RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

• Test for Carbohydrates

i. Test for Simple Sugar (using a known sugar)

A light green color of the solution turns into a red-brown which indicates a positive result.
Benedict's solution causes these sugars to turn green, yellow, orange or red when heated to boiling. The
color of a positive reaction depends on how much sugar is present (green indicates low levels; red high
sugar levels). The experiments show simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides; simple sugars).

ii. Test for Starch (using a known starch)

 For the water and iodine solution, there’s no change. The iodine remains brown, which means
starch is not present. After performing this experiment the students observed that no color change appears
in the solution, it means that starch is not present in the solution. On the other side, the starch and iodine
solution a blue-black color developed, which means starch is present.

In the case of the starch’s presence, the color of the solution changed. The color change should be
a blue-black color which appears only in the case of positive results which are that the starch is present in
the solution. The experiment shows complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides or starches).

• Test for lipids (using a known lipid)

The picture above shows the intensity of staining lipids between water and oil.

In the grease-spot test, samples of oil and some water are smeared onto a piece of filter paper. A
positive result for this test is a grease spot or a translucent spot remained on the filter paper. On the first
test which is water dropped into filter paper. The presence of colorless spot show and it was immediately
absorbed by the filter paper. While the second test which is oil dropped into filter paper. The presence of
a spot was shown. The water smear would become not translucent. But the smear of oil would keep
translucent for a long time. This is because most fat or grease are not as evaporative as water because they
have higher boiling points. The translucent effect left was due to the inability of light to pass through,
thus resulting in a spot on the filter paper. The experiment shows lipids (fats and oils), in which large
amounts of concentrated lipids leave a translucent stain on the paper.

• Test for Proteins (using a known protein)

 A purple color indicates a positive test for proteins which means the proteins are present. Blue
color indicates a negative test for proteins which means the proteins are not present. The solution remains
blue. The greater the concentration of peptide bonds, the greater the color intensity. If the concentration of
peptide bonds is low – such as when short-chain peptides are present - the color change is from blue to
pink.

• Test of the Unknown(s) (using one or more unknown sample(s)

Food Sugar Starch Lipid Protein

Tested
Magic + + - +
Chips
To identify if the magic chips has sugar, starch, lipids, and proteins, a sample was broke up with a
small amount of water and the following solutions were added, respectively: Benedicts, Iodine, Sudan IV,
and Buret. For the first try, the benedicts solution, the sample showed orange which indicates that there is
sugar found in the chips. The second try, for the iodine solution, the sample have reacted and changed its
color into black which also indicates that there is a starch that can be found in the chips. The same thing
happened in protein, using the buret solution, the sample have shown a change in color which is violet.
The color violet indicates that there is indeed a protein present in the chips. Lastly, the test for the lipids,
using the sudan IV solution, the students were able to observe the color of the sample change to dark red.
This indicates that there were no lipids present in the chips.
• DNA Extraction

The students were able to get a hold of the banana’s DNA. The DNA was greatly exposed when
the banana was mashed, adding the detergent helped break down the cell membrane and release DNA.
The straining process helped in separating the DNA to other substances. Finally, the alcohol has helped
by isolating the DNA and making it float (as seen in the first picture). The DNA was looked closely to by
getting a sample using a toothpick.