
A Close Friend
Jacques has been my close friend for two years. I first met him on a school exchange trip to Calais,
France. I asked him the way to the library and we started talking. We've been friends ever since.
Jacques is quite good-looking. He's tall and slim. with olive skin and curly dark hair. Like many French
people, he has a great sense of style, so he always looks well-dressed even in casual clothes.
Jacques is very outgoing. He is always friendly and loves to have fun. He's got a fantastic sense of
humour and he always makes me laugh. However, he can be a bit immature at times. For example, when he
doesn't get what he wants, he acts childishly and stamps his feet .
Jacques is very keen on water sports. He likes sailing and he spends a lot of time on his boat. He enjoys
scuba diving, too, and loves exploring life under the sea.
All in all, I'm glad to have Jacques as my friend. It's a pleasure to be with him and I really enjoy his
company. I'm sure we'll always be close friends.
Pre-writing task 5
Write an essay about Joe Peterson. Use the notes in the table.
Introduction
Joe Peterson is Britain’s most successful actor. However, things were not always easy for the boy V.
from Birmingham.
Main body
Then Now
huge house / garden / swimming pool/ in
Home flat / centre of the city
the countryside
shoulder-length straight dark
good-looking / short hair/ well-built
Appearance hair /pale complexion /
/clean-shaven / friendly smile
overweight / eyes bags
Clothes ripped jeans / T-shirts/ trainers expensive suits & ties
moody/ idle/ irresponsible/
hard-working /ambitious, purposeful
Character aimless / selfish/ impudent/
/outgoing /cordial / assertive / creative
clumsy / rude
healthy food / mineral water / taking up
Lifestyle junk food / alcohol
sports
Free-time night clubs/ football / computer
theatres / parties / travelling
activities games
Conclusion
Joe’s life has changed a lot since those days in Birmingham. “I enjoy my success and I’m very
lucky to lead the life I do today, ” he says.
Who could ask for more?
Perform the following writing task:
Write a composition describing people (your best friend /a famous person) based on the module and extra
vocabulary. Remember the notes above how to write descriptive essays.
MODULE 2. Memory
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WRITING
Write an essay describing a memorable story happened in your life which is supposed to be written in the first
person (first-person narratives). Learn the notes below how to write narrative stories.
WRITING NOTES
Writing a good story either in the first or third person means describing a sequence of events in an
interesting, lively way. A good story should consist of:
Introduction
Set the scene (who– where – when – what) in an interesting way to help the reader imagine the scene and want
to continue reading.
Main body
Development (two or more paragraphs in which you develop your story presenting the events in the order that
they happened).
Conclusion
Ending (where you say what happened at the end and refer to people's feelings, final comments or reactions).
Points to remember:
 Never start writing your composition before deciding on the plot.
 Use time words (before, until, then, next, lastly) to make the sequence of events clear.
 Use Direct and Reported Speech to make your story lively.
 Use various adjectives (horrified, terrific, puzzled) and adverbs (absolutely, extremely, desperately) to
stress feelings and actions. This will make your story more interesting.
e.g. instead of: John is a good boy with nice ideas you can write:
John is a great boy with brilliant ideas.
 Use a variety of verbs such as wondered, screamed, whispered, etc to avoid using "said" all the time.
e.g. instead of: "Help!” he said you can write: “Help!” he screamed.
 Use similes i.e. expressions which describe people or things by comparing them to someone or
something else.
e.g. She ran like the wind. He was as quiet as a mouse.
 Use present or past participles to join two simple sentences into one longer, more sophisticated
sentence
e.g. instead of: He turned on the light. He saw someone in the room. you can write:
Turning on the light, he saw someone in the room.
instead of: She was relieved. She left the police station. you can write:
Relieved, she left the police station.
Techniques to start your story
An interesting beginning is as important as an interesting ending. An interesting beginning will catch

the reader's attention and make him/her want to continue reading. A good ending will make him/her feel
satisfied.
You can START your story by:
a) using your senses to settle scene and describe the weather, atmosphere, surroundings or people's actions to
create mystery or suspense.
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e.g. I could hear the wind howling around me. It was quite dark that night and it felt strange to be out in the
wilderness all alone.
b) using direct speech. e.g.” Always look on the bright side of life, kids”, Mr Frisbain used to tell us.
c) asking a rhetorical question. i.e. a question that does not require an answer.
e.g. Have you ever travelled by train on a warm summer night?
d) addressing the reader directly. e.g. I am sure you all know what a bargain is.
e) referring to your feelings or moods. e.g. I was exhausted because I had been painting wall all day.
Techniques to end your story

You can end your story by:
a) using direct speech. e.g. “Thank you, sir”, the boy said to me.
b) referring to your feelings or moods. e.g. We were shivering but we were happy to have made it.
c) asking a rhetorical question. e.g. 'Why did I have to suffer so much?”
d) describing people's reactions to/feelings about the events developed in the main body. e.g. My brother had
become the hero of the day and I was extremely proud.
MODEL
The most memorable day in my life
Whenever I look at that photo it takes me back to those early years when every new experience was so
important that it was almost unbearable.
It was towards the end of the school year – my first year at primary school – when it happened. I can still
remember the shouts of the spectators as I went out onto the sports field with my classmates. Earlier that week I
had qualified for the finals of the 100 metres. I was determined to win.
While I was walking across to the start, I began to feel more and more nervous. I looked at the bustling
crowd of spectators, and I saw my proud parents waving enthusiastically. My heart was pounding fast. as soon
as I lined up with the other eager competitors. I felt so excited that my whole body was shaking. I braced
myself, took some deep breaths and waited for the signal. Then the starting pistol sounded and I set off down
the track.
I could hear the crowd shouting excitedly, but the noise seemed very far away. I sprinted as fast as I could,
not looking at anything except the finishing line. By the time I crossed the line I was so exhausted I could
hardly breathe. When I heard the result announced, I realized, I had won!!
Overjoyed, I collapsed on the soft grass with a broad grin on my face.
“Well done!” said the Headmaster later, as he presented me with the winner’s certificate. I had never
felt so happy and proud in my life. It was the first great success in my life!
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
afterwards invent a story recognise sb.’s handwriting

average item recognise someone
appointment learn how to do sth. remember to phone sth
arrangement long-term memory remember when sth. happened
associate with lose a game remind sb. to do sth.
be accurate lose your glasses remind sb. of another person
be clear in mind gorgeous remind sb. about an appointment
brain make an effort take an interest
bully someone make sth more take responsibility
chaos memorable unbelievable
concentrate mental exercise win a prize
consciously reduce stress eating fish, fruit, vegetables
do puzzles / crosswords focus on effortlessly
forget to do sth forget about sth. find sth. easy
forget someone’s birthday make well-organised notes recognise a piece of music
in a logical way have no idea form a mental picture
II. Memorize extra vocabulary: proverbs
If you want to test your memory, try to recall today what you were worrying about one year ago.
Memory is the treasury and guardian of all things.
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Creditors have better memories than debtors.
He laughs best who laughs last.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
Lend your money and loose your friend.
Pre-writing task 1
Read the stories. Think over the appropriate heading to each of them.
A
My strongest childhood memory is from when I was six years old. My father woke me up in the middle of the
night. He told me that we were taking Mum to hospital and that I should come too. He dressed me and helped
Mum to go downstairs. We got in the car and Dad drove to the hospital speeding. As soon as we arrived, my
Mum was taken away and my father and I waited nervously. I don’t remember how long we waited. It must
have been ages, because I know I felt tired and then fell asleep at one stage. Finally, my father was called in.
Then I saw my Mum holding a tiny bundle wrapped in a blanket. I looked and saw a little person with a
wrinkled face. I couldn’t believe it! I had a new brother!
B
There are certain things which you never forget. For me, the one occasion that stands out in my memory is my
first day at school. I’ll never forget that day! I was terrified as I walked through those huge gates and joined the
crowd of screaming five-year-olds. I was very shy at that age, so I didn’t want to talk to anyone. I stood on my
own in the corner of the playground and felt as though I was going to burst into tears at any minute. Luckily, I
was soon rescued and taken to my desk where I could sit and read a book quietly so that no one would bother
me! Of course, it got much better after that first experience and I made a lot of friends. Now, I honestly believe
that those were the best days of my life!
Pre-writing task 2
a) The following adjectives or adverbs can be used instead of other simplistic ones. Put them in the
correct box, as in the example.
slight, great, evil, highly, happily, massive, delightful, extremely, successfully, horrible, miniature, tiny,
remarkably, gigantic, satisfactorily, absolutely, fabulous, .pleasant, huge. terrific, terrible, wicked, enormous,
attractive
Big
Small slight
Bad
Good / nice
Very highly
Well
b) Replace the words in the extract below with suitable ones from the boxes above.
Melissa stepped out into the fresh and 1) nice April morning. Her 2) good mood brightened her 3) nice
face as she walked 4) well to her new work place. Upon reaching the 5) big skyscraper, she looked up and
felt 6) small. As she entered the building, she was nervous but 7) very excited. This job was a dream come
true for her.
Pre-writing task 3
a) Match Column A to Column B to complete the similes, as in the example: e.g. as white as a sheet.
A B
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1. as white as a) a leaf
2. to swim like b) a baby
3. to cry like c) a bee
4. to run like d) night
5. as black as e) an ox
6. to shake like f) a fish
7. as fresh as g) a sieve
8. as strong as h) a sheet
9. as busy as i) a daisy
10. to have a memory like j) the wind
b) Use the similes to complete the following sentences. Then make up the sentences of your own.
1. Grace dived in the sea and started swimming. She was a very good swimmer. She swam like ……..
2. It was ……..……….. night inside the cave. Jeff looked for his torch.
3. Tom forgets about everything. He ……………………a sieve.
4. The children were …..……….……bees helping their parents prepare the garden for the party.
5. Sally was so scared that she was shaking like …………… .
Pre-writing task 4
Match the beginnings with the endings. Choose any of them as the introduction and conclusion of the
story you would like to present.
BEGINNINGS
A
My 15th birthday party was a really memorable occasion. My family had just bought a house by
the sea and as it was summer, my parents let me have a barbeque on the beach.
B
The sight of my friends and family standing in the living room on my arrival made tears come to
my eyes. I had felt so lonely all those months away from home and their surprise welcome
reminded me of how much I’d missed everyone.
ENDINGS
1
At the end of the evening when the last guests had left, I sat by the fireplace to have a cup of tea
with my parents before I went to bed. What a relief I was to be at home again surrounded by
familiar objects and people who really cared.
2
It certainly was the best party I have ever had! Not only because it was the first time I had ever
cut my birthday cake on a beach, but also because of the great pleasure it gave me to see so many
of my friends and relatives together in the same place.
Pre-writing task 5
Read the rubric and the plot line, then put the events in the order they happened. Finally, use the plot
line to tell the whole story.
1got off the train. I found a wallet on the station floor.
I picked the wallet up. I gave her the wallet.
I found the owner’s address. I was able to buy myself a watch.
She was very happy. I went to the owner’s house.
I first met my future wife. I opened it and looked inside.
IV. Perform the following writing task:

Write an essay describing a memorable story happened in your life which is supposed to be written in the
first person (first-person narratives). Remember the notes above how to write discursive essays..
MODULE 3. Around the world
18
WRITING
Write a composition describing the places that are worth visiting based on the module vocabulary. Learn the
notes below how to write compositions describing places..
WRITING NOTES
Describing places
We can find descriptions of places as parts of stories, in tourists magazines or brochures, articles, parts of
letters etc. When describing a place, your composition should include:
Introduction
Set the scene (name and location of the place, reasons for choosing the place)
Main body
Overall look and particular details
Sights, atmosphere, details about the place
Conclusion
Feeling and final thoughts about the place
Recommendation
Points to remember:
 Tenses: You can use various tenses. The choice depends on how the question is set. You can use
Present tenses if, for example, you have been asked to describe a place for a tourist brochure. You can
use Past tenses if you describe a visit to a place which happened some time ago. You can use
Conditionals if you describe your ideal place to live .
 Adjectives: Use a wide variety of factual adjectives (huge, enormous.) and opinion adjectives
(fabulous, charming). Try to avoid using only common ones such as good, nice, tall.
 Senses: You can use your senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch) to describe the weather, the
surroundings (e.g. Black clouds hung overhead and the wind howled through the trees. Flashes of
lightning seemed to tear the sky giving the old castle a magical appearance.)
 Use narrative techniques to start (set the scene) and finish your composition. You can start by asking
a rhetorical question (e.g. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to spend the night in an old,
haunted castle?) or creating mystery, anticipation (e.g. As she looked up at the old castle, it seemed as
though icy fingers gripped her heart. Had she really experienced all that, or was it her imagination?)
 To describe the location of a place /building, you can use the following phrases:
is situated /is located ..
in (the) south /east /west / south-east /north-west
on the south /east/ west /north coast of ..
in the centre /heart /middle of ...
The town is well-known for its ...
The most fascinating /lively / interesting part of the city is;
The town centre has ...
The nightlife in ... is exciting,
The most famous attraction is ... with ...
There is plenty of ...
 Linking structures
To join short sentences you can use various linking structures. Study the
examples below:
- You should visit the old part of the city. It is full of ancient temples.
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You should visit the old part of the city, which is full of ancient temples.
- Young children will enjoy the local funfair. They can go on exciting rides and eat tasty toffee-apples
there.
Young children will enjoy the local funfair, where they can go on exciting rides
and eat tasty toffee-apples.
- Charlie’s Lobster House is one of the most popular restaurants in the area It has delicious lobster
dishes.
With its delicious lobster dishes, Charlie’s Lobster House is one of the most
popular restaurants in the area.
- Ranega Airport is on the east coast of the island. It is one of the most modern airports in the country.
Situated on the east coast of the island, Ranega Airport is one of the most
modern airports in the country.
MODEL
The spirit of London
London often gives the impression of being more comfortable with its past than its present. From the
world-famous landmarks of St. Paul’s Cathedral, Buckingham Palace and the Tower of London to the
traditional and well-loved double-decker buses, black cabs, the theatres and many grand hotels, England’s
capital offers visitors a journey through the centuries of history.
Across the river from London Bridge is “The city of London”, the financial district of the capital. The
city has its own historic delights such as the 15 th century Guildhall and churches designed by Sir Christopher
Wren. The best way to explore the City is on foot. For instance, you can “walk through the ages”, starting from
Fournier Street and ending at the modern Lloyd’s building on Lime street. Remember, however, that in London
you are never far away from the past: the old-fashioned red telephone boxes are becoming popular again and
many London pubs have been restored to their original Victorian beauty.
But the capital is not a historical theme park. It is a lively and exciting metropolis which is well-known
for its popular culture, music, clubs, street fashion and visual arts, luxurious hotels, highly-recommended
restaurants, exclusive boutiques and department stores.
Much of London’s energy and originality is now centered in Soho, the city’s liveliest and most
bohemian area, squeezed in between the department stores of Oxford Street and the bookshops of Charing
Cross Road. Soho, once considered one of the dirtiest and most dangerous parts of London, was cleaned up in
the early 1980’s. Today, with its gurgling cappuccino machines and pavement cafes, it has become a meeting
place for all kinds of people from all over the world, whatever the hour of day or night.
So, even if you are new to the city, you don’t have to try hard in order to experience the real London.
Despite its heavy traffic and shaking underground railway, it is still one of the world’s greatest and most
cosmopolitan cities.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
abandon delight natural wonder

a little bit enormous neon lights
although exciting no wonder
approximately extravagant hotels old-fashioned
archeological sites gambling on the way of
attract harbour paradise
be popular with cathedral, temple, mosque peaceful
be worth cut out of popular with tourists
beautiful scenery nearby cliffs replica
canals and bridges pace of life spectacular views
carnival, festival or other events paintings and sculptures splendid
coconut trees cosmopolitan crowded
world-famous landmarks breathtaking beauty shopping centre

metropolis multiscreen cinema wonderful blend of cultures
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luxurious hotels open-air market squeezed in between
exclusive boutiques souvenir shop shoppers with full wallets
highly-recommended I zoo sophisticated taste
fantastic funfair art gallery tourist attractions
charming seaside resort bazaar skyscrapers
bustling with tourists international cuisine the perfect destination
Idioms / Proverbs:
Take / make a trip. So many countries, so many customs

When in Rome , do as the Romans do. Variety is the spice of life
East, west, home is best. The world is a small place.
Here today and gone tomorrow. The seven wonders of the world.
At the ends of the world. The wise traveler leaves his heart at home.
Culture shock. Travel broadens the mind.
Home is where the heart is. There is no place like home.
Words of wisdom:
A man travels the world over in search of what he needs, and returns home to find it.
George Moor (Irish poet)
The world is a book, and those who do not travel, read only a page.
Saint Augustin (Roman philosopher)
He, who travels west, travels not only with the sun but with history.
H.Borland (US journalist)
Pre-writing task 1
Read the article about Brighton. Label the paragraphs with the correct headings:
Comments / recommendation Nightlife Name: location, reason for choosing it Shopping
Things to see and do
Para 1 ___________________________
Para 2 __________________________
Para 3 ___________________________
Para 4 ___________________________
Para 5 __________________________
Underline the topic sentences in the main body paragraphs.

Read the article again and match the adjectives in bold with their opposites in the list below.
unknown, local, wide, old-fashioned, ugly. boring, unattractive. unpopular, hectic
An Ideal Seaside Resort

Brighton is a large town on the seem-east coast of England. Located only an hour from London, it is a
charming seaside resort and the perfect destination for a peaceful weekend.
Brighton has several tourist attractions which are worth visiting. Among these there is the Royal
Pavilion, a beautiful Indian-style palace which was built in the early nineteenth century. Brighton’s most
famous attraction is the lively Palace Pier, with its fantastic funfair and amusement arcades. Both young and
old can have fun while admiring the spectacular view of Brighton’s seafront.
There are plenty of places to go shopping in Brighton. The town centre has a large modern shopping
centre. There are also narrow lanes full of lovely antique shops that are always bustling with tourists.
The nightlife in Brighton is exciting .There are a lot of music and dance clubs which are extremely
popular with younger people. The area is also well-known for its fashionable restaurants, which offer a variety
of international cuisines.
21
Brighton is a town that has something to offer everyone. Whether you want to spend your time
shopping and seeing the sights or simply relaxing and enjoying the fresh sea air, Brighton is the ideal choice
for a few days away from the city.
Pre-writing task 2
The two models below describe a famous city. Read them and decide which is the most successful and
why. Prove your ideas.
MODEL A
New York is a very big city and lots of people go to see New York when they go on holiday.
There is a lot to see in New York. You can see the Statue of Liberty, the Brooklyn Bridge, Central Park,
the Empire State Building, City Hall, Carnegie Hall, the New York Stock Exchange. You can also go to
Broadway and Yankee Stadium. If you don’t want to see any of those you can go to a restaurant or a bar or a
nightclub. New York is very big and noisy. It has got a lot of cars and a lot of people.
New York is a very nice city and everyone loves it very much. Everyone must go to New York because
it is good and you can see everything there.
MODEL B
New York City isn’t a city that can easily be ignored even by the most demanding visitor. Located on
the east coast of the United States with the population of over ten million people, it is the destination of
thousands of visitors who come every year to experience the excitement of one of the busiest cities in the
world.
The streets of New York are incredibly noisy, with the sounds of car horns beeping, people shouting,
and police car sirens wailing. Amazingly tall skyscrapers rise up everywhere.
The most exciting thing about New York is how much there is to see and do there. For sightseers there
is the Statue of Liberty, the Brooklyn Bridge and Central Park, while lovers of culture can visit the theatres of
Broadway or some of the city’s hundreds of art galleries. Alternatively, if you are a sports fan you can even
catch a game of baseball at Yankee Stadium. The night life in New York is equally brilliant, with a wide variety
of restaurants, bars and nightclubs to choose from.
New York is a lively and exciting city to visit with something for everyone, and is recommended to
anyone seeking fun, variety and adventure.
Pre-writing task 3
Read the text, put the paragraphs in the correct order, then write the whole text.
Wales – the Land of Song

A
Wales has many wonderful traditions. The Welsh are proud of their culture. One of the oldest cultural
competitions, The Royal National Eisteddfod, takes place every year at the beginning of August. It is an eight-
day festival of music and poetry to celebrate Welsh language, art and culture. It is the largest and most popular
festival in Wales and attracts thousands of visitors.
Wales is a wonderful country. Its fascinating sights, rich cultural history and warm-hearted people
make it unique.
B
English is the official language, but Welsh, one of the oldest languages in Europe, is still spoken in
some parts of the country. In fact, a special committee was established in 1988 to protect the language and
today Welsh schoolchildren are taught both languages. The Welsh have a beautiful song-like quality, which is
perhaps one reason why singing is such a favourite pastime. Playing music, including traditional instruments
such as the harp, is another popular hobby.
C
Wales is one of the most beautiful countries in the United Kingdom. Cymru, as it is known in Welsh, is
surrounded by sea on three sides, whereas the eastern part of the country borders with England. The country is
full of little towns, castles and picturesque seaside villages. Cardiff, the capital, is a bustling university town
with an impressive castle, wonderful museums, galleries and lovely buildings.
D
Wales’ breathtaking beauty attracts 22ravelers from around the world. Snowdonia, Britain’s second
largest national park is located in the north of Wales. With its amazing forests, lakes, waterfalls, rivers and
ancient burial sites, the park is a popular tourist attraction. In the North of the country, high above a pretty bay,
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stands Caernarfon Castle built in 1283 for the first Prince of Wales. In the West is St. David’s, a quaint village
by the sea that has the largest cathedral in Wales.
Pre-writing task 4
Read the dialogue about the famous place and write an essay based on it.
Mount Rushmore
– Mount Rushmore? They say that this mountain attracts many people. Do you know anything about it?
– Yes, I’ve read a book about it. It’s a really interesting place to visit.
– Where is it? Why does it attract people?
– It is a granite mountain in South Dakota, USA. Four faces are carved on the mountain. They are the faces of
four famous presidents. The presidents are Washington, Lincoln, Jefferson and Roosevelt. Their names
are connected with the most important events in the history of the country.
– Could you tell me about them?
George Washington is called “the father of his country”. He was among those who wrote the US Constitution.
He was a professional soldier and a wise politician whose deeds made him the first President of the USA..
Americans named their capital after G.Washington.
Thomas Jefferson was the third US President. He was the principal author of the Declaration of
Independence. During his term Louisiana Area was bought from France.
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th US President, led the country through the four terrible years of the Civil War and
made all the slaves free.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd US President. He was the only President who served four terms.
Americans remember Franklin Roosevelt whose New Deal changed the country. They honour the person who
was the leader of the nation during World War II.
– I see now why the Americans respect these people and remember their deeds. I wish I saw that mountain.
Pre-writing task 5
Imagine you visited a place in your country which you really like. Describe it using the paragraph plan
below.
PLAN
Introduction
Where the place described is located and why you went there
Main body
Para 1: further details about the place
Para 2: what you saw and what you did there
Conclusion
How you feel about the place and whether you recommend it or not
V. Perform the following writing task:
Write a composition describing the places that are worth visiting based on the module and extra vocabulary.
Remember the notes above how to write compositions describing places.
MODULE 4. Life stories
23
WRITING
Write a descriptive essay describing a person you really admire.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
admire go to university look like

attitude get a job make a lot of money
be brought up get divorced major
be completely different from get a degree matter
be linked by get engaged move house
become very successful get married opinions and attitudes
change a job get promoted personality
coincidence important influence profile
exceptionally incredible redundant
facial expressions influence someone remarkable
fail your exams leave home self-confidence
fall in love leave school separate
II. Memorize extra vocabulary: proverbs / idioms
After storm comes a calm. Any port in a storm.

A picture is worth a thousand words. It’s easy to be wise after event.
Hasty climbers have sudden falls. Live your beliefs and you can turn the world around.
Forbidden fruit is sweet. Fortune is easily found but hard to be kept.
A drowning man will clutch at a straw Hatred is blind as well as love.
A famous person is someone who works hard all his life to become known, then wears dark
glasses so that nobody will recognize him (Fred Allen)
Pre-writing task 1
Read the article. Fill in the topic sentences, then give the paragraph outline.
a
During the years I worked with her, my admiration for Miriam steadily increased.
b
Her ability to deal with several matters at once seemed almost miraculous.
c
My first impression of her was one of politeness verging on stiffness.
d
All in all, Miriam is the most admirable person I’ve ever met.
e
The most striking thing about Miriam, though was her sensitivity towards others.
f
On my first day of work at Acrol Assurance I arrived nervous, soaking wet – and nearly half an hour late.
24
The person I admire
1
I had forgotten to take my umbrella, had missed the bus and was now ready for a good scolding. It was then
that I met Miriam Bellings, the Managing Director, who was to have an enormous influence on my life and
career.
2
She was a small, birdlike woman, her appearance giving an impression of a nervous, easily flustered person. I
soon learnt, however, that her true character was calm, warm and kind, yet unbendingly professional. After
reminding me that lateness would not be tolerated in the office, she laughingly confessed to me that she had
been over an hour late on her first morning because she had lost her way. It was typical of her sympathetic
character. She then proceeded to explain the workings of the office to me with such clarity and accuracy, and
with such patience to my rather naïve questions, that I was left with the impression that she was a sort of
superwoman of office management.
3
No crisis in the office ever caught her off-guard, and on the rare occasions when she could not answer a
question, she would make sure that she had an answer for you within the hour.
4
I remember on one occasion when nearly everyone in the office had gone down with he flu, Miriam managed to
keep the office running smoothly without seeming stressed or harassed in the least. We sometimes used to joke
that if everyone in the office had been absent on the same day, Miriam would not even have noticed!
5
Although she had never married, she seemed to have a deep understanding of family relationships, and could
always tell when an employee was having problems at home. She was not a “pull-yourself-together” sort of
boss at all. If she sensed that something was wrong she would call you into her office and encourage you to
talk. Not only was she a good listener, but the advice she offered was always sound as well.
6
I lost touch with Miriam after her retirement, but I will always remember her as the “guiding light” in my
working life, the woman who – through her example, help and advice – enabled me to be as successful as I am
today.
Pre-writing task 2
Read the following beginnings and endings and match them. Which belong to an argumentative
composition expressing opinion? Think over the whole story.
BEGINNINGS
1
Spending one’s summer holiday climbing in the mountains of Tibet or white-water rafting may not be
everyone’s idea of fun, but adventure holidays are becoming extremely popular. They have both their good and
bad points.
2
Becoming a vegetarian is a choice that many people are making after recent health scares. The question is, does
being a vegetarian have a positive or negative effect on one’s health? I believe that it can do more harm than
good.
3
A scene unfolds before one’s eyes of yet another miracle of nature: a baby elephant being born. If it were not
for television, this is something we might never see and for this reason I feel that TV plays an important role in
education.
ENDINGS
A
To sum up, I believe that television should continue to play a role in education. Well-made programmes can
give us a broader view of the world and can teach us about things which are outside our everyday experience.
B
All in all, whether you will enjoy an adventure holiday or not depends on the type of person you are. Taking
holidays of this kind should be carefully considered, because they are not for the faint-hearted!
C
25
In conclusion, I feel that vegetarians could suffer from health problems if they do not have a healthy, nutritious
diet. However, everyone must decide for themselves which lifestyle choice suits them best.
Pre-writing task 3
Read the article and label the paragraphs with the headings below.
final comments/feelings; personal qualities; reasons to admire her; person’s name and reason you chose her
Para 1_________________________
Para 2_________________________
Para 3_________________________
Para 4_________________________
The person I admire most from the twentieth century is Mother Teresa. I regard her as one of the
kindest and most caring people the world has ever known.
Mother Teresa was a selfless person. She devoted all of her time to others and never put her own needs
first. She was also very courageous and never thought about the risks she was taking when looking after people
who were sick or dying.
What I admire most about Mother Teresa are her achievements. Her entire life was devoted to charity work. For
example, in 1952 she opened a centre in Calcutta for the terminally ill, where patients could be cared for and
die with dignity. She also won many awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She donated the money
from her awards to fund other centres. Even though Mother Teresa is no longer with us, these centres still
operate, offering help to those in need.
I admire Mother Teresa not only because she was a generous and kind-hearted person, but also because
her accomplishments have influenced people all over the world. It is hardly surprising that since her death in
1997she has been regarded as a true saint.
Pre-writing task 4
Mark the main parts of the text (introduction, main body, conclusion) and put them in the correct order.
Give a headline to the whole text.
Brad Pitt is a complicated person whose character has many sides. He is intelligent, responsible
and ambitious with good sense of humour. But sometimes he tends to be self-centred and
reserved. Though he is often in the public eye, he dislikes the crowds and noise of Hollywood
parties and he doesn’t lead the glamorous life.
Brad’s lifestyle is quite simple. When he has free time, he does enjoy spending it with his family,
a wife, famous actress Angelina Jolly and their children. Brad also likes reading about
architecture, enjoys listening to music and he has a huge CD collection.
He is tall and slim. His beautiful blue eyes, broad grin on his face and good looks are impossible
t to forget.
It is a real pleasure to meet an actor who remains down-to-earth and sincere in a world where
fame and success can often harm one’s character. We are sure to see a lot more of him in the
future!
Brad Pitt is one of Hollywood’s brightest stars. He is a very successful actor who has starred in
many films, such as Interview with the Vampire, Twelve Monkeys, Mr and Mrs Smith, Troy and
others.
Pre-writing task 5
Use the notes below to write a profile of Bill Gates, one of the most successful people in the world
Introduction Bill Gates / one of the richest and most successful people in the world /
26
became the world’s youngest billionaire at the age of 31
Main body:
 very intelligent, especially good at Maths and Science
 parents sent him to Lakeside, a private school
Early life
 first began to use computers
 spent all his time writing computer programs
Later life  went to Harvard
 started Microsoft in 1975 (with his friend Paul Allen)
 left Harvard
 company produced most of the world’s leading PC software
 married Melinda French, Microsoft employee
 wrote best-selling book “The Road Ahead”
Character intelligent, broad-minded, ambitious, industrious, reliable, strong-willed,
generous, sometimes bossy
Likes puzzles, golf, reading science fiction, spending time with family, travelling
Conclusion lovely family, prosperous business / enjoys his life
Write a composition describing a person you really admire Remember the notes above how to write
compositions describing people.
MODULE 5 Success
27
WRITING
Write an opinion essay “What does success mean to me?” based on the module vocabulary. Learn the notes
below how to write discursive compositions expressing opinion.
WRITING NOTES
Discursive compositions expressing opinions
Opinion essays are discursive essays in which you present your personal opinion on a
particular topic. Opinion essays are normally written in a formal style, therefore you should avoid using
colloquial expressions, short forms or personal examples. You can find this type of writing in the form of an
article in newspapers, magazines, etc.
Your opinion must be stated clearly and supported by justifications. You should also present the opposing
viewpoint(s) in a separate paragraph. A good argumentative composition expressing opinion should consist of:
Introduction
Set topic and your opinion clearly
Main body
Para 1: Viewpoint 1 and reason
Para 2: Viewpoint 2 and reason
Para 3: Give the opposing viewpoint and reasons
You may include more viewpoints, and therefore more paragraphs in the main body
Conclusion
Restate your opinion, using different words
Points to remember:
 Never start writing your composition before making a plan.
 Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence which summarizes the paragraph.
 Each viewpoint should be joined to the others with linking or sequence words, e.g. in the first place, to
start with, what is more, also, furthermore, besides, apart from this, it is argued that, etc.
Useful Words and Phrases

To list viewpoints: To start with, In the first place, Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally
To add viewpoints: Both …and, What is more, Not only… but also, In addition, etc Furthermore, Besides, Not
to mention the fact that, etc
To present the other side of the argument: Contrary to what most people believe, As opposed to the above
ideas, Some people argue that … etc
To express opinion: I believe, In my opinion, I think, In my view, From my point of vie, I strongly believe, I feel
that, It seems to me that, etc
MODEL
Are computers a necessity?
Computers play an important role in our lives today, whether we realize it or not. Some people are
beginning to ask if we really need them. In my opinion, computers have become a necessary part of modern
life.
In the first place, computers can save a lot of storage place. Storing information on computer discs is
one of the most efficient ways of keeping data. One computer disk can hold the same amount of information as
several books.
28
Furthermore, computers save everyone a lot of valuable time. Saved information can be found at the
touch of a button, whereas searching for it manually takes much longer. Therefore, our everyday lives are made
much easier – from going to the bank to doing the shopping.
Nevertheless, there are those who claim that computers are unnecessary and make our lives more
complicated. They argue that in the past we managed very well using other methods and that we have become
too dependant on computers. What is more, a large number of people make friends through the Internet and
communicate virtually. Some people even describe the computers as their best friend! People are becoming
more and more isolated from each other because they have less real human contact.
All in all, I strongly believe, that computers are a useful tool. They have changed our lives for the better
and become absolutely essential. The time saved by using computers for repetitive tasks enables us to use our
own time more creatively and productively. There is no reason why we should not make them work to our
advantage.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
advance do a temporary job solicitor

advantage / disadvantage get good grades in exams solve problems
appropriately qualified have good people skills steady job
assume have to work long hours staff
assessment lead unemployed
be a trainee manager leisure interests urgent
be accepted for a job look forward to doing smth. variety
be available need special training and qualifications workaholic
be challenging previous experience be very well-organized
be exhausted wage/ payment/ salary competitive
be fed up promote concentrate on smth
be good with money run a hotel desperate
be physically fit distract someone determine
II. Memorize extra vocabulary: idioms / proverbs / words of wisdom
Be of high promise Waste not, .want not.

Prove a success Where there is a will there’s a way.
Hope against hope. Happiness takes no account of time.
Experience is the best teacher. Every man is the architect of his own future.
The early bird catches the worm A great fortune is a great slavery.
A bad workman always blames his tools.
Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value. (A. Einstein)
Pre-writing task 1
Read the opinion essay and label the paragraphs with the headings below:
 second viewpoint & examples
 subject & opinion
 restate opinion
 opposing viewpoints
 first viewpoint & examples
English and Maths are more important subjects than Art and Music
Isn’t it unfortunate that in today’s society there are so many people who cannot read, write or even do
arithmetic? [ strongly believe that, although subjects such as Art and Music are important, English and Maths
are the most fundamental part of our education.
29
In the first place, when you know how to read, write and do simple calculations, you have the tools
required in order to deal with everyday matters. For example, being
able to read and write can help you communicate and express yourself dearly.
Moreover, you need basic maths for such daily chores as doing your shopping, paying your bills and
managing your money.
Furthermore, it is essential to have a good knowledge of English and Maths in order to find even the
simplest job. Reading, writing and mathematical skills are the minimum requirements that most employers
demand.
On the other hand, it can be argued that Art and Music are just as significant as English and Maths. For
instance, learning how to draw or play an instrument can introduce a child to a whole new world. In addition to
this, subjects such as Art and Music can provide children with a well-rounded education rather than just basic
skills.
All things considered, though, it seems to me that, English and Maths are vital subjects. Without
learning to read, write or do arithmetic, people may have difficulties
cs coping with even the simplest tasks in daily life.
Pre-writing task 2
Read the article. Express your opinion, if these reasons are true for you. Develop your ideas to find out if
being happy means being successful.
The secret of happiness
Many people think that being clever, rich and attractive is the best way to find happiness. But according
to a recent report in New Scientist magazine, these things aren’t as important as we think. A group of
scientists reviewed hundreds of research studies from around the world and then made a list of the top ten
reasons for happiness and their list makes very surprising reading.
1. Your genes
Some people are simply born happier than others. In a study 0f 4000 adult twins,
differences in their genes were the main reasons for their different levels of happiness.
2. Being married
All studies show that married couples are happier than single people. Just living
together without being married doesn’t have the same effect.
3. Friends and family
People who have large families and lots of close friends are usually happier than people who have a lot of
money but live on their own.
4. Not wanting more than you’ve got
People who expect to have a successful career, lots of money and the perfect relationship aren’t as happy as
people who accept what they’ve got.
5. Helping others
Studies by psychologists in different countries show that helping other people is not only good for them, it also
makes you feel happier.
6. Religion
Four out of five studies show a positive link between religion and happiness. Very religious people usually live
longer too.
7. Being attractive
Attractive people believe they are very happy – maybe because they also have good genes and are therefore
healthier. Cosmetic surgery does not have the same effect.
8. Growing old
Studies show that old people are happy as often as young people and are unhappy less often. This is probably
because they spend more time doing the things they enjoy.
9. Money
When you are poor, money can buy you some happiness. However, when people have enough money to live
comfortably, more money doesn’t make them happier.
10. Intelligence
Surprisingly, this has very little effect on happiness. Being able to get on well with people is much more
important than how intelligent you are.
Pre-writing task 3
30
Read the article about some ways to be lucky. Look at the words in bold and find the synonyms among
them. Express your opinion, if you agree with the ideas given in the text.
Learn to be lucky
In June 1980, Maureen Wilcox became one of the US lottery’s biggest losers. She chose the winning
numbers for both the Rhode Island and Massachusetts lotteries. But unfortunately for her, the numbers she
picked for The Rhode Island lottery were the correct ones for the Massachusetts lottery, and vice versa.
We all know lucky people – they have good relationships, successful careers and are very satisfied with
their lives. But what makes them so lucky? Dr. Richard Wiseman has spent ten years studying luck and has
found that lucky people have a completely different approach to the world.
The results of his work revealed that people aren’t born lucky. Instead, fortunate people behave in a way that
creates good luck in their lives.
They notice the opportunities that happen by chance more often than unlucky people. They are also more open
to meeting new people and having new experiences.
They tend to make good decisions by listening to their intuition.
They are optimists and are certain that the future is going to be full of good luck. This positive attitude often
makes good things happen.
They are also good at coping with bad luck and often cheer themselves up by imagining things could be worse
than they are.
Dr. Wiseman tested his ideas by starting a luck school, where he helped the volunteers spot
opportunities that happen accidentally, trust their intuition more, feel sure they are going to be lucky and
become better at dealing with bad luck.
Dr. Wiseman’s ideas won’t help you win the lottery, but they might help you to be more successful in
your day-to-day life.
Pre-writing task 4
Read the extract from the text. Express your opinion, if you agree with the main idea or not.
Are YOU a successful leader?

Some people are natural leaders. True leaders are born. They’re the people who combine toughness,
fairness and humour. Good leaders don’t make people do things in a bossy, controlling way.
There is a lot of qualities that are necessary to be a successful leader. Self-confidence is vital as well as
being able to overcome your own fears about being a leader. Successful leaders also need to be calm and
intelligent. They need to be able to work out good strategies and make sound judgements under pressure.
Lastly, and probably most importantly, good leaders need to be sensitive, sociable and be able to get on with a
wide range of different people.
Good leadership is essentially the ability to influence others and good leaders allow all members of the
group to contribute.
Pre-writing task 5
Read and comment on the quotes. Which is closer to your point of view?
“The art of leadership is saying no, not yes. It is very easy to say yes.”
Tony Blair
“The most important thing about successful leadership is knowing how to get on with people.”
Teddy Roosevelt
“Don’t tell people how to do things, tell them what to do and let them surprise you with their
results.”
Gearge S. Patton
Write an opinion essay “What does success mean to me?” based on the module and extra vocabulary.
Remember the notes above how to write discursive compositions expressing opinion.
MODULE 6 In the media
31
WRITING
Part 1. Write a review of a film / book / TV programme based on the module vocabulary. Learn the notes
below how to write reviews.
Part 2. Write a news report. Learn the notes below how to write news reports.
WRITING NOTES
Reviews
A review is a short description of a film /book / performance, etc. which can be found in a newspaper or
magazine. A review should have:
Introduction
Background (setting, type of story, main characters)
Main body
Para 1. Main points of the plot
Para 2. General comments
Conclusion
Recommendation
Useful Language for Writing Reviews
Background General comments

This well-written / informative / fascinating book It is rather long / confusing / slow / beautifully written
The film / story is set in… The cast is excellent / weak.
The film / book tells the story of… The script is dull / clever…
This work is based on… It has a tragic / surprising end…
Main points of plot Recommendations:
The plot focuses on Don’t miss it, it will change the way you see…
The story begins.. It is well worth seeing…
The plot has an unexpected twist… I wouldn’t recommend it because…
…
.MODEL
SHORT REVIEWS
FILMS
Monsters of the Deep
Produced by Anton Wells.
Directed by Stephen Slovanski.
Written by Harvey Foster.
Music composed by Oliver Lawrence.
Monsters of the Deep, which is now being shown at the Odeon, Leicester Square , is one of the most
exciting films I’ve ever seen. It was made in Hollywood kast year, but the sharks were filmed on location off
the coast of Florida. Steve Newman is brilliant as a shark hunter, bur the real stars are the sharks themselves. It
can be seen at cinemas in the provinces from the next week. Don’t miss it!
BOOKS
Atlantic Crossing
Written by Eric Redwood.
Published by Heath Brothers
32
($12.95)
This book tells the story of Eric Redwood who crossed the Atlantic Ocean alone in a small wooden
boat. The boat was made in Ireland, and was designed like the boats which were used by Irish fisherman one
thousand years ago. Redwood thinks America was first discovered many years ago. America was first
discovered many years before Columbus was born. The designs for the boats were taken from old books which
had been found in an Irish monastery. The book is beautifully illustrated with many colour photographs and
maps. The photos were taken by Redwood himself during the voyage.
RECORDS
Songs of the City
By Lisa Francis (XYZ Records)
Produced by Martin Duncan.
They were written by Lisa Francis recorded live during her recent concert tour. She is accompanied by
several well-known musicians, Elton Cash, Ken Thompson and Tony Lloyd. There is a great variety of music
on the album – gentle romantic ballads, soul music, and exciting rock songs, The words to all the songs are
printed on the back of the cover.
TELEVISION
Last of the Eagles?
Directed by Barbara Anfield.
(BBC-TV)
This documentary was first shown on BBC last year and will be repeated next week. The golden eagle
is now found in only a few remote places in Scotland. In recent years nests have been robbed and eggs have
been stolen. Eagles are protected by law, but they are threatened with extinction. Barbara Anfield spent a year
making this programme. The everyday habits of the eagles have been recorded for future generations.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
PART 1
1. Activate words and collocations from your student’s book:
acting local news superb

adverts lyrics threaten
be fascinated media travel news
be confused national news violence
be frustrated review waste of sth.
cartoons sit com phone-ins
characters soap operas political corruption
crime mysteries special effects “reality” shows
documentaries sports coverage to read novels
estimate storyline game shows and quizzes
II. Memorize extra vocabulary: idioms / proverbs
Beneath criticism Devour the book

Out of the common A pirated book / film
Capture sb’s imagination Man cannot live by bread alone
Read between the lines Bad news travels fast.
You can’t judge a book by its cover.
The advertisement is the most truthful part of a newspaper
Words of wisdom:
A community needs news for the same reason that a man needs eyes. It has to see where it is going.
D West (British author)
TV is chewing gum for the eyes.
F.Wright (US architect)
The public is like a piano. You just have to know what keys to poke.
Al Capp (US cartoonist)
33
IV. Perform the following pre-writing tasks
PART 1
Pre-writing task 1
Read the following film review and fill in the gaps with the verbs from the list. Use correct active/passive
tense forms.
decide, become, play, fill, find out, teach, set, develop, meet
A Film Review
Free Willy, directed by Simon Wincer, is a fascinating and moving adventure. It 1) ………… on the
west coast of North America. The film is about the relationship between a boy and a whale, called Willy. Jason
James Richter 2)……………. Jesse, a young street child who 3)…………… the meaning of love and
friendship.
Jesse first 4)…………….. Willy in the sea park where the whale is kept. They 5)……………. good
friends as they have been both separated from their families. As the story 6)………… Jesse becomes so fond
of Willy that he 7) …………….to try and free him
All the actors, especially Lori Petty and Michael Madsen, are excellent. The film 8)………….. with
suspense and emotion. The scenes involving Jesse and Willy 9)……………us how close animals and human
beings can be to each other.
This is a wonderful film for the whole family. Don’t miss it as it will change the way you see life and
relationships forever.
Pre-writing task 2
The people below all want to buy a book. Decide which book would be most suitable for the following
people:
1.
Jan is sixteen and she loves shopping for clothes and reading stories about people and things in the news.
She wants to read some entertaining light fiction.
2.
Paul is nineteen and he is very keen on sport. He doesn’t enjoy fiction much, but does like reading about
the lives of sporting heroes of the past
3.
Susan is eighteen and she enjoys good reading. .She would like something which offers information as
well as entertainment. She’s interested in history and plans to travel round Europe this summer.
4.
Michael is twenty three, a computer expert, whose interests include travel and sport. He has to go abroad
for work and wants a novel to read on his journey with plenty of action and excitement.
5.
Sonia is twenty four and works for an international airline. She enjoys love stories of the past, especially if
they contain descriptions of beautiful houses, clothes and parties.
Recommended New Books
A The Beauty by Sophie Harper

The lovely Emmaline Barton was an American girl who came to Europe in the nineteenth century and won
the hearts of young men in every great city. This entertaining novel shows us the wonderful silk dresses, the
beautiful rooms and Emmaline’s sparkling eyes in a well imagined world of palaces and gardens.
B European Hotels and Guesthouses by Andrew Peters
A very clear and helpful book which lists accommodation in most main European cities, with brief
descriptions and a good price guide. Its small size makes it easy for the traveler to pack, and the organization of
the 34pologizing34 makes it quick and easy to use.
C Getting There by Will Jenkins
This is the first part of the autobiography of the international gymnastic star. He writes his own story well,
hiding none of the difficulties that he has to face, and he brings to life the heartaches, as well as the joys, of
young sportsmen and women who really want to find success.
D Trains and Boats and Planes by Rachel Bryant
34
Sometimes funny, sometimes exciting, occasionally sad, this beautifully written little book describes the
adventures of a group of American students who spent a year working and studying in Europe. There are lively
descriptions of some of the great cities and their inhabitants, past and present.
E What People Wore by Annabel Stoneman
An extremely interesting history of clothes, written by a history teacher, It will be a very useful book for
anyone who needs to design clothes for the theatre or who is interested in the everyday lives of people in the
past. There are not many pictures, but lots of detailed notes.
F Future Pop by Terry Orpen
The pop music industry has changed enormously in the past few years. With electronics and computers in
the studio and at concerts, what is the future for the human musician? This book is by one of the top performers
of computer pop music, and he discusses the way it will probably develop in the future.
G Good Posts by Simon Brown
A very-well written and fast-moving adventure story, set in an imagined world of international football stars.
The matches are well described, as well as the problems of the players as they fight for their careers, on and off
the pitch. A great read for sports fans.
H The Fashion House by Julia Davis
This amusing novel is just right for reading on holiday. It reveals the lives and loves of the designers,
models and customers of a famous fashion house. It’s written by a former model and gives away many of the
modern fashion world’s secrets.
Pre-writing task 3
Read short reviews. Choose the appropriate headings. Write a short review of a film that you’ve seen, a
book that you’ve read, a record you’ve heard, a television programme that you‘ve seen.
A Last of the Eagles?

B Songs of the City
C Monsters of the Deep
D Atlantic Crossing
1
This documentary was first shown on BBC last year and will be repeated next week. The golden eagle is now
found in only a few remote places in Scotland. In recent years nests have been robbed and eggs have been
stolen. Eagles are protected by law, but they are threatened with extinction. Barbara Anfield spent a year
making this programme. The everyday habits of the eagles have been recorded for future generations.
2
This book tells the story of Eric Redwood who crossed the Atlantic ocean alone in a small wooden boat. The
boat was made in Ireland, and was designed like the boats which were used by Irish fisherman one thousand
years ago. Redwood thinks America was first discovered many years before Columbus was born. The designs
for the boats were taken from old books which had been found in an Irish monastery. The book is beautifully
illustrated with many colour photographs and maps. The photos were taken by Redwood himself during the
voyage.
3
The film which is now being shown at the Odeon , Leicester Square, is one of the most exciting films I’ve ever
seen. It was made in Hollywood last year, but the sharks were filmed on location off the coast of Florida. Steve
Newman is brilliant as the shark hunter, but the real stars are the sharks themselves. It can be seen at cinemas in
the provinces next week. Don’t miss it!
4
They were written by Lisa Francis recorded live during her recent concert tour. She is accompanied by several
well-known musicians, Elton Cash, Ken Thompson and Tony Lloyd. There is a great variety of music on the
album – gentle romantic ballads, soul music, and exciting rock songs, The words to all the songs are printed on
the back of the cover
Pre-writing task 4
Read the film review and match the descriptions A-E with the paragraphs 1-5.
35
A Explains the background and content of Friends
B Describes some negative reaction to this show.
C Introduces us to the theme.
D Gives factual information about the Friends series.
E Explains the success of the show in an international context.
The Friends Phenomenon

1
Everybody loves their friends. But do you love Friends? If you are one of the half of a billion people that have
seen this hugely popular American TV show then the answer is probably “yes”.
2
By far the most successful and profitable comedy series of recent times, Friends has been shown in more than
thirty countries around the world. The series has been nominated for a record number of forty-four Emmys,
American TV’s equivalent of the Oscars. The previously unknown actors who play the main characters are now
international household names and multi-millionaires.
3
First shown in the USA in 1994, the show quickly became a favourite with the viewing public, achieving top
ratings for American television network NBC. 238 episodes were recorded and when the final episode was
shown in 2004 more than fifty-two million people tuned in to watch. The show became so popular that by the
time of the ninth series each of its six stars was able to command a fee of $1 million per episode!
4
The brainchild of writers Marta Kauffman and David Crane, the series follows the romantic and personal
adventures of a group of six friends in their twenties and early thirties living in New York city. Kauffman and
Crane were careful to create a cast of believable characters that almost everybody can identify with. Like real
people, each of the characters has both endearing and irritating qualities. They are very different from each
other, but share a common bond in their friendship and loyalty. It is the interaction between these contrasting
personalities that provides most of the humour in the show.
5
Although popular with the public, Friends has not always been a hit with the critics. Some found it hard to
believe in these young people who, although supposedly doing very ordinary jobs, seemed to lead lives of
endless leisure in unfeasibly large departments. And it didn’t escape notice that over the years the producers
began to become more and more dependant on bringing a new characters and guest stars in order to keep the
show fresh. As a result there seemed to be an endless stream of new or ex-boyfriends and girlfriends appearing.
The focus on the six main characters, which had provided the magic ingredient in the show’s early success,
began to be lost. Most critics agreed that by the tenth series the show had run out the steam and the
announcement that episode number 3238 would be the last came as no great surprise.
Pre-writing task 5
Read the following film review and number the paragraphs (introduction, main body, conclusion) in the
correct order. Write the whole review.
A
The story begins with Martin’s daughter announcing her imminent marriage. Reluctant to see his
beloved daughter leave the family nest, he feels more like he’s losing a daughter than gaining a son-in-law.
B
Father of the Bride is essentially a funny, enjoyable film, suitable for old and young alike. For those of
you who like a good chuckle, it’s well going to see.
C
Father of the Bride, directed by Charles Sayer, is a modern remake of the 1950’s film staring Spencer
Tracy. This time the role of doting father is played by Steve Martin, and Diane Keaton plays his long-suffering
wife.
D
As preparations for the big day get started, there follows a chain of comic events, helped along by the
delighted Martin Short, superb as the wedding organizer for the occasion. Steve Martin gives just as admirable
performance as Tracy did the original film, and brings his own unique brand of humour to the part.
36
V. Perform the following writing task 1:
Write a review of a film / book / TV programme based on the module and extra vocabulary. Remember the
notes above how to write reviews.
PART 2
News reports
News reports are short pieces of writing about current events which are of interest to the public (e.g .
natural disasters, accidents, political or sports events, social events etc). They are formal and impersonal in
style and they present facts accurately, objectively and unemotionally. Therefore, they do not include feelings
or chatty descriptions unless these are part of someone’s comments quoted in direct speech.
A news report should consist of:
 a short, eye-catching headline:
 an introduction which summarises the event, giving information about the time,
place and people involved;
 a main body consisting of two o more paragraphs in which the event is described in detail, including
information about incidents and the people involved and
 a conclusion which includes people’s comments on the event, action{s) to be taken
and /or future developments.
News reports are found in newspapers,, magazines, etc. You normally use past tenses, the passive and
appropriate reporting verbs in this type of writing.
A headline is a short summary of what the report is about. To write a headline:

 use the present simple for recent events:
e.g. FACTORY EXPLOSION DAMAGES TOWN (=has damaged/damaged)
 use to-infinitive to describe a future event:
e.g. LOCAL FOOTBALL TEAM TO FLY TO ITALY FOR CHAMPIONS’ LEAGUE (= is going to fly)
 use to be + past participle when using the passive voice to describe a future event:
e.g. TEACHERS’ ANNUAL MEETING TO BE HELD IN AUGUST (= is going to be held)
 use abbreviations like UK, USA, UNESCO
e.g. UK RESCUES HOSTAGES IN SIERRA LEONE
 omit full stops or commas, articles, pronouns, auxiliary verbs and words easily understood from context:
e.g. SEVEN INJURED IN TRAIN CRASH (= Seven people were injured in a train crash.)
 omit the verb “to be” when using the passive to describe a past event:
e.g. YOUNG GIRL SAVED BY RESCUE WORKERS (= was saved)
WRITING ASSIGNMENT
I. Perform the following pre-writing tasks:
Pre-writing task 1
Write a news report, using the notes below. (100-150 words)
TRAPPED IN THE FRENCH ALPS
Who? 26-year-old university student, Jeremy Atkins, from Bristol

What? seriously injured / climbing mountain
Where? French Alps
Jeremy on skiing holiday with friends / decides not to ski / goes climbing alone /
Details of
not return that evening / friends worry / contact authorities / rescue team managed
event:
to find him / take to hospital
Action Mountain Rescue Service released a statement to the press warning people not to
taken climb alone
Pre-writing task 2
37
Read the text and rewrite it giving the highlighted sentences in the Passive voice.
QUAKE HITS SANTA MARIA

An earthquake struck the town of Santa Maria in Peru early yesterday morning. The quake
measured 7,5 on the Richter scale and is one of the worst earthquakes to have struck the area in over fifty years.
The authorities have reported fifty people missing.
The quake struck at 5 am local time, and lasted for about half a minute. Most buildings collapsed, ten
people have died and hundreds are still buried under debris. Other countries are now sending emergency
medical supplies to the town. Volunteers are building shelters and Red Cross doctors are treating the
injured. Ambulances have taken others to a hospital in a nearby city.
The government will give money to the town to help pay for the rebuilding of the houses which the
earthquake has destroyed. Local people are still trying to get over the shock. “It was horrible!’ one resident
said. ”I’ll never forget it!”
Pre-writing task 3
Use the notes below to write a news report about climbers trapped in the snow.
Introduction
Bob and Mark / experienced climbers /steep and dangerous mountain
Main body
Stop and have a rest in small cave / make instant soup / light small stove / rumbling noise / snow and ice fall
/snow block entrance to cave / trapped in cave / freezing cold – scared / radio for help / three hours later
rescuers arrive / take six hours to dig them out / rescuers explain: small avalanche / helicopter take them to
Rescue Centre
Conclusion
Feel shocked but lucky to be alive / Rescuers ask: ”Give up climbing?”
Bob: “No – but not go in caves!”
Pre-writing task 4
Read the sentences and put them in the correct order to write news reports for The Daily News.
Where is my house?
1. The police have warned people not to return to their homes.
2. It was on the edge of a cliff, and during the afternoon it fell into the sea.
3. Mr. Jeff Shepherd, who lives in Watermouth, returned home from work last night and couldn’t find his
house.
4. There may be more cliff falls, and local residents are spending the night in a school.
Surprise for the chief
1. Last night someone stole a van in Baker Street.
2. They contained the poisonous snakes.
3. Somewhere in London, a thief is going to get a nasty surprise today.
4. The van belonged to London Zoo, and in the back were two large boxes.
5. The van was on its way from London Airport to the Zoo.
6. The thief took the van from outside a shop while the driver was buying cigarettes!
Pre-writing task 5
Laura Bruce is a trainee reporter for the London Evening Echo. Last week several famous people arrived at
London Airport. Laura was sent to interview them to make a news report.
Task 1.
Read Laura’s report based on these statements to find out if she was successful in writing.
Doctor Sowanso, Secretary-General, UNO
“I’m very busy. I’ve got a lot of appointments. I can’t say very much. I’ve been to England many times before. I
enjoy this country. This time I’ll be here only for twelve hours. I’m going to meet the Prime Minister.”
Laura’s Report
Dr. Sowanso visited England yesterday. He arrived at London airport at 10 am, and we asked him to comment
on the international situation. He just made a brief statement. He said he was very busy, and that he’d got a lot
of appointments. He said he couldn’t say very much, but he said he loved England. He said that he had been
38
here many times, and that he had enjoyed his visit in January. He said he would be in England for only twelve
hours, and that he was going to meet the Prime Minister. He said he had no other comments.
Brutus Cray, world champion boxer
“I like newspapers reporters, but I haven’t got time to say much. Just that I’m the greatest! I’ve always been the
greatest, and I always will be the greatest. I can beat any body in the world! I’ve beaten Leo Fink before. I
knocked him out in Miami, and I’m going to knock him out in Sao Paulo. I’ll be the champion forever!”
Laure’s Report
Brutus Cray stopped at London Airport on his way from Frankfurt to San Paulo. I managed to see him in the
VIP lounge. Brutus was in a hurry. He said he liked newspapers reporters, but that he hadn’t got time to say
much. He said he was the greatest, he had always been the greatest, and he always be the greatest. He said he
could beat anybody in the world. He also said he had beaten Leo Fink before. He said he had knocked Fink out
in Miami, and that he was going to knock him out in San Paulo. He also said he would be the champion
forever!
Task 2.
Make some improvements in Laura’s report and write a report of your own, adding more information
about Elton Kash and Stanley Walsh.
Elton Cash, pop star
“I’m not staying in England long. I’m on my way to the United States. I’m going to record another album. I’ve
written ten new songs. I like recording in Detroit. I made my last album there. I’ll be in Detroit for six weeks.”
Stanley Walsh, ex-footballer
“I don’t like reporters. They’ve written a lot of lies about me. They destroyed my marriage. I’ve got a new
career. I’m tired of football. I’ll never play in England again. I can’t say anything more.”
VI. Perform the following writing task 2:
Write a news report based on the module and extra vocabulary. Remember the notes above how to
write news reports.
MODULE 7. Socialising
39
WRITING
Write a descriptive essay describing events based on the module and extra vocabulary. Learn the notes below
how to write descriptive essays describing events / festivals / celebrations.
WRITING NOTES
Describing events
These pieces of writing can be found in magazines, newspapers, as parts of letters etc. To describe an
annual event (e.g. carnival) you should give accurate information in well-structured paragraphs:
Introduction
Set the scene (name, place, time, reason)
Main body
Para 1. Preparations
Para 2. Description of the actual event
Conclusion
Feelings, comments, final thoughts
Points to remember:
 Present tenses are commonly used to describe annual events (e.g. annual festivals). However, if the
event happened in the past, past tenses should be used (e.g. a wedding which you attended last
Sunday). The Passive is frequently used to describe the preparations or activities which take place
(e.g. Turkey is served for Christmas dinner)
 Narrative techniques and a variety of descriptive adjective can be used to set the scene and describe the
atmosphere. This will make your description more vivid, e.g. As I entered the room I saw brightly-
coloured balloons hanging on the walls and a huge, beautifully decorated birthday cake on the table.
MODEL
Graduation ceremony
Graduation day at Swansea University takes play in July. The Town Hall is used for the ceremony. The
occasion is kept formal and traditional in order to properly honour the achievements of the students.
Days before the ceremony, students are given their caps and gowns. A stage is set up and chairs are
arranged for those attending. The hall is decorated with beautiful bouquets of flowers, and speeches are
prepared by the invited guests of honour.
On the day itself, students and their families attend a Cheese and Wine Party held by the faculty before
the actual ceremony. A few hours later, usually around 2.30 in the afternoon, the ceremony begins.
Speeches are made, then the students queue up in the order in which they are going to be called. Their
names are read out one by one, and students go up onto the stage to receive their degrees from the Dean,
who shakes each graduate’s hand. All the graduates look sophisticated in their black caps and gowns as
proud parents take photos of them. Afterwards, everyone attends a less formal dinner party where
professors have the chance to congratulate the graduates.
Graduation day is a special occasion in a student’s life. It is a time to feel pleased about reaching a very
important goal. Each student will always remember his graduation because it signified the end of a long
period of hard work and the beginning of a new era in their life.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
acceptable go for a pizza go mad

40
applaud laser lights go to the moscue
avoid giving offence local customs go to a karaoke bar
book in advance make-believe go on holiday
chain of restaurants move on go out on a date
dance craze night out tips for foreign visitors
dance in couples to live bands pick up tone-deaf
dance without touching each other tend not to hold hands turn up
sign up for a course at the gym desperate unwind
entertainment spread the idea wear casual clothes
give a lift split the bill the way people dress
go for a drink shake hands tip the waiter
II. Memorize the words of wisdom:

Time flies when you are having fun.
All’s well that ends well.
A stranger is a friend you haven’t met yet.
Silence is golden.
Pre-writing task 1
Read the article below and put the verbs into the correct tense in the active or passive, as in the example,
then match the headings below to the paragraphs.
 description o factual event
 feelings, comments, final thoughts
 preparations
 name, place/lime, reason
The Royal Regatta
1.
The Royal Regatta is one of the most famous events in the world of rowing. The Regatta 1) takes place (take
place) every year in Henley, a small picturesque town in the south of England. The event 2) ….……….
(usually /hold) at the end of June and
3) ………… (continue) for five days. Teams of rowers from all over the globe compete for prizes, especially
for the prestigious Grand Challenge Cup. Last year, I went to see what the excitement was all about.
2.
When 4) ……... (arrive), I was amazed at the preparations involved. Huge grandstands 5) ….. (put up)
alongside the water and rows of colourful deckchairs 6)........... (place) along the edge of the river so that
spectators could watch the boat race in comfort. In addition to this, tents 7)………… (set up), in which caterers
8) ………… (serve) delicious food and refreshing drinks. Rowers from many countries 9)……… (41pologiz)
with their team-mates for days before the races began.
3.
During the five days of the Regatta, many of the spectators 10) …….(dress) elegantly to watch the races.
Others, like myself, 11)……… (decide) to have a picnic on the river bank. The final, which is the most
important race of the Regatta, was the highlight of the event. As the finalists sped towards us, everyone 12)
……… (stand up) and started shouting for their team. We cheered and 13)……….. (wave) enthusiastically as
the boats 14) ………..(rush) past in their race to the finishing line. Soon afterwards, it
was time for the firework display.
4.
As the last rocket 15) ……... (explode) in the evening summer sky, I felt sad that the
event was over. I couldn’t help thinking how much fun it would be to learn to row like the people in the race
and be more than just a spectator!
Pre-writing task 2
Read the short texts and replace the adjectives in bold with similar ones from each list.
playful, annual, generous, happy, amusing
A
41
At the 1) yearly Hobby Horse Pageant in Cracow, Poland, we followed the procession of men dressed
up as Tartar warriors as they moved slowly towards the Market Square,. On his way, the leader of the
procession collected money and rewarded 2) kind donors with a 3) friendly punch on the arm. He also
stopped a few times to perform 4) funny dances for the hundreds of 5) smiling spectators.
exciting, delicious, noisy, grateful, exhausted

B
My parents organized a garden party for my eighteenth birthday. It was great fun! My father and
brother decorated the garden with multi-coloured balloons. My mum had cooked lots of 1) tasty food. We
danced and played some 2) thrilling party games. My friends and I were a bit 3) loud, but my parents didn’t
mind. At the end of the party I felt 4) tired, but also very 5) thankful that my parents had put on such a great
party for me and my friends.
Pre-writing task 3
Read the text about a food festival and fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in brackets.
The Elmira Maple Syrup Festival takes place every March in Ontario, Canada. It is held because
collecting maple syrup from the sap of maple trees is a 1)…………(tradition) Canadian custom.
Days before the festival, 2) ……….(42pologiz) set up a long line of stalls for the outdoor mall, where
locals display and sell a wide 3) …………(vary) of foods, toys and crafts. They also organize 4)…………
(excite) tours to the countryside and treks in the woods.
On the actual day of the festival, the big event is the Pancake Flipping Contest. People make delicious
golden-brown pancakes and use all kinds of silly utensils to flip them. Participants 5) …………(particular)
enjoy taking part in it but it is also very 6) ……….. (entertain) to watch, The smell of pancakes fills the air
and makes everyone feel very 7) …………. (hunger). 8)…………. (luck), there are always plenty of
pancakes to go round.
If you have a sweet tooth, love pancakes and enjoy nature, don’t miss this unique festival. It is the
perfect way to celebrate the end of winter.
Pre-writing task 4
Read the text and put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.
Valentine’s day 1)………… (celebrate) on February 14 th. This modern-day holiday is a celebration
of love which gets its name from a Roman priest, Valentine, who secretly performed wedding ceremonies for
Christian couples in the 3rd century.
Weeks before the fourteenth of February, shop windows 2)………… (decorate) with red paper hearts,
red streamers and boxes of chocolates. Heart-shaped cakes and sweets 3)……… .(bake) gifts such as perfume
and jewellery. 4)………… (promote) by department stores. Red roses 5)………(order) from florists, dinner
reservations 6)…….… (make) and everyone in love 7)……… .(buy) presents while preparing for Valentine’s
Day.
On Valentine’s Day many people 8)………. (wear) something red, since it is considered to be the
colour of love. Gifts, wrapped in shiny paper and red ribbons 9)………. .(present) to each other, women 10)
…….. (receive) bouquets of flowers and people express their feelings to their loved ones. In the evening many
couples choose to dine at romantic restaurants while others enjoy spending time together at home.
Valentine’s Day is a time to let people know how much you love and appreciate them. It is a day that
makes everyone feel romantic and happy.
Pre-writing task 5
Match the beginnings with the endings. Choose any of them as the introduction and conclusion of the
story you would like to write.
BEGINNINGS
A
America’s most important national holiday, Independence Day, takes place on the 4 th of July.
Americans celebrate the Day since 1776 when the American colonies declared themselves free
from British rule.
B
42
Thanksgiving is celebrated every year in the USA on the fourth Thursday of November. On this
day, many people sit down to the traditional turkey dinner and give thanks to God for the harvest.
ENDINGS
1
Families all over the country look forward to this autumn holiday. It is a time for everyone to think
and appreciate everything they have.
2
People across the USA enjoy the patriotic day and take great pride remembering the history of their
young country.
Write a descriptive composition describing events / festivals / celebrations based on the module and extra
vocabulary. Remember the notes above how to write descriptive compositions describing events /
festivals / celebrations.
MODULE 8 Things you can’t live without
43
WRITING
Write a discursive “for-and-against” essay based on the module and extra vocabulary. Learn the notes
below how to write discursive “for-and-against” essays.
WRITING NOTES
For and Against Compositions
An argumentative composition is always formal, impersonal piece of writing in which you are expected to
consider a topic from opposing points of view and give a balanced consideration or your opinion. Personal
expressions such as I believe, I think should only be used in the final paragraph where you can give your
opinion.
A good argumentative “for-and-against” composition should consist of:
Introduction
state topic
Main body
Para 1. Arguments for with justification
Para 2, Arguments against with justification
Conclusion
balanced consideration/ opinion
Points to remember:
 Decide on the points for and against the topic before starting your composition.
 Never write an argument for or against a topic without supporting it with justification, e.g. One
disadvantage of driving a car is that it creates pollution. This is evident from the poor air quality found
in cities where there is a lot of traffic.
 Do not use short forms or strong personal expressions.
 Each paragraph should start with a sentence (topic sentence) which summarises what the paragraph is
about, e.g. There many advantages to driving a car. To begin with, it allows you… However, driving a
car has a number of disadvantages as well. Firstly, you need to … Secondly, … Finally …etc
 The use of linking words is absolutely necessary when writing an argumentative composition:
To introduce points: Firstly / To begin with / In the first place /One point in favour of is / One point against
is / One advantage / disadvantage of…is
To add more points: Secondly / What is more / Furthermore / A further advantage
To make contrasting points: However / On the other hand / Although / In spite of
To conclude: To sum up / In conclusion / On balance / All things considered
First and Last Paragraph Techniques

In the first paragraph you can state the topic by:
 making references to unusual scene or situation, e.g. The sight of a huge lion dozing in the corner of
the cage with no interest in its surrounding…
 addressing the reader directly, e.g. Have you ever wondered whether animals in captivity are happy?
 starting with a rhetorical question which states the topic, e.g. Are there really more advantages than
disadvantages to keeping animals in zoos?
 If you feel there are more arguments for than arguments against a topic, give them before the final
paragraph to lead the reader to a proper conclusion.
In the last paragraph you can give a balanced consideration or your opinion by:
44
 summarizing the topic under question, e.g. To sum up, keeping animals in captivity can be cruel and
unnatural, but it is also necessary.
 ending with a rhetorical question, e.g. Would it be better to watch various species gradually becoming
extinct?
 giving the reader something to consider, e.g. If it weren’t for zoos, many people would never have the
chance to see a live wild animal.
MODEL
The Pros and Cons of Parents Educating Children at Home
As everyone is aware, the law in most countries nowadays demands that all children receive an
education. However, did you know that a number of parents make special arrangements to educate their
children at home? This happens mainly in cases where the child has serious health problems or learning
difficulties, or is especially gifted.
Whatever the reason, there are certainly some advantages to educating children at home. First, they can
learn at their own speed, spending more time on the subjects which they find difficult. What is more, it is easier
for them to concentrate since they don’t have the distraction of noisy classmates. Finally, they learn more in a
one-to-one situation, as they get the full attention of the teacher.
On the other hand, learning at home is not without major drawbacks. For one thing, children who do
not go to school lack experience at making friends with other children. As a result, they do not learn the social
skills needed in later life. Moreover, they are less motivated to work hard, because they have no one to compare
their progress with and to compete against.
All things considered, I firmly believe children should go to school. Education is not only a matter of
learning facts and figures – children also need to learn how to get along with others, and to develop their
personalities. I feel they can only do this by mixing with other children in a school environment.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
anti-virus It used to belong

answering machine It’s very valuable
batteries instruction manuals
being out of date laptops/ palm tops
better quality picture no longer manufactured
call centers One thing I’d hate to be without is
computer help desks pause the tape
customer care department plug in
cyberspace restart your computer
digital camera press the button
digital TV rewind / fast forward
drive sb. mad software
fax machine spare part
flick through switch on / switch off the tape
hardware stare at incomprehensible instruction manuals
hold down techie
I couldn’t live without my technophobe
I’d be really lost without it texting / text speak

There’s nothing new under the sun.
Necessity is the mother of invention.
Famous words:
One machine can do the work of fifty ordinary men. No machine can do the work of one
extraordinary man.
E.Hubbard
The real problem is not whether machines think but whether men do.
45
B. Skinner
Modern science and techniques have taught mankind at least one lesson. Nothing is impossible.
L. Mumford (US philosopher)
It is only when they go wrong that machines remind you how powerful they are.
C.James (Australian critic)
As machines get to be ,ore and more like men, men will come to be more and more like machines.
J Crutch (US naturalist)
IV. Perform the following pre-writing tasks
Pre-writing task 1
Read the article. Make up the plan, marking introductory, main body, conclusion. Make notes under
these headings:
Topic sentence Supporting arguments Reasons/Justifications
The pros and cons of using the Internet

Advertisements for the Internet promise you a world of information, entertainment, on-line shopping
and e-mail services. However, the real world of the Internet may not be as perfect the advertisements suggest.
Using the Internet offers many advantages. For example, all the latest information is available to you,
in your home, at any hour of the day or night. It is much faster and easier to surf the net in search of
information from all over the world than to travel to libraries in dozens of countries. Also, on-line shopping
makes it possible to search through catalogues to find exactly what you want at the best price, saving both time
and money. By joining a newsgroup or chat group, you can share your hobbies and special interests, and
perhaps make friends all over the world. Finally, e-mail is popular because it is faster than sending a letter and
cheaper than a telephone conversation.
On the other hand, the Internet has several disadvantages. Firstly, with so much information available,
finding what you want can take you hours. Multimedia web pages with photographs, music and video are
attractive, but they make downloading slow and boring. What is more, there is too much advertising instead of
real information. As for Internet friendships, sitting at home in front of a computer making “chat friends” is not
the same as actually meeting people.
In conclusion, the Internet obviously has both good and bad points. Fortunately, the system is
improving all the time, and any problems which still exist can be solved. Whether we like it or not, the Internet
is here to stay, so we have to make the best possible use of it.
Pre-writing task 2.
Read the extract from the text. Use the words and phrases in bold as key words to write about benefits
and disadvantages of new ID technologies.
No more secrets
In the very near future you will no longer have to worry about forgetting your computer password, your
cash card number or even your keys, because your body will be your ID. Finger scanning, which is similar to
fingerprinting, is already being used by large companies to identify employees. Face recognition is another
growing area of ID technology, as are voice and eye recognition. Something quite new on the market is
footstep identification. Using special floor tiles, computers are able to identify people from the way they walk.
This technology will let your employer or your teacher know exactly where you are and what you are doing
while you are at work or at school.
Locating you when you are not at work or at school is also becoming easier. GPS (Global Positioning
System) technology already exists, and in less in a minute it can find out, via satellite, exactly where you are.
Identify cards are also getting “smarter”. In the near future the cards will contain a microchip, which
will be able to store a lot more information. Using this technology, one card will be able to replace most of
the pieces of ID that we have to carry around with us, such as: your driving licence, student card, medical card,
credit card, birth certificate, etc.
The benefits of all these new ID systems are obvious. But the question we have to ask ourselves now is
how the rights of the individual will be preserved. We must ask ourselves whether increased public safety
and convenience will come at the cost of our privacy, and whether or not this is a price we are willing to pay. Is
46
convenience worth the loss of privacy as all our personal data from bank records to health information is on file
and more readily available every day? Are we really ready to live in a world where our every move is being
watched?
Pre-writing task 3
Read the interview about personal robots. Use will or won’t with the verbs.
Rewrite it in the reported speech. Use the interview as the main body of your essay. Think over the
introduction and conclusion. Write the whole composition, giving it the appropriate heading.
Interviewer: We all know that robots are already working in factories. But tell us something about the future.
Will people have robots at their homes?
Scientist: Yes, they will. I believe that personal robots (become) as common in the home as personal
computers are today.
Interviewer: ________ they _____replace the computer?
Scientist: No, they ______ replace the computer, but one day robots _______ probably operate computers.
Interviewer: Amazing! What other things ______ personal robots do?
Scientist: Well, for one thing, they _______ be complete entertainment centers. They _____ sing, play any
musical instrument, even dance.
Interviewer: _______ they tell jokes?
Scientist: Yes, they ______. But, as with humans, they _____ always be funny !
Interviewer: What else _____ the personal robots do? _____ it have more serious uses?
Scientist: Yes, it ______ . Robots ______ probably help care for this country’s aging population. They
_______ replace people and take care of sick old people, but they _______ perform some of the
more routine activities such as cleaning, vacuuming, cooking, loading the dishwasher or washing
machine etc.
Interviewer: It all sounds great! Do you predict any problems?
Scientist: Unfortunately, yes. Some people ______ be happy with the spread of robots. Not everyone’s life
______ improve. Some people _______ lose their jobs to robots. And other people ______
create criminal robots!
Interviewer: ______ we need new laws to deal with robotic crime?
Scientist: I’m afraid so.
Pre-writing task 4
Read the text. Make two lists of arguments “for and against” in using mobiles phones.
Love-hate relationships
Mobile phones
“I love my mobile. I didn’t get one for ages, but now I don’t think I could live without it. I hardly ever
call people during the day because it’s quite expensive, but I text my friends all the time. My phone‘s also got a
camera, but I haven’t taken many photos with it. Also I feel much safer with my mobile and never leave home
without it, especially at night. The only problem is when the battery runs out or there’s no signal – that’s
happened to me once or twice, usually when I trying to get home late at night and there are no taxis around. But
I don’t have my mobile on all the time – when I’m not feeling very sociable or talkative I just switch it off”.
Amy Hansen, London
“I really hate mobile phones. None of my friends can understand why I haven’t got one, but no one
thinks about how annoying mobiles are to other people. Everyone always talks very loudly when they’re on
their mobiles and I can’t bear listening to other people’s conversations when I’m on the train. Also the ring
tones really get on my nerves! Both of my brothers have got mobiles, but when we meet up, neither of them
ever switches their phone off, which drives me crazy. Last time we went out for a drink together, their phones
rang five times! I know I can’t stop other people having them, but I don’t think I’ll ever get one .”
Jeremy Fuller, Birmingham
Pre-writing task 5
Look at the survey report. Comment on its results writing out positive and negative points on how
modern technology affects our lives.
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Survey results
Yes No
Is modern technology turning us into “couch potatoes”? 55% 45%
Will books be replaced by the net? 32% 68%
Can working on the computer cause health problems? 57% 43%
Do you use the Internet every day? 66% 34%
Do you watch more than one hour of TV every day? 67% 33%
Do you spend less than an hour a day with your family? 71% 29%
Do you often use the internet to keep in touch with friends and 63% 37%
relatives instead of real communication?
IY. Perform the following writing task:
Write a discursive “for-and-against” essay based on the module and extra vocabulary. Learn the notes
above how to write discursive “for-and-against” essays.
MODULE 9 Future society
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WRITING
Part I. Write a discursive essay “Are YOU optimistic or pessimistic about the future?”
Learn the notes above how to write discursive essays.
Part 2. Write a letter to your friend how you could spend the lottery money.
Learn the notes below how to write informal letters.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
PART 1
Pre-writing task 1
Read an article. Write out the arguments “for and against” genetically engineered food which the
people will eat in the future Express your opinion.
Quantity or Quality?
You didn’t ask for it, and you might not know about it. But you’ve probably already eaten some of it.
It’s genetically engineered food.
Perfectly round tomatoes all exactly the same size, long straight cucumbers and big fat chickens are
now a normal part of our diets. They are made that way by genetic engineering – not by nature. Their genes
have been changed. These new life forms have been described as a “real-life Frankenstein”
Every living thing has genes that carry information. They are passed on from generation to generation.
They make sure that humans give birth to humans and cows give birth to cows. They also make sure that a dog
cannot give birth to a frog or an elephant to a horse.
Genetic engineers take genes from one species – for example, a scorpion, and transfer them to another
– for example, corn. In this way a new life form is created.
Genetic engineers put duck genes into chickens to make the chickens bigger. They put hormones into cows to
make them produce more milk. This does not make them cheaper , tastier or healthier. It makes them easier and
faster for the farmer to grow.
The effects of genetic engineering on our health are not known. Many of the genes which are used –
such as those of scorpions, rats, mice and moths – are not part of our diet so we do not know how dangerous
they may be. For example, people can develop allergies to food which has been genetically engineered.
The effect of genetic engineering on the natural world may be disastrous. The engineers may create life
forms – monsters – that we cannot control! The new life forms have no natural habitat or home. They will have
to find one, fight for one – or kill for one! It may be your land they fight for – or you that they kill!
Greenpeace is trying to prevent all such food experiments. Some – but not all – food companies are
refusing to use genetically engineered foods. Some – but not all – supermarkets are telling their customers
which foods are genetically engineered. We must all be aware of what is happening.
Although, some people seem to be quite optimistic about the benefits of genetic engineering and they
believe it could be the solution to the problem of famine. Plants which grow faster, or cows which produce
more milk, can save the lives of starving people. Moreover, they think scientists will use the benefits of genetic
engineering to cure diseases like cancer or AIDS. If scientists managed to find a cure for these, the humanity
would have a much healthier society.
On the other hand, it may be a dangerous experiment with nature. In the story, Frankenstein created
such a terrible and dangerous monster that he had to destroy it. We must make sure that it remains a story – and
no more!
Pre-writing task 2
49
A university magazine has asked its readers to submit articles entitled “What kind of life can people born
in the year 2050 expect?” Write your article using ideas and plan below. The beginning and ending have
been written for you.
Points to consider
 health (e.g. longer life – scientists find cures for many diseases)
 food (e.g. meal pills / terrible water shortages)
 jobs (e.g. more creative, better paid jobs /computers do the most boring
jobs/ more poor people/ there be fewer jobs)
 transport (e.g. environmentally- friendly flying cars)
 holidays (e.g. space travel / go on holiday to other planets)
 environment (e.g. pollution levels in cities increase/ species/ fewer endangered
wild animals/ no more rainforests / people cut them all down)
education (e.g. robot teachers / virtual communication)
 relationships (e.g. make friends through the Internet/ little real human contacts /
people become isolated)
 housing (e.g. live in cities under the sea or underground / normal cities become
overcrowded / robots keep the house)
 crime (e.g. increase / more people without work)
Plan
Introduction
How will people live in the year 2050? Some people worry about the future, while others are full of
hope and enthusiasm.
Main Body
Para 1: state optimistic predictions and reasons
Para 2: state pessimistic predictions and reasons
Conclusion
No matter how dark or bright the future may seem, it is up to us to look after our planet and try to
make it a better place to live.
Perform the following writing task:
Write an opinion essay “Are YOU optimistic or pessimistic about the future?”
Learn the notes above how to write opinion essays.
PART 2
WRITING NOTES
TYPES OF LETTERS
There are various types of letters, such as: letters of application, letters of complaint, letters to the
editor etc.
The type of letter you should write depends on the reason for writing (i.e. to give
your news, to invite somebody to a party, etc to make a complaint, to apply for a job. etc). Depending on the
rubric. you may be asked to write a letter for more than one
reason (i.e. to give your news and ask for advice.) The most common reasons for writing a letter are:
giving/asking about news making suggestions etc

congratulating someone giving/asking for advice
apologizing for something giving/asking for information
inviting someone or accepting/refusing an invitation thanking someone
LAYOUT OF LETTERS
All letters should include the following:
50
Appropriate greeting (e.g. Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Aunt Claire, Dear Mrs Baker) Introduction, in which you
write your opening remarks (e.g. Hi! How are you?) and reason(s) for writing (e.g. I’m just writing to
congratulate you on passing your exams, I’m writing to apologise for ... , We were thrilled to hear that… I was
sorry to hear..)
Main body, in which you write about the specific topics of the letter in detail;
Conclusion, in which you write your closing remarks (e.g. Please forgive me – It
won’t happen again, I promise ; Looking forward to seeing you.,, Please write soon,
Take care! Can’t wait to hear from you! l’d better sign off now, That’s all for now! ; a
Appropriate ending (e.g. Yours faithfully + your full name, Lots of love + your first name).
WRITING STYLE IN LETTERS

The writing style you should use (i.e. informal, formal or semi-formal) depends on who you are writing to.
More specifically:
 when you are writing to someone you know well (i.e. a close relative, your best friend) you should use
informal style.
 when you are writing to someone you do not know, or to someone who is in authority ( i.e. the
manager of a hotel, a doctor) you should use formal style.
 when you are writing to someone you do not know very well or someone you want to be polite and
respectful to (i.e. a friend’s parents, your teacher) you
should use semi-formal style.
INFORMAL LETTERS
 address & date (your address in the top, right-hand corner, followed by the date.)
 greeting (e.g. Dear John, Dear Mum, etc.)
 informal language (e.g. I’ve been meaning to write to you for ages; Don’t worry; By the way;
It was a piece of cake; 1’ll pick you up; We can give it a try, etc)
 ending (e.g. Yours/Love/Best wishes! Regards! +your first name)
Informal letters are sent to people you know well (e.g. friends, relatives, etc) aboutyour recent news,
personal problems, information you need, etc. They are written in an informal style with a chatty, personal tone.
An informal letter should consist of:
an informal greeting (Dear Ken /Aunt Joan/ etc );
an introduction in which you write your opening remarks (i.e. asking about your
friend’s health, etc) and mention your reason for writing (e.g. Hi! How are you?
I thought I’d write and let you know that ... ;)
a main body in which you write the main subject(s) of the letter in detail, starting
a new paragraph for each topic;
a conclusion in which you write your closing remarks (e.g. That’s all my news for now. Write back soon ... ;)
an informal ending (e.g. Lots of love/Best wishes/ate + your first name).
MODEL 1 6, Greenway Road

Wathersham
17 May, 2011
Dear Sarah,
I’ve got some great news. Richard and I are going on holiday for a whole month. Guess where – Hawaii!
We’re leaving on 1st June. We both love swimming, so we’re going to stay at a fabulous hotel right next to
the beach. I’m going to relax as much as possible because I’m quite tired after working hard all this year.
We’re coming back from our holidays on 30 th June, and I’ve got lots of plans for the rest of the summer.
First, I’m going to work at a café because I want to earn some extra money and buy a new car. I’m also going to
join a gym to lose some weight. Finally, I want to find a better job in autumn, so I’m going to start a computer
course.
Oh, I nearly forgot! On 16 th August we’re having a garden party to celebrate Richard’s birthday. Please try
to come. You’re welcome to spend the night here. Well, that’s all for now. Hope to see you soon.
Love,
Jenny
MODEL 2
17, Green Street
Sunset
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29 May, 2011
Dear Emily,
I’m writing to invite you to my birthday celebration on Friday, 15 June. It’s going to be an all-day affair, so
you should be here by eleven o’clock in the morning.
Since it’s my sixteenth birthday, my parents want it to be a very special day, so this is what we’re going to
do. First, we’re going to take everyone to the stables and hire horses. Then we’re going to ride to Elmington
Estate and have a picnic there. When we get back, there will be games and refreshments in the garden, and in
the evening there’ll be supper and dancing. I just hope the weather is fine!
Let me know if you can come, and tell me your news as well. I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
Lots of love.
Karen.
Pre-writing task 1
Use the information below to write a letter to a friend about your holiday in Rhodes, Greece.
Para 1.
Where you are: Rhodes, Greece
What the weather is like: hot and sunny
Where you are staying: Rodos Park Suites Hotel near the old town
Para 2:
What you have done: been to Kalithea Spa/Tuesday/ lovely/ relaxing/ took pictures; walked around the
old town/ yesterday/ fascinating/bought some souvenirs
Para 3:
What you haven’t done: visited the Archaeological Museum; been to the Hydro-biological Institute
What you are going to do: visit the museum/tomorrow afternoon/ to admire the exhibits; go to the Hydro-
biological Institute/ Friday/ to see the many different fish
Para 4:
What you think of the place: magnificent – worth seeing it one day
When you are returning: 2nd September – see you then
Pre-writing task 2
Your friend called Charlie has invited you to go clubbing next Saturday, but you can’t go. Write an e-
mail to Charlie. In your e-mail you should
 thank him for inviting you
 tell him you can’t go
 suggest meeting another time
Before writing, read the e-mails A, B and C. Decide which is the best answer and why. What is wrong
with the other two answers?
A
Dear Charlie
I’m inviting you to go clubbing with me next Saturday. I hope you can come, but, please,
tell me if you can’t. If I don’t see you on Saturday, we could meet another day. Are you free
on Friday?
Sara
B
Dear Charlie
Thank you for inviting me to go clubbing with you next Saturday. I’m sorry, but I can’t go
because I’m going to Edinburgh for the weekend with my cousins. I’d like to see you next
week. Are you free on Monday evening?
Ivana
C
Dear Charlie
I can’t come clubbing with you on Saturday. Can we meet another time? I am free on
Tuesday. We could go to a café.
52
Patricia
Pre-writing task 3
Imagine you won the lottery money. Think over the ideas how the money сould be spent.
Would you donate a greater part of it to charity organizations? What projects could you support exactly:
 financial support for orphanages
 caring after sick, poor and homeless
 solving urgent problems in your city / country
 some global environmental problems, etc.?
Would you prefer to spend the part of the lottery money on your own:
 helping your relatives / friends
 further education
 traveling
 shopping
 buying a house
 starting your own business, etc.?
Write your ideas what is the best way to spend the lottery money you won.
VI. Perform the following writing task:

Write a letter to your friend how you could spend the lottery money. Learn the notes above how to
write informal letters.
MODULE 10 An amazing story
53
WRITING
Write an essay “The most amazing story” which is supposed to be written in the third person (third-person
narratives). Learn the notes above (See Module 2) how to write narrative stories.
WRITING NOTES
Third-person narratives are written in the third person (he/she/they/etc) and are real or imaginary stories about
another person or other people. Like a first-person narrative, a third-person narrative should consist of:
Introduction in which you set the scene (who was involved, time, place, etc) in an interesting way to help the
reader imagine the scene and want to continue reading;
Main body consisting of two or more paragraphs in which you develop your story
presenting the events in the order that they happened; and
Conclusion in which you say what happened at the end and refer to people’s feelings,
final comments or reactions.
MODEL
A narrow escape
The early evening air was cool and mild as Ted Wilson walked along the almost-deserted beach. He
wanted to be completely alone to think about his future. Since he had lost his job, his life seemed to be full of
problems. He felt very depressed.
Walking to the far end of the beach, Ted was so deep in thought that he didn’t notice the clouds which
had gathered overhead. When the heavy drops of the rain began to fall, he looked up in surprise and hurried
back towards his car.
The soft dry sand of the beach slowed him down, so he ran on the hard wet sand at the water’s edge.
Before he had gone fifty metres, he suddenly started sinking into the sand. He realized to his horror that he had
stepped into quicksand. When he tried to move , the sand pulled him deeper – and the tide was coming in The
water soon covered his waist, and continued to rise. ”Help!” – he shouted desperately. ”Help! I’m going to
drown!”
Luckily, a man, who was looking for shells at the other end of the beach, heard Ted shouting. He
managed to pull Ted out of the quicksand and helped him to safety. Ted was so relieved to have escaped that
he couldn’t say a word. He shook a man’s hand , again and again, in silent thanks.
After what had happened, Ted realized that losing a job wasn’t the worst thing that could happen to
someone. He felt lucky to be alive, and was sure that everything would be all right in the end.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
a few days later It’s completely unrealistic.

a few weeks passed It’s very moving.
abandon It’s really scary.
adventure It’s very imaginative.
amazing coincidence It’s got a moral.
after a while It has a happy ending.
at last It made me cry.
attempt immediately
commit the crime ingenious
54
desperate to escape isolated house
detective stories myths and legends
discover newspaper headline
eventually obviously
fairy tales one day many years ago
feeling tired / terrified robbery
final draft romances
fortunately /unfortunately science fiction and fantasy
fraud The plot is complicated
ghost stories The plot is really clever.
gradually to their surprise / horror
in the end unemployed
II. Memorize extra vocabulary: proverbs / words of wisdom

One story is good till another is told.
A tale never loses in the telling.
There are no dull subjects, there are only dull writers.
The pen is mightier than the sword.
Words are loaded pistols. (J. Sartre, French philosopher)
Pre-writing task 1
Read the story. Number the sentences in its summary in the correct order.
8… A fire engine appeared
…. .Bob picked Fay up in his car.
…. .The balloon landed in a tree.
1... .Fay woke up.
….. Bob radioed for help.
….. Firefighters helped Bob & Fay to the ground.
….. They climbed into the basket of the balloon.
5.... Fay hit her head.
….. The balloon shook violently from side to side.
Unforgettable Birthday!
As soon as Fay woke up, she knew this birthday was going to be very special, It was a sunny morning
and a gentle breeze was blowing in through the window. “A perfect day for a balloon ride!” Fay said excitedly
to herself. Half an hour later, her friend Bob, a pilot, was taking Fay for a ride in a hot-air balloon.
Fay was thrilled when she saw the huge, bright yellow hot-air balloon. Bob made sure that everything
was okay, then they climbed carefully into the basket. Moments later, the balloon began to rise slowly into the
air. “This is fantastic!” she shouted cheerfully to Bob. “Happy Birthday! I’m glad you like your present!” he
replied.
Suddenly the smile disappeared from Bob’s face. Dark clouds were racing towards them and, before he
could say anything, there was a loud rumble of thunder. The balloon shook violently from side to side. ”Oh,
no!” screamed Fay. “We’re going to die!” Just as Bob was reaching for the radio, there was a bright flash of
lightning. Fay fell backwards and hit her head, and everything went black.
When Fay opened her eyes, she saw Bob’s worried face in front of her. ”Are you alright?” he asked
anxiously. ”The balloon went down”, he explained, “but fortunately we’ve landed in a tree. I’ve already radioed
for help.” Fay looked over the side of the basket and realized that they were hanging from a branch. “Don’t
worry,” said Bob calmly. “It’ll hold us.”
At that moment a fire engine appeared. Its siren was wailing and its red lights were flashing brightly. Two
firefighters jumped out and five minutes later, Fay and Bob were standing safely on the ground.
“We’ve safe at last!” she cried. “Fay, I’m so sorry,” replied Bob. “It wasn’t quite what I had in mind, but
I’m sure you won’t forget this birthday!”
Pre-writing task 2
55
Write a humorous story based on the letter below. Give the story an appropriate heading.
Letter from the Scout Camp

Dear Mom and Dad,
We are having a great time here at Lake Typhoid. Mr. Sorensen is making all of us write to our parents
in case you saw the flood on TV and got worried. We are OK. Only one of our tents and two sleeping bags and
Steven’s back pack got washed away. Luckily none of us got drowned because we were all up on the mountain
looking for Travis when it happened.
Oh, please call Travis’s Mom and tell her he is OK. He can’t write because of the cast. Mr. Sorensen
got mad at Travis for going on a hike alone without telling anyone. Travis said he did tell him but it was during
the fire, so Mr. Sorensen probably didn’t hear him. By the way, did you know that if you pour gas on a fire the
gas can will blow up? We were making barbecue, and the wet wood didn’t burn. But one of our tents did. also
some of our clothes. Never in my life have I seen such fun! Mark is going to look great until his hair grows
back.
We will be home on Saturday if Mr. Sorensen gets the truck fixed. It wasn’t his fault about the wreck.
The brakes worked okay when we left. Mr. Sorensen said with a truck so old you have to expect something to
break down, that’s probably why he can’t get insurance on it. It’s a great truck, only it gets pretty hot with ten
scouts in the cab. If it’s hot Mr. Sorensen lets us take turns riding in the trailer. Mr. Sorensen is a great Scout
Master!
This morning all of us were jumping off the rocs and swimming in the lake. Mr. Sorensen wouldn’t let
me because I can’t swim, and Travis was afraid he would sink because of the cast, so he let us take the canoe
across the lake. It was great! Mr. Sorensen isn’t a bore as some Scout Masters are. He didn’t even get mad
about the life jackets. Neither did we. He has to spend a lot of time working on the truck, so we are trying not
to cause him any troubles.
Guess what? We have all passed our First-Aid Skill Award. When Jim dived off into the lake and cut
his arm, we got to see how a tourniquet works. Also Jim and I threw up. Mr. Sorensen said it was probably
just food poisoning from the leftover chicken.
I have to go now. We are going to town and mail all these letters and buy some bullets. Don’t worry
about anything.
Love,
your son.
P.S. How long has it been since I had a tetanus shot?
Vocabulary:
typhoid – тиф life jacket – спасательный жилет

cast – повязка Scout Master – вожатый скаутов
cab – кабина a bore – зануда, скучный человек
truck – грузовик dive off – нырять в воду
trailer – прицеп sink – тонуть
brakes – тормоза tourniquet – мед. жгут
wreck – авария tetanus shot– укол от столбняка
insurance – to throw up – стошнить, вырвать
страховка
First-Aid Skill Award – экзамен по правилам оказания первой медицинской помощи
Pre-writing task 3
Read a ghost story. Fill in the gaps (1-6) with the sentences (A-F). Reproduce the whole story.
A
A big crackling fire was burning in the fireplace.
B
He had slept very well the night before and felt refreshed.
C
The waitress looked at him in amazement.
D
As she looked up at George her face lit up.
E
He tried to start the car again, but nothing happened.
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F
She was carrying the silver tray with a large teapot and three china cups.
A Ghostly Welcome
Lightning flashed across the sky, followed by the crash of thunder. George Philips was driving carefully
along the narrow country lane. It was late at night and he was looking forward to reaching his hotel. Suddenly
his car engine died.1………..… “Blast!” he said angrily. Up ahead in the distance he could see a light coming
from a castle. He got out of the car and ran quickly through the pouring rain towards the huge building.
George reached the castle’s big wooden door and rang the bell. The heavy door slowly creaked open. In
front of him stood a young woman.2……….…. “Oh, please come in out of the rain”, she said. George thanked
her and entered a big hall, then introduced himself and explained what had happened. She told him that he was
welcome to spend the night in the castle and led him to the library.3…………. George went to warm himself in
front of it. he young woman offered to make some tea and left the room.
George had been standing there for a few minutes when he heard a voice behind him. “Good evening!
I’m Mrs McDougall. My daughter told me we had a guest. Please, have a seat.”
Soon afterwards the daughter came in. 4………..…. After they had finished their tea, Mrs McDougall
offered to show him to his room George was following her up ton the huge staircase when he heard her
weeping. “Is something wrong?” he asked her. “I’m so sorry,” she whispered as tears ran down her wrinkled
cheeks. “It’s just that you remind me so much of my husband. I haven’t seen him for ten years.” The wind was
howling outside and George felt a chill run down his spine.
When George woke up the next morning, the sun was shining and the birds were singing. 5………..….
He put on his clothes, and went downstairs to thank the two women. He had been looking for them for some
time before he realized that he was alone in the castle. He wrote a note thanking them for their kindness and
returned to his car. To his relief, when he turned the key, the car started with a roar.
Ten minutes later, George stopped at a café to have breakfast. As the waitress was filling his coffee cup
she said, “That was a terrible storm we had last night, wasn’t it?” George nodded and took a sip of a hot coffee.
He told her that, as his car had broken down, the McDougalls had put him up for he night in their castle.
6………..…. “But that’s impossible!” she exclaimed. “Nobody has lived in that castle since Mrs McDougall
and her daughter died in a car accident ten years ago!” George stared at her in disbelief and, trembling with
shock, dropped his coffee cup onto the floor.
Pre-writing task 4
Read the beginning of the science fiction story. Complete it with your own ideas and write the whole
story. Choose an appropriate heading.
A Science Fiction Story
The spaceship flew around the new planet several times. The planet was blue and green. They couldn’t
see the surface of the planet because there were too many white clouds. The spaceship descended slowly
through the clouds and landed in the middle of green forest. The two astronauts put on their space suits, opened
the door, climbed carefully down the ladder and stepped onto the planet. The woman looked at a small control
unit on her arm. “It’s all right.” she said to the man. “We can breathe the air… it’s a mixture of oxygen and
nitrogen.”
Both of them took off their helmets and breathed deeply. They looked at everything carefully. All the
plants and animals looked new and strange. They couldn’t find any intelligent life.
After several hours, they returned to their spaceship. Everything looked normal. The man switched on
the controls, but nothing happened. “Something’s wrong,“ he said. ”I don’t understand… the engines aren’t
working.” He switched on the computer, but that didn’t work either. “Eve,” he said, ”we’re stuck here…… we
can’t take off!”
Pre-writing task 5
Use the notes below to write a story “Lucky to be alive” There are some words to be used in the story:
sunny Sunday morning – beach – golden sand – sign ”No swimming – Sharks” – ignore – start surfing – shark
appear – yell get onto his board – paddle towards the beach – other board in pieces – safe – lucky to be alive
57
VII. Perform the following writing task:
Write an essay “The most amazing story” which is supposed to be written in the third person (third-
person narratives). Remember the notes how to write narrative stories.
MODULE 11 Rules and freedom
58
WRITING
1. Write a letter of applying for either the position of English teacher at private school or the position of
translator in a travel agency.
2. Write a letter of complaint to a hotel manager about the things you found annoying while traveling. Learn
the notes below how to write formal letters.
WRITING NOTES
FORMAL LETTERS
Formal letters are normally sent to people in an official position or people you don’t know welt (e.g.
Director of Studies, Personnel Manager, etc). They are written in a formal style with a polite, impersonal tone.
You can write a formal letter to apply for a job/course, make a complaint, give/request official information, etc.
A formal letter should consist of:
Formal greeting (e.g. Dear Sir/Madam·- when you do not know the person’s name; Dear Ms Green -· when
you know the person’s name);
Introduction in which you write your opening remarks and mention your reason(s) for writing (e.g. I am
writing to apply for the position of ..)
Main body in which you write about the main subject(s) of the letter in detail, starting a new paragraph
for each topic;
Conclusion in which you write your closing remarks (e.g. Look forward to hearing from you as soon as
possible ... )
Formal ending (e.g. Yours faithfully – when you do not know the person ‘s name ; Yours sincerely · when
you know the person ‘s name + your full name).
FORMAL STYLE
Formal style is characterized by the use of:
 advanced vocabulary
e.g. I am writing to enquire whether NOT I want to ask you.
 formal linking words / phrases (consequently, however, therefore, for this reason) e.g. I have worked as a
primary school teacher for ten years and therefore have
experience working with children)
 passive voice
e.g. I can be contacted NOT You can contact me ...
 polite forms without contractions
e.g. I would be grateful if
I would appreciate it if you could...
I would like to apply ... NOT I’d like to apply
Colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs, idioms and short forms are NOT used in formal style.
LETTERS OF APPLICATION
When you write a letter applying for a job or a course, you should include the following information:
In the opening remarks/reasons) for writing
 the name of the job/course, where and when you saw ~ advertised.
e.g. ... the position of manager advertised in yesterday’s Herald)
In the main body paragraphs (paras 2-3-4)
 age, present job and/or studies e.g. I am a nineteen-year-old university student
 qualifications e.g. I have a BA in French.
 experience e.g. I have been working as a waiter for the last two years.
59
 skills and personal qualities that are suitable for the job/course
e.g. I am a good and careful driver. I consider myself to be mature and responsible.
In the closing remarks

 another important information (e.g. when you are available for interview, where and when you can be
contacted, references you can send, a remark that you hope your application will be considered, etc)
e.g. I will be available for interview in September.
I enclose references from my last two employers.
I look forward to hearing from you.
You usually use:
 the present simple to describe skills/personal qualities
e.g. I am a patient and reliable person.
 the past simple to talk about past experiences
e.g. I left school in 1994. I worked for General Motors for four years)
 the present perfect to talk about recent work/studies
e.g. I have been working for LTYU for two years .
I have recently finished secondary school
MODEL
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of part-time shop assistant which was advertised in this week’s edition of
the Frankfurt English News.
I am a I6-year-old student. In December I passed the examination for the First Certificate in English with grade
A. It is my ambition to become a teacher of English. Therefore , employment in an English language bookshop
particularly appeals to me.
Despite my lack of formal work experience, I feel that I would be well-suited for the position. For the past two
years I have been a volunteer helper in our school library. In my school report I was described by the librarian
as enthusiastic, dedicated and reliable.
Since the school holidays include the months of July and August, I will have no other commitments and would
be available to work at any time, excluding Saturdays, for as many hours as needed.
I may be contacted at the above address, or by telephone on 435 1708. I look forward to receiving a reply in
due course.
Yours faithfully,
Steffi Braun
LETTERS OF COMPLAINT
In a formal letter making a complaint, you may use a mild tone, for complaints
about minor problems, or a strong tone, for complaints about more serious matters, especially when you are
extremely upset or annoyed. However, the language you use should never be rude or insulting.
 In the opening remarks, you should state your complaint, including details of what
has happened and where/when the incident took place.
Mild: I am writing in connection with .../ to complain about the terrible behaviour / attitude / rudeness of
I am writing to draw your attention to …
Strong: I wish to bring to your attention a problem which arose due to your staff
I am writing to express my strong dissatisfaction at ...
I wish to express my dissatisfaction/unhappiness with the product / treatment
I received from ... on...
 In the main body paragraphs, you present each of the specific points you are complaining about. You
start a new paragraph for each point and justify these points by giving examples / reasons.
e.g. Although you advertise “top quality”, I felt that the product I purchased was well below the
standard I expected.
 In the closing remarks, you should explain what you expect to happen (to be given a refund /apology
e.g . Mild: I hope you will replace ...
I feel / believe that I am entitled to a replacement / refund ...
I hope that this matter can be resolved / dealt with promptly.
Strong I insist on / I demand a full refund /an immediate replacement or I shall be forced to take legal
60
action I hope that I will not be forced to take further action
MODEL
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to express my strong dissatisfaction at the disgraceful treatment
I received at the Walford branch of Simpson’s Electronics yesterday afternoon.
Firstly, the product I was given was not the model I had asked for. The new X-40I camera was demonstrated to
me by the sales assistant, and I agreed to buy it. However, on unpacking my purchase, I saw that I had been
given the smaller X-20I model instead.
To make matters worse, this camera was much cheaper than the model I requested and paid for. It didn’t have
many of the features I needed and was much more basic than the one I was shown to begin with.
Furthermore, I was deeply offended by the behaviour of the sales assistant when I went back to the shop to
complain. He was not only impolite, but unhelpful. He refused to contact the manager when I asked to speak to
him about the incident.
As you can imagine, 1 am extremely upset. I must insist on a full refund. In addition to a written apology from
the local manager, or else I shall be forced to take further action. I expect to hear from you as soon as possible.
Yours faithfully,
Caroline Adams
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
annoying rules It should be made legal for people to do

board the bus It should be made illegal for people to do
do badly It should be banned
do well It depends on the situation / person
do nothing it’s fair / unfair
do your best One thing for sure
do the shopping ought to pay a fine
do yoga / aerobics People should have the right to do this.
do some exercise People should be fined for speeding.
compensation culture People should be sent to prison for doing this.
credit card They didn’t get on with their companions.
in the end It should be against the law to do
injury airplane safety announcement
sue There should be penalties for excessive claims.
the most bizarre case it’s too liberal
it’s too harsh it’s ridiculous
There should be capital punishment for anyone who commits murder
They regularly get complaints from holidaymakers.
There should be limit on payouts
They are used to dealing with requests for compensation
be not allowed to smoke
be permitted to park here
There is an exception to every rule. Other times, other manners.

Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. It’s best to be on the safe side.
Practice makes perfect. Better safe than sorry.
Variety is the spice of life. Once bitten, twice shy.
Times change and we with time Custom is a second nature.
Pre-writing task 1
61
Read the letter of application and label the paragraphs with the headings below:
closing remarks personal qualities age / present job / qualifications opening remarks reason(s)
for writing experience
Para 1 …………………
Dear Mrs Hunter,
With reference to your advertisement in Thursday’s edition of the Daily Star, I am interested in applying for the
position of primary school teacher.
Para 2 …………………
I am 28 years old and currently teaching in Margate. I have a BSc degree awarded by Glasgow University in
1997. I completed my certificate in Education at Preston Teacher Training College in 1998.
Para 3 …………………
I have been working for Margate Education Department since 1999. During this lime, I have enjoyed teaching a
variety of subjects, including English, General Science and Games.
Para 4 ………………..
I consider myself to be punctual, hard-working and fair. I enjoy working with children and have good
organizational skills.
Para 5 ……………….
I enclose a reference from my present employer. I would be grateful if you would consider my application. I am
available for interview any weekday morning. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Steven Davies
Read the letter again and find formal expressions to match the informal ones in the table, as in the
example.
Informal Style Formal Style

About your advert With reference to your advertisement
I want to apply for
J got my teaching certificate
I’ve had a job in
I think I’m always on time
I like working with kids
There’s a note from my boss
I’d like it if you hired me
I’m free to talk to you
Drop me a line sometime
Pre-writing task 2
Read the two transactional letters, based on an advertisement about Dance-Aerobics classes. Decide
which is good and which is bad. Justify your answer.
Model A
Dear Sir/Madam
I am writing in response to your advertisement in The Bingley Times on March 2nd. I
am very interested in joining your aerobics classes and would be grateful if you could
answer a few questions I have.
62
Your advertisements states that the number in the classes is kept to a minimum. How
many people are there in each class? As I work every day until 5 o’clock, I would also
like to know the times of the classes.
In addition, I would like to know if I need any special shoes or clothes for the classes,
and I would greatly appreciate it if you could give me details of where to purchase any
necessary equipment.
Finally, as it is my intention to attend these classes regularly, could you also send me
details of prices and membership fees?
Thank you for your kind attention. Please reply at your earliest convenience.
Yours faithfully,
Elaine Richards
Model B
Dear Sir/Madam
There are a few things I need to Know about your Dance –Aerobics classes.
Firstly, What time aerobics classes held each day? I’d like to take evening classes, if
possible. I also think, it’s a good idea to keep classes small. I prefer classes with fewer
than fifteen people. I was in really big aerobics class once, and it was too crowded. Don’t
you just hate that?
I think aerobics classes are great fun. I like sweating and jumping around as the
heavy beat of the music pounds in my body. It’s the greatest, don’t you think?
I’m looking forward to your reply. Please send it soon as I’m eager to begin the
classes. Thanks.
Yours,
Rita Simmons
Pre-writing task 3
Read the advertisement, then use the notes to write a formal letter to Kraftwerk Tours asking for
information about the trip:
 What time /leave?
 Where exactly in Thailand?
 Any vegetarian foods?
 Time for shopping?
DISCOVER THAILAND!
A ten-day tour of Thailand
Price includes:
Dear Sir/Madam,  Return flight from Gatwick
I am writing  10 nights accommodation in a 5-star hotel regarding your
advertisement about the  Breakfast, lunch and dinner ten-day tour of
Thailand. I am very  Sightseeing tours with experienced local guide interested in the tour
and would be grateful if For further information contact: you could answer a few
questions. Kraftwerk Tours
Your 12 Southam Court advertisement states
that Newcastle
Tel: 01991 823695
________________________________________________________
So, I wonder what time ____________________________________________________________________
The advertisement also mentions that_________________________________________________________
I would like to know where exactly___________________________________________________________
As it is said in the advertisement_____________________________________________________________
I want to ask if ___________________________________________________________________________
Finally, you mentioned that __________________________________________________________
I wonder if______________________________________________________________________________
63
Thank you for your help. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
Danny Burns.
Pre-writing task 4
Expand the notes into sentences to complete the letter of application. Use correct grammar forms.
Dear Sir/Madam
I / write / to you / to apply for / position of science teacher / which / advertise / Evening Argue newspaper last
Friday.
I / graduate / from university five years ago and / I/ teach science / Baker Comprehensive School / since then.
I / also organize / extra activities for children after school / for last three years.
I / enjoy teaching / and / I / be very patient / with young children. I / attend several seminars / on subject /
teaching science / primary school children.
I / ask / my current employer / for / time off / to attend interviews / so / I / be free to visit your school if you
wish to meet me.
I hope / hear / from you soon/
Yours faithfully
Gary Tailor
Pre-writing task 5
Read Tim’s words about his unpleasant holiday experience. Imagine you are Tim. Write a letter of
complaint to the Manager of The Milton Hotel.
Include these points: exact dates of his stay / complaints / actions expected to be taken
I can assure you I won’t be staying there again. It started off quite well. I reserved a hotel room in advance.
When I arrived I was unpleased to find my room wasn’t quite spacious and clean. I can’t stand staying in tiny
and dirty rooms! The other guests didn’t keep to themselves and made too much noise.
I only visited hotel restaurant once because there were few vegetarian dishes. The food was disgusting! The
service was rather slow and the cashier gave me the wrong change. What is more, the restaurant was packed
with visitors and they were allowed to smoke!
But the worst thing was when I got the bill I nearly had a heart attack! I couldn’t believe how much I had to
pay. It was disgraceful!
IY. Perform the following writing tasks:
1. Write a letter of applying for either the position of English teacher at private school or the position
of translator in a travel agency.
2. Write a letter of complaint to a manager about the things you found annoying while traveling.
Remember the notes above how to write formal letters.
MODULE 12 Dilemmas
WRITING
64
Write an essay providing solutions to problems “ If I were a psychologist: how to find solutions to
problems” . Learn the notes below how to write discursive essays.
WRITING NOTES
Essays providing solutions to problems are pieces of writing in which you discuss a problem and its
causes as well as the expected results or consequences of your suggestions. An essay providing solutions to
problems should consist of:
Introduction in which you state the problem and what has caused it;
Main body which consists of two or more paragraphs presenting suggestions and
their results/consequences. You should start a new paragraph for each
suggestion and its results/consequences;
Conclusion in which you summarise your opinion.
Essays providing solutions to problems are normally written in a formal or semi-formal style,
depending on who is going to read them and where they are published. They are usually found in newspapers
and magazines.
USEFUL VOCABULARY:
To make suggestions:
A useful suggestion would be to…… In order to solve/deal with ….
Another solution / way to …..is / would be to It would help if you/we/. ……
The problem could be solved by…….. The situation could be improved if ........
Steps/Measures should be taken ............. It would be a good idea if ………
To present results and consequences:
This would …… Then … …In this way ....... If ... ……., the result would be…...
By doing this,…… you / we /etc The effect / consequence / result of …..would be .
would………
MODEL
How can WE make OUR city a better place to live?
Heavy traffic, air pollution and litter are among the most serious problems modern cities face
nowadays. Ours is no exception. What can we do, then, to help make our city more pleasing to its residents?
First of all, it would be a good idea to encourage people to use public transport instead of their cars
especially when commuting to work. The result would be fewer cars on the roads, and therefore fewer traffic
jams.
Secondly, steps should be taken in order to solve the problem of air pollution. The situation could be
improved if factories were moved out of the city. If this
happened, the air would not be so polluted.
Finally, efforts should be made to make our city a cleaner and healthier place to live. A useful
suggestion would be to put more litter bins in the streets. If this was
done, people would stop dropping their rubbish on the ground, and our city would be cleaner.
There are many ways to make our city a better place to live. Adopting some of these measures would
definitely result in better conditions for everyone.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT:
ask for some expert advice be over someone / sth

carefree life It would be a big success
collision Just think!
consider it carefully keep busy
cope with keep in touch
determined to continue make a tough decision
dilemmas make decisions by throwing dice
fall in / fall out make up his mind
feel a little concerned phone a helpline
give up Problems came up.
65
have a huge argument respect and admire
have their own ideas slight problem
solicitor He is desperately keen to do this.
His life was trouble-free. sort the problem out
ignore the problem swept away
It would have been much more sensible and more supportive of him.
It would have been wrong to force her to give up.
Honesty is the best policy. Tomorrow is another day

Time and tide wait for no man. If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.
Second thoughts are better. As you make your bed, so you must lie upon it.
A change is good as a rest. If you want a thing done well, do it yourself.
Good counsel does no harm. He that never climbed never fell
.Grasp all, lose all. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
Lean compromise is better than a fat lawsuit.
A trouble shared is a trouble halved
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
If you are not part of the solution, you are part of the problem
If you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have.
Pre-writing task 1
1.1 Look at the problems (1-5) and match them to the solutions (a-e). Which of these problems do you
think is the most / least serious? Can you think of anymore problems and solutions?
PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
1. air pollution a) provide more litterbins
2. heavy traffic b) move factories out of the city
3. nowhere for people to walk c) encourage people to use public transport
4. nowhere for children to play d) build more parks and playgrounds
5. litter e) build wider pavements
1.2 Match the solutions above to each of the results below. Then talk about the problems, solutions and
their results, as in the examples.
RESULTS
a. there would be fewer cars on the roads
b. the streets would be cleaner
c. the air would no longer be dangerous to breathe
d. children would have somewhere safe to play
e. people would be able to move around more easily
e.g. If people were encouraged to use public transport, there would be fewer cars on the roads. So, the traffic
would not be so heavy.
Pre-writing task 2
Read this excerpt from a psychology magazine. Sort out the problems and solutions mentioned there.
Express your opinion. Pay your special attention to a correct use of reflexive and reciprocal pronouns.
SELF - TALK
Self-talk is the way we explain a problem to ourselves. It can affect how we feel and how we act. Take
the case of Tom and Sara. They both laid off their jobs, but their reactions were very different.
Sara frequently called her friends, continued her free-time activities, and kept herself fit. Tom, on the
other hand, spent all his time by himself, didn’t allow himself to have a good time, and gained ten pounds.
66
Why were their reactions so different from one another? They both lost their jobs, so the situation
itself can’t explain Tom’s problems. The main difference was the way Tom and Sara explained the problem to
themselves. Sara told herself that the problem was temporary and that she herself could change it. Tom saw
himself as helpless and likely to be unemployed forever.
Positive self-talk can make the difference between winning and loosing, Many athletes use self-talk to
help themselves succeed. For example, golf pro Jack Nicklaus used to imagine himself making a winning shot
just before he played. Olympic swimmer Summer Sunders prepares herself for a race by smiling. One sports
psychologist believes that Olympic athletes are not very different from one another. – they are all the best in
their sports. When the top athletes compete against each other, the winner is the one with the most powerful
positive “mental movies”.
Psychologists say that ordinary people themselves can use these techniques as well. We can create
“mental movies” to help themselves succeed tin difficult situations.
Pre-writing task 3
Read the article about setting goals. Comment on the advice given. Then complete the worksheet for
yourself, using future time clauses.
GO FOR IT !!!!
What are your dreams for your future? Are you going to get your degree by the time you are twenty-
two? Will you start your own business before you turn forty?
We all have dreams, but they won’t become really until we change them to goals. Here’s how:
 Put your dreams on paper.
When you write your dream down, it will start to become a goal. Your path will be a lot clearer.
 Now list your benefits.
For example, Latoya Jones is going to go back to university as soon as she saves enough money. One benefit:
she’ll get the job she wants when she has her degree. When things get tough, Latoya will read her list and
remember the benefits.
 Write down smaller goals.
It’s easier to reach a goal when you break it down into steps. Before Latoya applies, she’s going to look at
university catalogs. She won’t decide on a school until she visits several of them.
 Act today.
Will you watch TV before dinner tonight or read university catalogs? After you know your smaller goals, it
will be easier to make these small decisions every day.
GOAL PLANNING WORKSHEET
I. Write your major goal.

(e.g. I’ll get a highly-paid job after I graduate)
_______________________________________________________________________________
II. List three benefits of achieving your goal.

(e.g. When I get a highly-paid job, I’ll have enough money to buy a car)
III. How will you reach your goal? Write down smaller goals.
(e.g. Before I have a job interview, I’ll improve my computer skills)
Pre-writing task 4
67
Read the extracts, identify each person’s problem, then read the advice Auntie Claire gives each one of
them. Which piece of advice matches each problem? Write a short essay mentioning the problems of the
people and their possible solutions.
A
I moved to London with my family a month ago. I haven’t made any new friends yet and I miss my old friends.
I’m going to start at my new school next week but I don’t want to. I’m afraid my new schoolmates will tease
me because of my accent. I think I’ll be miserable there. I want to go back to my village. What can I do?
B
I’m a working mother with a two-month-old son. My house is very far from my workplace. If I carry on
working there, I‘ll miss out on the pleasure of spending time with my son. I’m thinking of applying for a part-
time job in a place which is much nearer, but if I get the job, I’ll earn a lot less money and I’ll have no chance
of promotion. Could you please help me?
C
I am 65 and I have always been kept busy with my shop, but I will be retiring in February, so I’m not going to
have anything to do. I’m an active person and it will be impossible for me to sit around the house. If I spend my
time just going on pensioners’ trips or walk s in the park, I’ll feel useless. Any ideas?
Auntie Claire writes:

1
The best thing you can do is to stop worrying. There are so many things you can do to feel useful. How about
taking up a hobby which you never had time for before? You could also do some work for charities and help
others with your experience and abilities.
2
You ought to think about what is best for your family. If you can afford to live on less money, then you should
apply for a part-time job. This will be much better for you because you’ll have much more time for your son.
Alternatively, if your present workplace has got a child-minding centre for its employees’ children, I strongly
advise you to stay. In this way you’ll be close to your son and you can also seek promotion. Hope this advice is
of some help to you.
3
I don’t think you should worry so much. Why don’t you join a gym? You’ll make lots of friends there. If I were
you, I wouldn’t be afraid of starting at the new school. If you go there with a positive attitude, I’m sure that
everything will be OK.
Pre-writing task 5
Read the story. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. What could you advise a
person who thought his/her life was boring? Write a short essay.
A sad story of a sad man

One Sunday evening two men ________ (meet) in a London pub. One of them looked very unhappy.
”Life is terrible, everything in the world is really boring,’ he said.
“Don’t say that,” said the other man. “Life is marvelous! The world is so exciting! Think about Italy. It’s a
wonderful country! _____ you ever ______ (be) there?”
“Oh, yes. I _____ (go) there last year and I ______ (not like) it.”
“Well, __ you __ (be) to Norway? _____ you ever ____ (admire) the midnight sun?”
“Oh, yes. I _____ (visit) that country in 1997 and I ______ (see) the midnight sun.I ____ (not enjoy) it.
“Well, I _____ just ____ (return) from a safari in Africa. ______ you ____ (travel) in Africa yet?”
“Yes, I _______ (go) on safari in Africa last year and I _______ (climb) Mount Kilimanjaro. I _______ (feel)
exhausting. It was really boring.”
“Well,’ said the other man. “I think that you’re very ill. Only the best psychologist can help you. Go to see
Dr. Greenbaum in Harley Street.”
“I am Dr. Greenbaum.” answered the man sadly.
IV. Perform the following writing task

Write an essay “ If I were a psychologist: how to find solutions to problems”. Remember the notes how
to write discursive essays.
68
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Basic coursebooks
1. Cunningham S. New Cutting Edge Intermediate Student’s Book / S. Cunningham, P. Moor. – Oxford:
Longman, 2008. –175 p.
2. Carr J. New Cutting Edge. Intermediate Workbook / J.Carr, F. Eales. – Oxford: Longman, 2008. – 97
p.
Supplementary coursebooks
1. Evans V. Successful Writing Intermediate Student’s Book / Virginia Evans. – Oxford: Express
Publishing, 2008. – 153p.
2. Evans V. Enterprise 3 Pre-Intermediate Student’s Book / V. Evans, J. Dooley. – Oxford: Express
Publishing, 2009. – 198 p.
3. Evans V. Enterprise 3 Pre-Intermediate Wookbook / V. Evans, J. Dooley. – Oxford: Express
4. Evans V. Enterprise 4 Intermediate Student’s Book / V. Evans, J. Dooley. – Oxford: Express
5. Evans V. Enterprise 4 Intermediate Wookbook / V. Evans, J. Dooley. – Oxford: Express Publishing,
2009. –98 p.
69
6. Evans V. Upstream Intermediate Student’s Book / Virginia Evans. – Oxford: Express Publishing,
2009. – 222 p.
7. Evans V. Upstream Intermediate Workbook / Virginia Evans. – Oxford: Express Publishing, 2009. –
102 p.
8. Harmer J. How to Teach English. / Jeremy Harmer. – Oxford: Longman, 2010. – 287 p.
9. Redston C. Face2Face Intermediate Student’s Book / C. Redston, S. Cunningham. – Oxford:
Longman, 2009. –160 p.
10. Redston C. Face2Face Intermediate Wookbook / C. Redston, S. Cunningham. – Oxford: Longman,
2009. –89 p.
11. Sharman E. Across Cultures / Elizabeth Sharman. – Oxford: Longman, 2010. – 158 p.
12. Soars L. New Headway Intermediate Student’s Book / Luisa Soars. – Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2007. – 157 p.
13. Soars L. New Headway Intermediate Wookbook / Luisa Soars. – Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2007. – 103 p.
70
НАВЧАЛЬНЕ ВИДАННЯ
(англійською мовою)
Пінчук Лариса Миколаївна

до комунікативного комплексу «New Cutting Edge (Intermediate)»
для студентів факультету іноземної філології освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «бакалавр»
Рецензент Ваніна Г.В.

Відповідальний за випуск Ружин К.М.
Коректор Пінчук Л.М.
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«ЗАПОРІЗЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ»

ДРУГА ІНОЗЕМНА МОВА (АНГЛІЙСЬКА)

ДРУГА ІНОЗЕМНА МОВА (АНГЛІЙСЬКА)

Навчальний посібник з формування навичок писемного мовлення до комунікативного комплексу

Written grammar Spoken grammar

U. You WAN2..? Do you want to…?

MODULE WRITING TASKS

MODULE 3. Around the world

MODULE 4. Life stories

MODULE 6. In the media

MODULE 8. Things you can’t live without

MODULE 9. Future society

MODULE 10. An amazing story

MODULE 11. Rules and freedom

MODULE 12. Dilemmas

MODULE 1 All about you

A composition describing people

I. Activate words and collocations from your student’s book:

to be really into to work full-time to be exhausted

II. Memorize extra vocabulary:

well-educated, clever, intelligent, witty, sharp- uneducated, silly, slow-witted, weak-witted,

II. Memorize extra vocabulary:

A sound mind in a sound body. Beauty lies in lover’s eyes.

 The only thing we have to fear on this planet is man.

Topic Main points

e.g. My mother has a fantastic sense of humour.

Complete these descriptions using the adjectives in the list

Techniques to start your story

An interesting beginning is as important as an interesting ending. An interesting beginning will catch

Techniques to end your story

I. Activate words and collocations from your student’s book:

afterwards invent a story recognise sb.’s handwriting

IV. Perform the following writing task:

I. Activate words and collocations from your student’s book:

abandon delight natural wonder

II. Memorize extra vocabulary:

world-famous landmarks breathtaking beauty shopping centre

Take / make a trip. So many countries, so many customs

Underline the topic sentences in the main body paragraphs.

An Ideal Seaside Resort

Wales – the Land of Song

V. Perform the following writing task:

MODULE 4. Life stories

I. Activate words and collocations from your student’s book:

admire go to university look like

II. Memorize extra vocabulary: proverbs / idioms

After storm comes a calm. Any port in a storm.

IV. Perform the following pre-writing tasks:

V. Perform the following writing task:

Discursive compositions expressing opinions

Useful Words and Phrases

I. Activate words and collocations from your student’s book:

advance do a temporary job solicitor

II. Memorize extra vocabulary: idioms / proverbs / words of wisdom

Be of high promise Waste not, .want not.

Are YOU a successful leader?

MODULE 6 In the media

Useful Language for Writing Reviews

Background General comments

acting local news superb

II. Memorize extra vocabulary: idioms / proverbs

Beneath criticism Devour the book

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