200 fh evox OF TH MAES days, and cost the insurgents the death of Crispulo and General Zabala. On March 25, the Span ‘lpine-lines with all their fury and ‘rebels with heavy losses Imus sas occupied by the enemy on the same day. Pressed al Lachamtte in te direction of Noveleta and by Sherny in the lmus-Dasmarihan sector, Gen- olerred hia headquarters from Lays t© San Francisco de Malabon, the Mapdiwang stronghold ™ "The stuation of the rebels waa serious by mid-March 1897 and the fare looked dar On the one hand their armé and amrounition were not sufficient to turn the Sie of bate while on the other, there was no unilied “ad that could take the inibative and the responsi- oct of their encal situation. The confit of Shee reniks ied to disastrous results, and Cusles among the leaders gave the enemy the EEEUGE cpportunity to disperse and rout-them with dis Botrcus consequences. Yet, in spit of this, the Span- Tero Nere not able to consolidate their gains effectively, BES Gd not have an etective genefal plan of combat EEE loon, Moreover, the war of liberation in Cuba JuS speed the meources and manpower of Spain, and TRE cau Recruit, who were unaccustomed to. tropical cli SEicand terrain, felt sweaty and miserable. Demoraliza- Cen sariin leading, in Apait 1697, to the resignation of Reais Seneral Camilo e Polavia, who feigned ill: feath to save face:‘The insurgents, though racked with ty jealousies and lacking a responsible unified com Bet ealoasieless employed wih effective results the Fherila tactics that harasged and depleted the ranks of Seervey, And the Spanish populace of Manila and of the distant provinces, ervous and impatient owing to the dearth of soldiers to protect them, were demoralized dnd found themselves unable to cope with the rapidly Changing scene. Thus, stalled on all front ts, both sides temporarily lay by ané biigy ng id concluded the Truce of Biyak-na- Srey ts the end of the year. # i Heong ,TeobeRO b. (noe). The rete tae, Osses + te story ry. Ronit und dhe ane Twelve, Seeds of Discontent simultaneous attacks upon the Spanish garrisons convent, folowed by the dismal fase of Goverset- General Blanco to smash the imaurgemt power, the Katipunan of Cavite, divided into two factions, the Magdivang and the Magdalo, immediately proceeded to Teorganize the province siong partisan lince. Bache I THe FIRST Mush of rebel victory climaxing the Set enrhibeneers serene te neptiro cea a Reet ae a Se eee oe cpataaks ane meme ee oat eee eee ee the following men to adfninister its government: Mariano oe eee‘REVOLT OF MAE MASSES 2, Maan Tia, Minster of Grace and Main Mito sr Surge cence Chet Begs Monte: Maser “ins ae Rene ant Mebane Rego de Bis Suter Costanes it the rn of Bogue Gor: hae hand he Mogi etl the oe Sane Sn eenn of ts qremment Bedomers Etat tate chide fvene, inter f Wa CQeDS SES Miter er nance emo Apna, See ee ut! Ease Brongn Cesena SRE Gebel Compl Apo, Rs wy Cammdnders withthe tank of Brig General SLGTpaactn ate Mops cpa a Bare er ne ey fr af Noman when o"Sanee beta a oleae, te etal wat 9 seer Abin adit to Nae ete pr ts Capa Ka se ws Sab ano ato, Nal and Sreielon tllessinay treat teat ST Se ita te make ee 1 EE Se Lae unions een seed SORT Terentia te he hearts ce SSS owed on a white bacrarounds SEES) tac aa an ng Deyo in ee ae gai win und fr fe tees eS TUE Ne Sane niga the Pretents Fe Me ges mits wore aot closed. The SOMERS Ayman ncn he wee SSCS rag re oy to ich cach Se So cc of ar fad ave X ona hte wees nun nthe cap, a sun onthe et rest Seseune {atest te len however, de not go Bo ae apie see adn have he Elin ooo ie unorn? Tee Coe id ys facts, aces rane in se fale hire apace aig fm he RE A aon oid ver he her, Since ee tote Be le one tebe vitae, neler Seehof Dacontnt o Awol bow fo the other Or allow itself to be paced under Xt vale command. There was no serious open breech bur the alent conc, more ominous than i appeared on the surface, dhreatencd to wreck the unity that in the beginning had done much to prevent the foe from overrunning the whois province apd annihilating the revo ton at is very inception, Te was this confit, more than anything cle, that led to the rebel defeat at the hanes of Polavieja. The Mogswang faction, believing that as the initiate of the revokution sn Catte ft had the priority Nght to rule over the insurgents of the province, looked with disdain at the way the Mopdalo men refused to cooperate with it The Maga followers, Believing that most of the Victories in the whole temtary were won by ther leaders, wanted to appear the stronger and, therefore, the bette™ Fitted to rule “The situation, though not ao serious on the surface, led the Magdiwang men to invite Andres Bonifacio to visit Cavite and see for himself all that had been accomplished by the revolutionsts in that azea and to intervene in the coaflict A delegate was sent to lok for the Supremo in the mountains of Montalban ané Mariquina © apprise him of the urgent necessity of mediating an the widening rift between the bo popular counels. Bonifacio, informed fof the situation, refused to heed the request of the ‘Magdivang leaders on the ground that in order to succeed in the revolution against Spain the leaders must not be concentrated in a single place. This preliminary contact with the Supremo resulted in the periodic exchanges of communications between him and the Magdiwang chieftaids, On the third invitation, written by Artemio Ricarte upon the instruction of Mariano Alvarez, Bonifacio acceded to the request. With his wife and two brothers, Ciriace and Procopio, Bonifacio let for Cavite about the riddle of December 1896.° Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido ‘Drona gnd Edilberto Evangelista were on hand to meet the Supremo and his entourage at Zapote. It was at this preliminary meeting that a misunderstanding aroseae REOAT OF Ps MASS Lenecen the Matai lenders ast Bonitaco, foc the former, Spr waz (rom Bonidacio’s gestures and Eqacd remanet scbmerget and fared wp only 2 ter mut Asem Borie wat Pevught bythe rebel tiers to the house as, where ie was visited by Dae ‘Sen Prancaco de Malabon, the people sbouted, “Long Boe fe rier of the Paippines” wo which Bontacic sweet Lang le Pisigpine Sony” Upon artiting at Malabon, be was quieres othe bose of Santen Recon and, lao, Gee nase of Mes. Eetelansa Formas, where be waged {S the qpercecde cpm he toes Apes 18ST Tee sesmoerersnces Tit exinted between the Solermers of the Mapdauang #04 tne Magtiale, we tmatractie oh the Kaspanay plans, Crepened nto mutual suspicion and jpaizssies “at saitary reverses = several ‘sectors. Poiavisja's counter-cflenacves ied to tae fa of (several tere thera ea by the rabeia, and the arcade Head of the Katpunan woo was called upon 1 mediate | bemween the ten Sacerns, Somiianio was expected 1 show sepertelry. But bis actors in the case were ected (Ge Daw 2,by hiseregard for his wife's unele, Mariano Alvarez, the fent of the Magdubang—a fact, that aggravated the situation. *Bven 40, the Maqdafo meh dja not show their Fesentment but-kept sifent in order to prevent further misunderstanding between the folloers, of both camps. ‘Seeing that Bonacio had called his Ministers, Baldomero Aguinaldo, President of the Magrialo, without being in- vied, sat to the le of Borufacio. General Emilio Aguinaldo, [Scoing his position as a Purely mulitary one, was content to be a mere observer, He had, however, a plan of his fown, Since it was the intention of his faction to propose the establishment of a revolutionary government, he had Gecided beforehand that in the coming election for the Sideney he would nominate-and support Bdilberto Evangelisia, since amorig them all “Evangelista was the best educated"? Bonifacio knew of Aguinaldo's active clectioneering in favor of Evangelista and was deeply hurt, for as founder and Supreme Head of the Katipunan he felt that the presidency should be gwen to him as a reward. ‘The assembly opened with Bonifacio as Chairman. It was evident, when Baldomero Aguinaldo made the pro: posal to establish a revolutionary government, that the fro factions would never come t6 an understanding, The ‘Magdalo men contended that the-continuance of the Katpanan goverbment was no longer necessary, for since theatart of the Revolution’ the Society had ceased to re. fnain a secret society and must therefore be supplanted Bone that woyld etter fit the situation. The Magdalo People fyrther contended that being small, Cavite must Petlbe divided between the two factions. On the other and, the Magdivang followers argued tat the Katipunan ircady had a congtitutionsand by-laws dilly approved and Gniorced in the Islands and that, by virtue of this, provin Eu ad municipal governments in aid around Manila had fdircedy been established. There-vwad, therefore, no ne- Genny of establishing a new government.” Even s0, the Grapiduong Minister of Wat, Ariston Villanueva, stood up aeons vhat ia sie government was to be established, Seeds of Dioner » Andres Bonifacio, who Id organized and planned the en tire revolutionary movement, must of right eccupy the presic dency without any election. Purther, he pointed out that * Chiirman and Suprero, Bonifacio should be gven blan- ket authority to appoint the Ministers. The Magdalo group strenuously objected and insisted on an election, The dis: Cussion became heated and did not accomplish any tang ble result The assembly was adjourned and each faction left without any definite understanding." Suspicions and jealousies continued to plague the ranks of the rebels, and even among the members of the fame faction petty quarrels continued to come up. The ‘Magdala followers suspected the Magdiwang of courting the favor of the Spaniards, while the same suspicion was feroused in the Magdiwang aa regards the Magdalo, In a Situation where the Magdalo needed the help of the Magdivang, the latter, to which Bonifacio belonged, re- fused to come to the aid of the former." Moreover, the ‘Magdicang followers were themselves occupied, now and then, with petty jealousies and quarrels that tended to demoraliae the soldiers. Thus, when the town fiesta of ‘San Francisco de Malaton was held in January 1897, the rebels, then enjoying the afterioon games, were di turbed by'a series of rile shots that sent them scamper- ing away to places of safety. Thinking that the enemy ‘was approaching, Ariston Villanueva and Santiago Alvarez + gathered their men and prepared to meet an attack. They Inter found out that the rie shots came from the men of Captain Mariano San Gabriel, also a Magdiwang man, who, trigger-happy, had fired several shots in the air. ‘Alvarea's men tried to disarm the offending soldiers, but instead were themselves disarmed. Alvarez was furious fand demanded that San Gabriel disarm his men. The latter refused and left for Noveleta. It was only through [Ricarte’s intervention that the two men, Alvarez and San Gabriel, were brought together again as comrades." ‘The situation had not eased up a bit when the leaders ‘of the Magdiwang planned to hold another convention, this208 WH REVOLT OF THE MASSES time in the estatehoune of Tejeros, a Mapdiwang teritory situated about two kilometers from San Francisco de Malabon and about halla holometer from the town proper Gf Salinas ‘The government under the Mogdalo, comprising the towns of Kait, Bakood and imus, was at the time seriously Uceatened by Ure Spanish army which occupied the estate-house of Salitrat and which had dug in as a preparatory step tothe bate that was about to commence. General Emilio Aguinaldd, leading the Magdalo solders, faced the Spaniards in Sabitran, a bao between the towns of mus and Dasmanias twas Mitch 29) 1897) Aguinaldo's birthday; when simultaneously the bate raged and the assembly convened at Tejeros. “The delegates’ mostly belonging to the Magdiwang, lasily tcooped that sultry afternoon to the spacious es- tate-house of Tejeros. Some of the men were barefoot; thers wore buf Hats oF were dressed in barong Tagalog They came from all directions: from Kavwit, Noveleta and Imus to the north; from Tanga to the west; and from San Francisco de Malabon to. the northeast. The estate-house, surroundeg by stone walls and built in the middle of the Six hectare farm owned by, the friars and now in rebel hhands, had a fO-meter frontage. The entrange was through an arched gate conriected to the rear arched gate by a jong and wide corridor. To the fight, afew meters from the front gate, were tie stairs..Direetly opposite the staira was a storage room, and next to it, to"the rear, was the Chapel, Direcly opposite this and néxt to the stairs was hother storage room, Upthe stairs was the big hall, with the doors of try’ Tour rooms opening to it In the rear of room to the night were the dining room and the azotea that Commanded @ beautiful view of the fields around and the Shurky log Kawayan on whose banks thick clumps of bam- earn eae Rouse trom te glaze ofthe sun, The estate house slood alone i hatwide expanse of ela” Directly opposite the house and across the road was more iceland (tubigan). The long Yoad that commenced from the town of Salinas led directlv to San Francisco de Malabon, Seeds of Ocontent 209 fand half a kilométer from the estate-house it branched off to the right, where a-bridge connected the latter town to the town of Tanza or Santa Cruz de Malabon.* It was this place, the former summer resort of the friara, that witnessed the ffat important election held under the auspices of the Katipunan government. An invitation was sent by the Magdivang chieftains to the Magdalo followers to attend the meeting, but because of the battle then raging around the locality not all the ‘Megdalo leaders were able to attend. The Magdiwang was represented by Andres Bonifacio, Mariano Alvarez, Pascual Alvarez, Sqntiago Alvarez, Luciano San Miguel, Mariano Trias, Sevérino de las Alas, Santos Nocon and others, while the Magdalo was represented by Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, Cayetano Topacio, "Antonio, Montenegro and others. The estate-house buzzed with life a more rebels, some of them uninvited, came to the convention, It was past two ia the afternoon when the meeting was formally opesed ‘Lumbreras, acting president of the Magdiwang, Soke the chair and opened the convention” with intro- ductory remarks summing up the purpose of the mect- ing To hg right st Teadata Gonzales, aso a Madang who acted an seria, vein dee Al, Mégvang, immediately took the floor and that before dis- cussing ways and means of defending suck a small area fas Cavite, the convention assembled should first of all agzee upon the kind of government that should be set up to administer the whole country under the prevailing ci- cumstances, “From this government,” he said, “any thing that is necessary in the defense of the country can ema- nate." The presiding officer, however, reminded the spéaker that a government had already been established upon the founding of the Katipunan, its Supreme Coun- cil its Proviacial Councils and its Popular Councils, and that the meeting was called to adopt defensive mea tures. At this juncture, Bonifacio spoke and supple- mented Lumbreras’ explanation, calling the attention ofpe hoe anemia he Hanan Og wih 8 Ue i ae a atl te felon, nama, few ena ced tn be Suprema er tery, De Ale te Gg et Kapa did not in any way identify the kind of government that they pa a renee oe Eh inet dca te Ramone ae ae pan nee en, ogni te Saree me Eqn cana he obs Swans Doane ac Avan fhe Son of setae On eter om? eo reput gnowhere and tempers Tan wages een wet Feri ob pao ew Bo a ee geen the men of Oe tame faction. In ent unfortunate moment, a’ Magdalo man, faction nao wort, aoaing ee topo fonlo Mone Barc! wee noth upon Selmi nae le ae een nar pack of hn robe, o le "sul wana fe Te mo er oe ae eG tha smeting be in oad fi era government organized, couched lf & So a ees of te Mogdiang tees eae ckede ange tak the SEA eee sacpance a Nene Soot and nT fC pec tone wer rer Me ce Gvermantegaey Ie M08 te Pape. And yu va Sh a af gore yu ean bk Sear be cn ana mete autor fone Fo ro aly dane. Ans, you ean Spaniards, a5 we Nee and nobody would interfere with wateer Se want edged wth ¢ meaning fal of Titcmesstwe of Cave do ot ned and will never eed Wviser of your own standing orily.” ary cro oe erase eof Sang Are boomed inside tie spacious sala. His bodyguards, plant pear the-siairs, moved ominguely—all set to fire at those Seed of Obconen. An Inside the hall. Lumbreras, sensing the explosive situation, tactfully called a recess to give aulctent ie for the angry men to cool off. At the end of an hour, the meeting was resumed. Jacinto Lumbreras, seeing that it would be us less for him te continue to preside in such an atmosphere, refused to take the chair, saying: “Aa the question under discussion is completely outside of what is mentioned in the ogenda of the meeting and {9 concerned inatead with the establishment of an over-all government of the revol ton, I should not continue to preside over this session = ‘Phen he took his seat mong the members, and Andres Bonifacio, who was acclaimed by all to suceced him, took the chair as the presiding officer by vite of his being the President ofthe Supreme Council ofthe Katipunan. He then called the meeting to order ard said: “As you desire to set Lup a supreme government to direct the revolution, abolish ing what was organized by the Katiounan and repudiating the resolution approved in the Assembly of imus,® as Presi= ent of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, 1 accede to Your just petition, but frst ofall { want to asle you to recog- ‘ize a principle a3 a basis of agreement in this or in other ‘meetings, Which is: that we respect and obey the will of the majority." Those present saw the justice and wisdom of his proposition and assented unaninously. The Republic of the Philippines was then and there proclaimed amidst enthusiastic hUrrahs, With a new form of government determined to take the place of the Katipunan, the’election of officers was then prepared. Nine Dlficers were to be elected by popular vote, namely, Presi dent, Vice-President, Captain-General, Director of War, Director of Interior, Director of State, Director of Finance, Director of Fomento and Director of Justice. Before pro” ceeding with the election, Bonifacio, probably assailed by doubte and avlare of his limitations, called the attention of all the electors representing the different regions of the Philippines to the principle that whoever would be elected should be recognized and respected regardless of hhis social condition and education, The proposal, madejz = = § < Sead of Oncantot “FLOOR: PLANS OF ‘THE’ ESTATE-HOUSE” “SECOND [LOOR: PLAN - xc GosRWAY eae CHAPEL, STABLES, t & Ene ss *TIRST: FLOOR: PLAN = ‘native of the place and prevent (1987) occupant of the former catel, Arsenio Salvador, 68, described the enate-house tothe writer ftnd raade a sketoh of on the ground, This page and the preceding present an art's conception of the former eatate-house a i must Fave looked tefore it wae burned by the insurgents. The bulding Hoot and the fist and second floor plans are based on the oral description finished by Mr. Arsenio Salvador.inthe form of a mere matemeiitand venlider, as ap- See har convention vey few, a any, were men Brew Aicetual ainments The balits were pre- oe i latibuted. The balloting sas made sucees ae tie oie of the,Peemdent wan fast voted sie ont Sade one other offices were filed in sine eee eee the ballots ware cast forthe presidency ae es ieuo mon in ubuortacér Rnb ania sre Afunane Trias, The Preawent-clect was proclaimed Shin lu shot and applause nats ne ballots weve cayt for the Vie-Preskency. ses oe aa Alan soot up snd muggssted that in a8 Severin oe eerie had reselved the second largest Fe ae ote should automaticaly be alowed to ae ee omaudenry The men assembled appeared ce ee magmention, there being no one who sae 2 jlcaponoved in, Consequently, Honifaclo Sori ct canupary myth tie election of the Viet: President Mariano Trine, was elected to the position over Fe ei, Semrino de Ins Alas and Mariano ater ie tcedap pl the Captain-General came next ae a i anny secretary of Ue convention, came aan ig himgen, Wah modesty thal 9pr2nk Oe i te a of re eaponsliy attached 10 the Co isi nvsiapoe! declare: ‘one beter than Pea Ho natone and fine: the, pion wth Ko me uiywonorn mes ton my wat aly and strength, to me it iso very honorable position but its hhorwzon iv too wide for mye: so Vrequest the asembly not to resent my refusal tu; accept it * Ricurte's modesty, rare upesnnd, paced efeive: Cris of dsapproal followed his request to be relieved, and tHe disturbance toe a ee saat followers ofthe General forced eat i the meting (9 dre, Then "Ko geting aor go ore have to proceed to the election Wo dark eis somebody noggeated ato order to aa ete cieation to tne remaining postions, the eaters stvould atep’t0.one aide when their candidates sews of Dixortnt Py ‘were called, a proposal that vas immediately approved In this manner, the following were elected: Direct of War, Emiliano Riogo de Divs, who won over Asiton Villanueva, Donlel Tiron ard Santiago Abrarez, Die Gfinteror Aires Bonlaci, fio won tet arian Neate fand Pascual Alvarez. ‘the election of Bonifacio pave rie to an incident that nearly ended in a bioody wffoe. Arist the acciamatione That followed the announerricnt of his election, Daniel Twona, « Mogdalo man, sto! sp An val “Th positon of Director of the Interior is az exalted one and it is nit eet that a person without » lawyer's diploma should sey i, We have in cr province x luwyer, Jove deh RRosarto; therelore, we abuld protest againet the elected fan serlaitned.* hn, sheniting, xt the top of hie von, be sided “Let us vote for Jone del Romario None, however, fools tp the suggestion which was shouted four teas Hevertheless,'Bonifacio felt insulted and he turned Crimeon sith anger, Controling himself, he demanded that Danial Twona tract what he had sa, “Did we nt tigre? he added, “that ve have to abide by the deainion of the majority whauever may be the social standing of lecled?” He Inlated that ‘Tirona give satisfaction to the assembly for hls defamatary words, But Troma igpered Bonifacio and tsled to love hime in the crowd, tn the flush of his anger, Bonifacio ¥/ipped out his pistol to fire fn Trona tut Meare grabbed his hand and thus prevented What might have been m trays: affair. The people then beyan to Feade the hail, and Bonifacio, frusteated and deeply wounded {n feeling, cried aloud “I, ax chairman of this assembly, and as President of the Supreme Counell of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly dissolved, and 1 annul all that fhas been approved and resolved.” With this parting state ment, he Jef the hal, followed by hie men.” ‘Tue argo oF visconrent, resulting from his failure to get the presidency, and which was watered by the unfortu-