Who can Wink?

In Chapter 6, we learned about probabilities of events happening and the different ways
they can happen. For example, the probability of a success or failure based on the data given.
There are multiple components to the probabilities of events. They are listed below.
A random variable is a quantitative variable x if the value that x takes on in a given
experiment or observation is a chance or random outcome. In simpler terms, it means that it has a
quantity that has a numerical value for each group, specifically ones who are in a frequency
distribution. It is a variable where the values depend on outcomes of a random event. An
example of a random variable is tossing a coin and the set of values to each event would be the
coin landing on heads or tails. Therefore, the random variable would be the set of values which is
landing on heads or tails. A discrete random variable is a variable in which the value is obtained
by counting. An example of this is the number of blue marbles in a jar or how many students are
in a grade. A continuous variable is a variable in which the value is being obtained by measuring.
An example of this is the height of students in a class or the distance traveled in between two
classes.
The probability distribution is the probability that something will happen out of all
possible outcomes. The key components of the probability distribution includes the probability
distribution having a probability assigned to each distinct value and the sum of all assigned
probabilities must be 1. The mean of a probability distribution is the expected value of the
outcome. It’s the average value of a random variable having a specific distribution. Methods of
calculating the mean for a probability distribution are μ = Σ xP(x) or inputting the outcomes and
the probabilities of receiving those outcomes. The outcomes go in list 1 and the probabilities of
receiving those outcomes go in list 2. Secondly you hit STAT and go to CALC and hit 1: 1-Var
Stats, then hit L₁,L₂. Then hit enter and it will show the equations. On the calculator shows x bar
but it is equivalent to; therefore, the answer would be the number at x bar. An example of the
mean of a probability distribution would be rolling a dice and the probability of rolling 1-6 and
those probabilities are ⅙. If you plug that into your list 1 and 2 the mean is 3.5. This number
means that you have equal chances of rolling a 3 or a 4 because they are in the middle. Expected
value is what we expect to happen from the probability distribution. This value is usually equal
to the mean because the mean is the average of an event occurring. Standard deviation for a
probability distribution measures the dispersion of the data related to the mean. It is calculated by
taking the square root of the variance. You can find this on your calculator the same way you
find the mean but instead of looking at x bar, you look at σ . In the example of rolling dice the
standard deviation would be 1.7. This means that since 1.7 is farther away from 3.5 the chances
of rolling a 3 or a 4 is more spread out.
Binomial experiment is a statistical experiment that consists of n repeated trials. Each of
these trials can result in only two outcomes. The key components include, there is a fixed
number of trials, the n trials are independent and repeated under identical conditions, each trial
has only two outcomes: success or failure, for each individual trial, the probability of success is
the same, and to find the probability of r successes out of n trials. For binomial experiments, it is
unusual for the number of successes to be higher than μ +2.5 σ or lower than μ -2.5 σ . An
example of a binomial experiment is flipping a coin 2 times and counting the number of times it
lands on tails. This is a binomial experiment because it only has two outcomes and the
probability of success is the same. N represents the number of trials, p represents the probability
of success, q represents the probability of failure, and r represents the number of successes.
There are three methods for computing binomial probabilities: the formula which is
n!
P (r) = r!(n−r)! · pr · q (n−r) . Using the calculator: hit 2nd Vars, next hit binompdf. This will bring
up the data you need to input into your calculator by plugging in the number of trials first, then
comma and inputting the probability of success, then comma and inputting what you are trying to
find and then press enter and it will give you your answer. Or use the table in the back of the
book on page A3. The mean for binomial distributions is the expected number of successes of
the data set. The formula that can be used are μ =np. N represents the number of trials and p
represents the probability of success. For example, rolling a dice. The expected value of rolling
heads in 100 trials is 50. Therefore, you would multiple 100 which is n by .50, which is the
probability of success. The answer is 50 which means the expected number of landing on heads.
Standard deviation for a binomial distribution is a numerical value of how widely the data values
are spread from each other. The formula that can be used is σ = √npq N represents the number
of trials, p represents the probability of success, and q is the probability of failure, which can be
found by subtracting p from 1. An example would be flipping a coin 5 times and expecting to
land on tails. N is 5, p is .50 and q is .50 because 1-.50=.50. You multiply all those together to
get 1.25 and then take the square root of that and you get 1.12. This number represents how
widely getting a heads or tails is spread from each other.

97% of people can wink with at least one eye. In a group of 8 people, what is
the probability that more than 5 can wink? What is the probability that
exactly 7 can wink?
This equation is a binomial distribution because in this distribution there are only two
possible outcomes: either you can wink with at least one eye or you can’t. There are also only a
fixed amount of trials and the trials are independent of each other. If 97% of people can wink
with at least one eye the probability that in a group of 8, more than 5 can wink is .9987chances.
We found this number by plugging in the data values 3 different times using 6, 7, and 8 into my
calculator using 2nd VARS and inputting the data in binompdf. Then adding those 3
probabilities together to get the chance of more than five people winking. The probability that
exactly 7 can wink with at least one eye is .1939 chances. We used the same method to find this
value as the one used in the previous question.