1. MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS OF PROJECTIVE DRAWINGS (MAPD) Instructions-Adult Form Descriptive definitions and pictorial examples of scoring factors can be found in the following references: Buck, J. The House-Tree-Person Technique; Revised Manual, Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1966. Hammer, E. The Clinical Application of Projective Drawings. Springfield, Illinoi Charles Thomas, 1967. Wenck, S. House-Tree-Person Drawings: An Interpretive and Diagnostic Handbook. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1988. The factors represented here were clinically validated on adults and are referenced in Ogdon, D. Psychodiagnostics and Personality Assessment. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1978. The outline of the MAPD followed the format of this reference. Scoring factors that seem obvious should be marked with an X while subtle or questionable factors marked with a question mark though there is some evidence that questionable scoring factors are as likely to be valid as obvious ones. Thus, I recommend all possible scoring factors be scored in this manner. When an item refers to the sex of the patient it is designated as "males", "females" or “male patient", "female patient” When an item refers to the sex of the figure drawn it is stated "male figure", or "female figure", or "figure of a male/female". Each item is associated with one or more hypotheses. A single statement may have many descriptive vords thet are believed to be associated together i.e. interrelated factors. Part of the statement may be valid while the rest of the statement may be less valid or false. For items where there are two or more hypotheses represented, validation of one statement does not imply validation of the other statements associated with that factor though all statements or any number could be valid for any particuler patient. Evaluation of a patients's drawings should stress traits validated by internal consistency (i.e. where several items score and have the same or similar hypotheses.) On the other hand, hypotheses obtained from only a single factor may be as equally valid and useful as a hypotheses with internal consistency.Note: Interpretation of H-T-P results should ultimately be corroborated with clinical impressions, and other psychological tests of a more objective and standardized nature (eg. MMPI, MCMI etc...) This form of the MAPD was prepared for the instructional and clinical use of the students or faculty, of the Wright State University School of Professional Psychology for any appropriated and ethical clinical or educational purposes determined by the user in accordance with the above instructions. H. Owen Ward, Jr., Ph.D.12. 1s 14, 15. 16. 17, a - 17 - REFERENCES Machover, K. (1949). Personality projection in the drawing of the human figure. Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas. Hammer, E. (1958). The clinical application of projective drawings. Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas. Howard, G. (1986). Dare we develop a human science. Notre Dame, Indiana: Academic Press. Swensen, C. (1957). Empiricel evaluations of human figure drawings. Psychological Bulletin, 54, 431-466. Swensen, C. (1968). Empirical evaluations of human figure drawings: 1957-1966. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 20-43. Hammer, E. (1965). Critique of Swensen's “Empirical evaluations of hunan figure drawings". In B. Murstein (ed.), Handbook of Projective Techniques (pp. 655-659). New York: Basic Books. Roback, H. (1968). Human figure dravings: Their utility in the clinical psychologist's armamentarium for personality assess- ment. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 1-19. Kahill, S$, (1984). Human figure drawing in adults: An update of the empirical evidence, 1967-1982. Canadian Psychology, 25, 269-297. Buck, J. (1966). The house-tree-person technique: Revised Manual. ‘los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Ebel, R. (1961). Must all tests be valid? American Psychologist, 16, 640-647. Meehl, P. (1965). Structured and projective tests: Some common problems in validation. In B. Murstein (Ed.), Handbook of Projective Techniques (pp.83-88). New York: Basic Books- Little, K. (1965). Problems in the validation of projective techniques. In B. Murstein (Ed.), Handbook of Projective Techniques. New York: Basic Books. Ward, H. (1990). Multilevel analysis of projective drawings: A wholistic validation study. (Doctoral dissertation, Union Institute). University Microfilms, No. 9033329. Lewin, K. (1936). A dynamic theory of personality: Selected papers. New York: McGraw-Hill. Allport, G. (1946). Personality: A psychological interpretation New York: Henry Holt. Klein, R. (1986). Questioning the clinical sefulness of projective psychological tests for children. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 7, 378-382. Ogdon, D. (1978). Psychodiagnostics and personality assessment. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.MAPD — ADULT FORM Name/Cods A. Erasing In moderation producing an improvement in drawing &. Flexible person with satisfactory adjustment Excessive Uncertain, restless and in conflict aver & decision Dissatisfied with him/herself Anxious and looking far help Chronically ill Overly amaous and may also have a underdeveloped conscience Organic/neurclogical disorder naore B. Placement Central a. A normal adjustment, reasonably secure person Insecure, rigid, especially in interpersonal relations unusally large or wide stance &. Aggressive tendencies t side a, Relatively stable and controlled behavior & c Tends to intellectualize to control emotions Tends to he introverted and inhibited 6. Oriented toward the future ©. Highly sensitive to environmental changes f. Negativistic, rebellious tendencies a. Impulsive, acting-out tendencies with desire for immeciate gratification b. Extroverted ar if appearing introverted then preoccupied with his/her needs Self-conscicus and/or self-centered Qverly oriented toward the past Feelings of uncertainty and apprehension High aggressive or sexual desire, or low energy level with tendency to cover up these desires b. High level of aspiration, striving hard for achievement or difficult goals c. Optimistic, sometimes unjustifiably d. Excessive Use of fantasy eg, daydreaming, T.V., wavies, ete ©. Tends to be emotionally distant and aloof f. Unsure of him/herself and tries to caver this up a. Feels insecure and inadequate bu. Tends to get depressed, perhaps with a defeatest attitude c. Concrete, reality-bound orientation (rather than theoretical or abstract) d. Calm, relatively stableUpper left a. Prone to immature behavior especially under stress b. Insecure, cautious, timid, witndrawn, excess fantasy ©. Anxious d. Severe mental/emotional condition, thought disorder, psychosis right a. Desires ta forget an unpleasent past b. Excessively optimistic In any corner a. Tends ta withdraw On edge or bottom of paper (especially with small, faint drawing) Ue a. Insecure and feels a need for support. b. Overly dependent and fears independent ection c. Anxious d. Tends to avoid new experiences and be absorbed in fantasy ©. Depressed Lower corner a. Excessive feelings of inferiority Lower left corner a. Depression and preoccupied with the past C. Pressure Consistent &, Normal and stable adjustment b. May experience episcdes of extreme withdrawal Unusually variable a. Up and down energy level b. Insecure, erratic In otherwise norwal drawings 2. Flexible, adaptive personality Unusually heavy Very tense Possible organic/neurelogical disarder High energy level Assertive, forceful, ambitious Aggressive with acting-out tendencies Anxious, particularily under stress Suspicious, law trust, paranoid traits . LackS conscience, antisocial traits Unusually light Insecure, hesitant, fearful, timid, inhibited Poor adjustment, weak ego strength Low energy level Anxious with obsessive traits, neurotic Depressed and indecisive yoseance wange D. Size Unusually large a. Aggressive with acting-out tendencies b. Expansive with euphoric or grandiose tendencies ¢. Feelings of inadequacy that are somewhat or mostly unconscious d. Emationally hyperactive, manicy1-0 ©. Organic/neurelegical conaition, alcoholism f. Weak conscience, antisocial traits g. Suspicious, low trust, parancid trait Unusually small a. Unhappy, insecure, defensive with low self-esteem, feelings of inferiority, inadequacy Anxious Inhibited, timid, shy with withdrawal tendencies Depressed Depends too much on others, with childish behavior Withdraws under stress Weak person, low ega strength . Compulsive traits, neurotic _2A. Normal drawings overall a. Low energy, low insight, superficial optimism 28. Very tiny a. Severly mental/emotianal condition, thought disorder yosnace —, Stroke, Line & Shading Directional preferences Horizonal mavement (males only) a. Weak, fearful and self-protective Vertical movement a. Assertive, determined, high activity level Curving line emphasis a. Healthy, flexitle yet somewhat: unconventional Rigid, straight line emphasis @. Rigid with aggressive or withdrawing tendencies Continuous changes in direction of stroke a. Insecure 2. Quality of strokes 28. Firm, unhesitating &. Secure, persistent, ambitious person Interrupted, . curvilinear &. Slow, indecisive b. Depends tac much on others c. Easily gives in to others, submissive, feminine Jagged lines/edges emphasized &. Impulsive, hostile, acting-out tendencies 20. Sketchy Insecure, timid Strives to get things just so, meticulous, precise Doubting, uncertain, indecisive Chronic pattern of maladaptive attitudes/tehavior, character disorder e. Hyperactive/expansive under stress 2. Straight, uninterrupted &. Decisive, quick-witted, self-assured, assertive Trewulous, shaky, uncoordinated &. Organic/neurclogical condition, alcoholism b&. Poor contact with reality, phychosis Vacillating direction, vague, interrupted lines a. Insecure, anxious, vacilliating 3 Lengin of Strokes ancoLong strokes Self-contrelled sometime to the point of over-inhibi tion Short, discontinucus strokes & Impulsive, excitable, possible psychasis/organicity SC. Very short, circular, sketchy strokes &. Anxious, depressed, timid, uncertain 4, Excessive shading and shaded strokes 4A. Random, scribbled shading a. Anxious b. Easily gives into others, submissive c¢. Suffers from chronic physical problems 48. Heavy shading a. Exaggerates and dramatizes complaints, overly sensitive, denies aggression, histrionic, neurotic b. Anxious and depressed 5. No shading 2 Chronic pattern cf maladaptive attitudes/behaviar, character disorder u __GENERAL DRAVING FACTORS A. Detailing 1. Lack of Getarl a. Feels empty, withdrawn or tends ta disregard convention bp. Suffers with stress related illness, psychosomatic c. Organic/neurological condition d. Sad, depressed essive detail a. Rigid, amcous, absessive-compulsive b. Overly sensitive, unhappy, critical, moralistic ©. Fears acting-out on impulses, views world as dangerous d. Suffers stress related illness, psychosomatic ©. Possitly develeping a severe mental discrder eg psychotic or organic 2A. With important details omitted a. Condition deteriorating, decompensating xtreme excessive detailing a. Moad swings, manic-depressive traits Bizarre details a. Severe mental/emotional condition, thought disorder Labeling of details a. Severe mental/emotional condition, thought disorder &. Distortions and Omissions Gross distortions a. Severe mental/emotional condition, thought disorder b, Organic/neurolégical candition Moderate distertians a. Anxious Onassion a. In conflict over_, (lyse in area of conflict?page 5 11-C C. Edges of Paper 1. Drawing on bottom edge a. Insecure and seeking support from others b. Depressive tendencies 2. Drawing using side edge a. Feeling restricted by environmental forces b. Strong needs for security c. Aggressive tendencies Edge preventing drawing completion a. Organic/neurological disorder At bottom a. Holds in anger then explosive episodes At left edge 2. Worries about the future At right edge a. Desires to escape an unpleasant past At top edge &. Excessive use of fantasy b. Achievement oriented, high drive level D. Groundline Treatment Groundlines spontaneously drawn az. Insecure and seeking security b. Unstable and seeking stability Very heavy ground] ines a. Anxieus Groundlines sloping downward #. Uncertain and fearful about the future On both sides cf figure a. Feels isolated, helpless, maternal dependency conflicts E. midline Emphasis tressing midline a. Poor self-concept, feelings of inferiority especially over body image Row of irrelevant buttens down midline &. Dependent, feels inferior physically with preoccupation over body functions F. Symmetry Extreme bilateral symmetry a. Anxious worrier, tends to forget unpleasant thoughts and intellectualize b, Emotionally cold, distant and over-contrelled ¢. Anxious, depressed and suffers stress related illness d. Insecure JA. Mechanical, formalistic or bizarre effects a. Suspicious, mistrustful, critical, poor relationships with a severe disorder 18. Drawing begun with measurement details or use of props a. Perfectionistic attitude and fear ef lesing control, may depersonalize under stressPage 6 In-F Marked disturbance of symmetry a. Feelings of insecurity and inadequacy b. Physically uncocrdinated eg. non-athletic c. Conflicts with self-concept possibly with sexual issues d. Careless, poor self-control, overactive with tendencies to act-out G. Transparencies Existant a. Anxious, severly disturbed person with poor judgement and sexual maladjustment H. Miscellaneous Drawing Factors Clouds spontaneously drawn a. Anxious Fragmentation inadvertently drawn a. Anwious Impotency (unable to respond to task) a. Organic/neurological disorder Mutilation er degradation of any drawing &. Aggressive, hostile persan Ferseverations a. Orgunic/neurolegical disorder Refusal to draw or complete a drawing a. Hostile negativism Shadews spontaneously drawn a. Anxious Sun spontaneously drawn large &. Feelings of inadequacy particularily with regard to authority figure relations Turning paper from presented orientation a. Hostile negativism 1 I. DRAWINGS OF PERSONS A. Head Unusually large a. Aggressive, expansive b. Ego-inflated, self-righteous, self-centered mistrusting, critical c. Overvaluation of intelligence d. High achievement aspirations ©. Uses fantasy excessively f. Immature, overly dependent and inhibited g. Poor emotional and social adjustment fh. Dissatisfaction with physique i. Anxious J. Organic/neurelogical condition or preaccupation with headache pain vere mental/emotional condition, thought disorderPage 7 r= «4 Unusually small &. Feelings of inadequacy or impotence (intellectually scecially, sexually) Feelings of weakness and inferiority Weak ego strength Anxious worrier, obsessive-compulsive Denial of guilt and/or desire to suppress other dist bing thoughts Irregular contour a. Organic/neurological disorder b. Severe mental/emotional disorder, thought disorder Head drawn last a. Severe mental/emotional condition, thought disorder Head omitted a. Fearful of rejection, failure b. Feelings of estrangement and desire to suppress disturbing thoughts Head out of alignment or "Floating in Space” a@. Organic/neurological disorder Head only (other than artistic portrait? &. Severe mental/emotional condition, thought disorder Back of head drawn a. Withdrawn from other people, but maybe critical and accusatory ang ® 8. Hair Hair emphasis on nead, chest or elsewhere a, Sexual preoccupation b. Compensation far fears of sexual inadequacy/impotence ©. Aggressive/assaultive tendencies ¢. Self—centered &. Homosexual interest or concerns though maybe covered up (check histary of contacts) Elaborate coiffure, exceptionally wavy/glamorous usually with cosmetic emphasis a. Suffers stress related physical condition (eg. asthma) b. Inclined toward sexual acting-out (check history) with poor form quality a. Anxiety or virility conflict which may be manifest. in sexual acting out With heavy shading a. Angry with aggressive tendencies b. Anxious, perhaps over sexual or aggressive fantasies c¢. Excessive sexual interest/involvement, 4. Concern with sexual excitement (eg. sexual dysfunction) Long but unshaded &. Conflict over séxual fantasies Emphasis on jaw a. Virility conflicts, possibly witn detachment from close relations Male Patient! Hair on male figure careful and precise and messy on female figure a. Psychosexual immaturity b. Hostility towards females, selfish demands for female attention.