10417 — § Band Microstrip Training Lab Table of Contents . Introduction Determination of coupling, isolation and directivity characteristics of coupled line coupler Measurement of resonance characteristics of a microstrip ring resonator and determination of dielectric constant of the substrate. Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a microstrip 3 dB power divider. 5. To measure gain, isolation, VSWR of Ports of mmic amplifier 10. il. 12. 13. 14, 13, To measure Insertion loss, isolation and VSWR of ports microwave PIN diode switch To measure parameters of Variable attenuator/ Pin Modulator To measure VSWR of ports of 50 ohms microstrip line, Matched load, open stub, Short Stub, mismatch To measure coupling factor, Isolation and directivity of Branch Line Directional Coupler/ Hybrid ring rat race coupler To measure parameters of Filters To measure return loss of antennas Standing wave measurement Impedance measurement Retum loss vs. VSWR table Power Conversion table 2186 03 08 18 25 31 34 37 40 46 60 65 67 7 77 82 Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. ‘wwnw.tesca.in10417 ~ S Band Microstrip Training Lab 3186 INTRODUCTION oP esc MENU ENTER ‘|@ © © © © ® LE = FRONT PANEL LAYOUT OF SOURCE. CONTROLS & THEIR DESCRIPTION: LCD: This 16X2 Liquid Crystal Display is used to display the frequency of signal being generated along with memory locations etc. ‘The range is from 150 MHz to 4000.0 MHz. Various step sizes for scrolling frequency upward or downward are available from 1KHz to 500MHz. The frequency displayed on Power ON is the frequency stored in the memory before power was switched off. UP: This push button is used to increase the generated frequency by selected step size. Pressing it longer will start the scroll mode and frequency will start to roll slowly and then faster. Further this button could be used to scroll up the menu options, memory locations etc. DOWN: This push button is used to decrease the generated frequency by selected step size. Pressing it longer will start the scroll mode and frequency will start to roll slowly and then faster. Further this button could be used to scroll down the menu options, memory locations etc. MENU: This push button is used to select the operation modes like frequency step size from 1KHz to S00MHz. Also to change from Manual to auto modes. ENTER: This push button is used to store a particular frequency in the current location of memory and also to select and store a particular step size and initiate serial dump. Frequency and level both are stored at any desired memory location on pressing this button. This display will blink to indicate that frequency has been stored. ESCAPE: This push button is used to cancel any command and revert to default position. RF OUT 130-4000MHz: This is where the transmitted signal is present with frequency of 150-4000MHz, Its output impedance is 50 ohms, The transmitting antenna can be connected to it using the SMA lead provided. Output level is around +10dBm approximately. An external attenuator of 20dB can be connected here to reduce the output level by 10 times. Tesca Technologies Pvt. Lid. www.tesea.in10417 - S Band Microstrip Training Lab 4186 MICROWAVE RF POWER METER WITH SENSOR Tr ees 1 Sco MENU ENTER UPN DOWN © 1109 © © © @}] eo «© FRONT PANEL LAYOUT OF RECEIVER. CONTROLS AND DESCRIPTION UP: This select switch is used to scroll the menu options up. Down: This select switch is used to scroll the menu options down. Menu: This switch is used to select the different menu options like measurement units, averaging time ete. Pressing the menu button once brings up the resolution option. Press up or down key to select the resolution between 0.1, 0.5 or 1dB. For normal use you can select 0.1dB as resolution. Pressing menu button twice from main menu will show relative unit option. Pressing up or down key will reveal relative or absolute unit options. Pressing menu ey while LCD displays relative unit will show 0dBr=-30dBm, Pressing up or down key will scroll -30dBm to +20dBm. One can select any desired relative unit to account for say the coupling factor of directional coupler. Say OdBr=-10dBm, This means that unit will display measured power as OdBr for an input power of -10dBm. This means that +0dBm will be displayed as +10dBr and so on. Pressing menu key while unit displays Absolute unit will show options of mW, dBm, dBW and dBu upon pressing up ot down keys, One can select either of these units by pressing enter key. The power meter will measure and display the results in the selected units. One can select desired unit normally as dBm. Pressing menu key four times will show option of Bargraph required Pressing up or down will display “bargraph reqd” or not required. Pressing enter key on displayed option will select the bargraph. Pressing menu key five times will display option of Band Select = X . Pressing Up or down key will display L, 8, C, X or K bands. Use enter key to select the desired band of operation. Use X band for normal operation. The instrument is calibrated in different frequency bands and corresponding errors are memorized in eeprom. The errors in different bands are mostly within 1-2 dB. Pressing menu key again will display “Band X = +0.0" This option can be used (o add or subtract upto 3dB from the displayed value as form of user setting. This can compensate for power losses in long RF cables, connectors used ahead of Tesca Technologies Pvt. Lid www.tesca.in40417 — S Band Microstrip Training Lab 5/86 the sensor. Pressing menu again will display “Averaging reqd”. Pressing up or down can sclect between averaging and peak measurement options. Use average for normal use. Pressing menu again displays samples required 100/s. Pressing up or down can set the samples as 1, 10 or 100 per second. Use 100/s as normal value. The power meter will measure 100 values every second, Add all of them and then divide the total by 100 and display on LCD, the average value. Pressing menu again will display the option of serial dump reqd. Using up/down and enter key can select the serial dump option. Enabling the serial dump will transmit displayed LCD contents to be sent via serial port to the PC. Enter: This switch is used to store the selected menu option. Escape: This switch is used to cancel any command. Recorder output: This BNC connector provides a DC level in relation to the power being measured for real-time display on CRO or plotter. The conversion factor is 500mV per 10dB. Sensor: This provides power supply to the sensor and reads the sensor output. USB: This connector is used to connect the equipment to the PC for display and storage of measured data. 1. kindly install CP210xVCPInstaller_x86 (Silicon labs Driver for USB) for Windows XP from CD. 2. Connect the USB cable from instrument to PC using USB-USB cable supplied and then, switch on the instrument. 3. Open My Computer on PC, then Properties, then Hardware, then Device manager, and then click select ports (com & LPT ) and then a new comport will appear: Silicon Labs CP210x USB to UART Bridge (COM2)). In case following appears: Silicon Labs CP210x USB to UART Bridge (COM3), change it to COM2 by double clicking it and then selecting port settings, then advanced and then selecting comport number com3 instead of com2. ( This is required if your PC has only two com ports.) Before uploading data into PC open the Hyper terminal GUI and select the virtual comport say COM 2.. In case Silicon Labs CP210x USB to UART Bridge (COM2) appears yellow, it means Silicon labs driver is missing and one needs to install the driver CP210xVCPinstaller_x86 form CD (supplied) for WIN XP OS, Press Menu Key a number of times till Serial Mode required appears on instrument. If it is “Not required”, Press Up key and it will toggle to “required”. Now Press Enter key and LCD will display Uploading. It will actually Upload whatever DATA appears on LCD in instrument to PC, Suppose lead has been connected to COM2 of PC. Select Com2 from software GUI, then dump data from instrument. Select com-port to which data out of Power meter is to be connected. Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd ‘www.tesca.in6/86 males] Enter detail for the phone number that you want to cist Country/region: |Incis (91) a dace: [7 Phone numbes: Connectusing: [COMT | Port Settings | : Bits per second: [9600 = Data bits: [8 — Pati [None = Stop bite: Flow contick | Restore Defauts [oe] cows | Any 5. EQUIPMENT SETUP: 1. Connect the mains cord at the back panel of the equipment and connect it to the AC220V outlet. Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www tesca.in10417 - S Band Microstrip Training Lab 7186 2. Ensure that a 3 pin socket is used and is properly earthed. 3. Switch On the instrument from the switch provided on the back panel. 4. The LCD display will light up and displays - “Warming up 60 seconds to go”. Generally, all power meters take 5 to 10 minutes to warm up. An option of minimum 60 seconds is given in case user doesn’t have enough time. In that case readings will be inaccurate by 0.2 - 0.5 dB. 5. Wait for 5 minutes for warmup. After 60 seconds have passed, power meter will display “Remove sensor” (i.¢., Remove sensor from any external Microwave source or switch the power OFF of any Microwave Source say, DRO, Gunn, Klystrons etc. such that the sensor doesn’t receive any Microwave Power). It also displays “Press enter”. After removing sensor, now press enter key. Press the menu switch and select the measurement units to dBm. Select the measurement band to X band. 10. Connect the sensor input to the Microwave source. 11. The display should read X.X dBm. 12. Now connect the waveguide sensor to the port where power is to measured. een Slotted line: The slotted line has Velocity of propagation of 0.606 times speed of light, resulting in 1 wavelength or 360 degrees phase at 3GHz = 60.5mm. Fesca Technologies Put. Ltd www.tesca.in10417 ~ 8 Band Microstrip Training Lab ___8188 COUPLED LINE COUPLERS EXPERIMENT NO. 1 OBJECTIVE: To measure coupling factor, Isolation and directivity of Coupled line coupler. * EQUIPMENT: RF source, Receiver, connecting cables, coupled line coupler THEORY: COUPLED LINE COUPLER Line can be coupled in three ways: * edge coupled + end coupled * broadside coupled Tesca Technologies Pvt Lid. www tesca in10417 — § Band Microstrip Training Lab 9/86 1. The coupled section must be a quarterwave ae 2. The product of even and odd mode impedance must be equal to Z0*2 It's time to define some port numbers. Let port 1 be the input port. The port that is directly coupled to port 2, which is one of the two output ports. The other output port is directly across from the input port, we'll call it port 3. Under ideal conditions, a signal incident on port | will transfer zero power to port 4; this is called the isolated port. Port 1 Port 2 Pott 3 Port 4 Bandwidth is better than direct coupled couplers like the branchline. The coupling occurs via two mechanisms, voltage, and mutual inductance (current). The mutual inductance coupling has a minus sign associated with it, the voltage coupling does not. The combined effect not only reverses the signal flow in the coupled line (backward coupling) but it puts the two signals 90 degrees out of phase. Ideal coupler model In simulation you can use an ideal coupled line, which is described by its even and odd mode impedances and center frequency. The product of the two impedances being Z0*2, you can easily create an equation to solve one from the other . Tesca Technologies Pvi. Ltd. - oo wnw.tesca.in10417 - S Band Microstrip Training Lab 10/86 (Bal sremerers] ceases 'S Param es Ratio=9(2,1)/5(3,1) Stes? oft ‘Stopsi8 OnE ven ‘Step=001 Ghz VaR 2E1205() Tom 20460, Ten Tort Teena Nan. hanes 25500 F500hm aN 1 IeezE tm = Zenza Be Foon tem Tem, Teme tee Nene Nm 350 0Hm Esoo%n = Now you can use tune feature to vary Ze until a 3 dB split is achieved. It turns out that to get 3 dB split (equal power) in fifty ohm system impedance the even mode needs to be ~121.5 ohms and the odd mode impedance must be ~20.6 ohms (in our network Zo is calculated automatically from Ze and Z0). Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in10417 — § Band Microstrip Training Lab 11186 oD agsim eC aaisn | #7 aBs8.0) =P ais(6 5 45 20 20 26 25 0 0 6 - - — 35 2 2 25 «275 93 3250 35S Frequency (GHz) Coupler Simulation Result For the ideal coupler, you don't have to plot the phase between the two output arms (port 2 and port 3 in this case). I's automatically 90 degrees! Coupling factor P. Coupling factor (dB) = - 10 log = ‘The coupling factor is defined as: PB, where P is the input power at port 1 and Ps is the output power from the coupled port (see Figure above) ‘The coupling factor represents the primary property of a directional coupler. Coupling is not constant, but varies with frequency. While different designs may reduce the variance, @ perfectly flat coupler theoretically cannot be built, Directional couplers are specified in terms of the coupling accuracy at the frequency band center. For example, a 10 dB coupling +/- 0.5 Fesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd wow-tesca.in10417 ~ S Band Microstrip Training Lab 12186 dB means that the directional coupler can have 9.5 dB to 10.5 dB coupling at the frequency band center. The accuracy is due to dimensional tolerances that can be held for the spacing of the two coupled lines. Another coupling specification is frequency sensitivity. A larger frequency sensitivity will allow a larger frequency band of operation. Multiple quarter- wavelength coupling sections are used to obtain wide frequency bandwidth directional couplers. Typically this type of directional coupler is designed to a frequency bandwidth ratio and a maximum coupling ripple within the frequency band. For example a typical 2:1 frequency bandwidth coupler design that produces a 10 dB coupling with a +/- 0.1 dB ripple would, using the previous accuracy specification, be said to have 9.6 +/- 0.1 dB to 10.4 +/- 0.1 dB of coupling across the frequency range. Loss In an ideal directional coupler, the main line loss from port 1 to port 2 (Pj - Fs) due to power coupled to the coupled output port is: P Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 log [-] 7 The actual directional coupler loss will be a combination of coupling loss, dielectric loss, conductor loss, and VSWR loss. Depending on the frequency range, coupling loss becomes less significant above 15 dB coupling where the other losses constitute the majority of the total loss. A graph of the theoretical insertion loss (dB) vs coupling (dB) for an ideal coupler is shown in Figure 2. Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd ‘www.tesca.in70417 — S Band Microstrip Training Lab 13186 30 rey & Coupling | Insertion dB Loss-d8 @ 20 gis 3 10 & 5 0 0.01 o4 10 Main Arm (Insertion) Loss - dB Figure 2. Coupling Insertion Lass Isolation Isolation of a directional coupler can be defined as the difference in signal levels in dB between the input port and the isolated port when the two other ports are terminated by P, Isolation (dB) = - 10 log a matched loads, or: Isolation can also be defined between the two output ports. In this case, one of the output ports is used as the input; the other is considered the output port while the other two ports (imput and isolated) are terminated by matched loads. Isolation (dB) = - 10 log & Consequently: : The isolation between the input and the isolated ports may be different from the isolation between the two output ports, For example, the isolation between ports 1 and 4 can be 30 dB while the isolation between ports 2 and 3 can be a different value such as 25 dB. If both jsolation measurements are not available, they can be assumed to be equal. If neither are available, an estimate of the isolation is the coupling plus return loss (Standing wave ratio). ‘The isolation should be as high as possible. In actual couplers the isolated port is never completely isolated. Some RF power will always be present. Waveguide directional couplers will have the best isolation. ‘Tesca Technologies Pvt Ltd. ~ www tesca.in14186 Fa Figure 3. Two-Tone Receiver Tests isolation is high, directional couplers are excellent for combining signals to feed a single Tine to a receiver for two-ione receiver tests. In Figure 3, one signal enters port Ps and one enters port P, while both exit port P). The signal from port P3 to port P; will experience 10 4B of loss, and the signal from port P2 to port P; will have 0.5 dB loss. The internal load on the isolated port will dissipate the signal losses from port P3 and port P>. If the isolators in Figure 3 are neglected, the isolation measurement (port P» to port Ps) determines the amount of power from the signal generator F. that will be injected into the signal generator Fj. As the injection level increases, it may cause modulation of signal generator Fj, or even injection Phase locking. Because of the symmetry of the directional coupler, the reverse injection will happen with the same possible modulation problems of signal generator Fy by F). Therefore the isolators are used in Figure 3 to effectively increase the isolation (or directivity) of the directional coupler. Consequently the injection loss will be the isolation of the directional coupler plus the reverse isolation of the isolator. Directivity Directivity is directly related to isolation. It is defined as: Po Py P, Direetivity (AB) = -10log—~ = -10 log —* +40 log F Py P, P, where: P3 is the output power from the coupled port and Py is the power output from the isolated port. The directivity should be as high as possible. The directivity is very high at the design frequency and is a more sensitive function of frequency because it depends on the cancellation of two wave components, Waveguide directional couplers will have the best ‘Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. www.tesca.in10417—S Band Microstrip Training Lab - directivity. Directivity is not direetly measurable, and is calculated from the isolation and coupling measurement Directivity (dB) = ation (dB) - Coupling (dB) PROCEDURE: 1. Set the frequency of the source to 3GHz. 2. Connect a 30cm RG316 SMA-SMA cable to source. 3. Connect another cable RG316 30 cm to power sensor. Use a SMA(F)-SMA(F) adapter in between these cable to connect the power meter and source. The output level of source is say 4dBm+2dB over the frequency range of 2-4 GHz typical as read from Power meter. Convert the actual power to dBr scale in Power meter and convert it as OdBr. Now, +4dBm is equal to OdBr at 3 Gliz. Connect directional coupler IN portl to Source and sample/Coupled port3 (CPL) to receiver (Power meter). The OUT/Through port2 of coupler is terminated in Termination/Load 50 Ohms. Isolated port4 is also terminated in 50 Ohms load. Plot the source and receiver over frequency range of 2-4 GHz in say 100MHz intervals and measure the power level. This power level is called forward power level (A). The Rx reads say, -13dBr +24B at 3GHz. Now reverse the directional coupler and connect the Termination/Load 50 Ohms at IN portl of the directional coupler. The Sample/Coupled (CPL) port3 remains connected to receiver/power meter sensor. ‘The source is connected at the OUTithrough port? of directional coupler. Plot the source and receiver over frequency range of 2-4 GHz and measure the level. This power level is called reverse power level (B). The Rx reads say, -21dBr +24B at 3GHz, The difference in power evel between forward power level and reverse power level with Termination/Load 50 Ohms will be the return loss of the Termination/Load 50 Ohms. Thus, -13-(-21) = 8 4B+24B. Hence, 8db return loss means 2.32 VSWR of termination. 7. Connect source to RF IN (PORT 1) of coupler. Connect the Through (PORT 2) of coupler to receiver, 8 Say, receiver reads -IdBr + 1.5dB at 3GHz through coupler. Whereas direct power without coupler in between is read as OdBr-+ L.5aB, The, 0-(-1)= 14B is the insertion Joss $12 of coupler. Now let's measure insertion loss in entire frequency range from 210 4 GHz in 100 MHz steps. Make a chart of insertion loss Vs. frequency of coupler in entire range 9. Now, let’s measure Coupling factor $13 of Coupled line coupler. 10. Bring source to 3GHz and then connect source to IN (PORT 1) port of coupler. 11, Connect COUPLED port (PORT 3) of coupler to receiver. 12, Terminate the OUT port (port 2) of coupler using 50 ohms loakl/ termination, Also terminate isolated port (PORT 4) in 50 Ohms, 13, The reading will fall fiom OdBr to -134Br+2dB. Hence the coupling, factor is 13dB :2d13. In actual practice it may vary by +1.5db due to connector mismatches. 4. “Tesca Technologies Put Ltd www tesca in10417 - S Band Microstrip Training Lab 14, Now Iet’s measure coupling factor in entire frequency range from 2 to 4 GHz in 100 MHz steps. Make a chart of coupling factor Vs, frequency of coupler in entire range. Itwill be 134B + 348. 15, Now, in order to measure directivity ($14-813), Connect Coupler IN (PORT 1) port to source and COUPLED port (PORT 3) to receiver. Connect the Termination or 50 ohms Load at OUT (PORT 2) of coupler. Also terminate isolated port (PORT 4) in 500hms. 16. The receiver shall read -21dBr +2dB now. This is $13. 17. Now keep the source connected to portl and termination connected to port2. Interchange port3 &4, by connecting power sensor at port4 and termination and Port3. This is $14. The receiver reading is say -13 dBr +2dB. Hence the difference is 8 db. Hence, the directivity of coupler is 8 db +2dB. 18. Now let’s measure directivity in entire frequency range from 2 to 4 GHz in 100 MHz steps. Make a chart of directivity Vs. frequency of coupler in entire range. Also measure at 50 or 10MHz interval. 19. The DIRECTIONAL COUPLER is matched to 50 ohms input impedance of receiver and 50 ohms output impedance of source. It compares the Termination (50 ohms) impedance to its reference impedance (PORT 4) of 50 ohms. If the Termination is true 50 ohms then bridge is balanced and there is no output at receiver end. The more Termination’s impedance differs from 50 ohms the more will be the output at the receiver. Maximum receiver output will be at Load impedance shorted or open circuited. Even on a best match to 50 ohms the lead reactance and coupler directivity shall limit the null to SdB. 20. For measuring Isolation $41, connect source to IN (PORT 1) port of coupler. 21. Connect Isolation port (PORT 4) of coupler to receiver. 22. Terminate the OUT port (port 2) of coupler using 50 ohms load/ termination. Also terminate coupled port (PORT 3) in SOOhms. 23. The reading will fall from OdBr to -10dBr. Hence the isolation is 10 dB 424B. In actual practice it may vary by +1.5db due to connector mismatches RESULT: ‘The characteristics of Coupled line coupler are as follows: 1. Coupling factor = 13 dB + 24B 2. Isolation =21 dB + 24B 3. Directivity = 8 dB + 2dB at S11> 10 dB (Port 1 Return Loss / VSWR) S22> 10 dB (Port 2 Return Loss / VSWR) $33> 104B (Port 3 Return Loss / VSWR) '$44> 10dB (Port 4 Return Loss / VSWR) $12< 1 4B (Insertion Loss) $13= 134B (Coupling factor) $14, $23> 21dB (Isolation) $43>84B (Directivity = Isolation-Coupling) Tesca Technologies Pvt. Lid. = = ‘www.tesca.in 16/8640417 § Band Microstrip Training Lab T esults, Direct power at 3GH7 is OdBr es DUT) Pont] Pon2 | es |Port4 — [Power | Difference ['S >| Coupled Status | Status | Status | Status | level at | from OdBr | parameters Line IN [OUT | Coupled | Isolated | receiver | direct [ooupler_| ___| __| 7 {power |__| Insertion "source | receiver | SOohm | 50 ohm | -1 1dB Si2 Loss . + —__|___| Coupling [Source | S0 ohm | receiver | 50 Br [13 | S13 Isolation “source | $0 | $0 Ohm | Receiver | -21 21 sid Ohm _|apr | Directivity = Isolation — Couplin, S43 Test results at GHz Port VSWR DUT Coupled | Forward Power | Reverse Power | Difference= | VSWR line coupler | | return loss "Port 1 OaBr 10 aBr [10dB 1.92 "Port 2 OdBr 1.92 [oct 3 ee Od bE 10) = Pon 4 OgBr “10 dBr_ 1.92 Testa Technologies Pt Ltd www tesca in40417 — § Band Microstrip Training Lab _ a 18/86 RESONATORS: EXPERIMENT NO. 2 OBJECTIVE: To measure the dielectric constant of substrate using Ring Resonator & half wave resonator. EQUIPMENT: RF source, Receiver, Ring Resonator, connecting cables, directional coupler HALF WAVE RESONATOR — oUT2 RING RESONATOR THEORY: There are many ways to measure dielectric constant of a material or effective dielectric constant of a media. A "complete" dielectric constant measurement include loss tangent data, which can be even harder to measure, because its effect is usually swamped by other loss mechanisms. For now let's just concentrate on obtaining accurate measurements of the real part of ER. Let's mention the difference between "dielectric constant" and “effective dielectric constant”. Dielectric constant is a bulk material property, effective dielectric constant is a parameter that depends on transmission line geometry. Most often the dielectric constant that engineers try to measure is the bulk measurement. If you are considering measuring permittivity with a microstrip structure, you will be measuring the effective dielectric constant, no ifs ands or buts. If the technique involves coax, waveguide or stripline, and you are careful not to introduce appreciable air gaps or glue layers, you just might be able to directly measure the "real" dielectric constant! www tesca.in Tesca Technologi10417 ~ S Band Microstrip Training Lab 19/86 The most satisfactory method for measuring the attenuation constant for low loss substrates is from the Q factor of a resonant section of the line. The attenuation constant and the unloaded Q factor are related by expression Attenuation=(27.3)(n)/(Q)(Guide wavelength) dB/em where n is the number of half wavelengths. The Q is Center frequency/Bandwidth Ring resonator techniques ‘A microstrip ring resonator is a microstrip line bent in a circular shape to close upon itself. The main advantage in contrast to linear resonators is that no “end effects” need to be considered. The resonant frequency could be calculated assuming mean length of the resonators is multiple of the guide wavelength of the microstrip. There are two ways to loosely couple to a ring resonator, one is end coupling, the other is edge coupling. The end coupled structure (shown below) provides a passband whenever the ring is a multiple of wavelengths. The edge coupled technique a "suck-out” is seen in the reflection coefficient (S11) whenever the ring is an integer number of wavelengths behaving like a band-reject filter. This is the preferred method if you ask us, the dips in S11 are very narrowband and therefore the resonant frequency is more accurately known. It has been pointed out that ring resonator technique is less suitable for accurate measurement of microstrip losses because of the increased surface wave radiation loss. Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. - www.tesca.in10417 — § Band Microstrip Training Lab 20/86 The effective dielectric consta n(Free space wavelength/Circumference)'2 Coupled half-wave resonator technique a EE The main difficulty with the use of a linear resonator is caused by the end effects. The effective dielectric constant= (Free space wavelength/Guide wavelength)'2 2 SM m7 Bere x VON O MD CIR RIE 7) = lat Dsie] “| Sjepey! ae _ a 5 a SF aay he “sco poat rrr 4 ‘aan aca Re TARTRT ‘Tesca Technologies Pvt Lid24186 bE ‘e Semie ema nese NTT ORI miesie meena! ‘The detailed discussion for the same could be learnt from any standard text book. ‘Pramas Display eran Pawan ® PROCEDURE: | 1, Vary frequency of source from 2.8GHz. to 3.2GHz and note down the Receiver reading at cach frequency at an interval of say, 10 MHz in order to measure the level at each frequencies. Store these as reference level/Direct level (A). = = ‘www tesca.in10417 ~ $ Band Microstrip Training Lab 22186 2 Connect the output of source to input of Ring Resonator and connect the output of Ring Resonator to Receiver. 3. Vary frequency of source from 2.8GHz to 3.2GHz insteps of 1OMHz and note down the Receiver reading at each frequency. 4. Store these as Series level (1), 5. Difference between Power Level at a given frequency on reference plot to Power output of Ring Resonator will give resonant frequency in the frequency range from 2.8GHz to 3.2GHz of Ring resonator. © Replace the ring resonator with half wave resonator and find the resonant frequency and bandwidth of peak. resonator under] Receiver Receiver Difference | test reading reading Series | (B-A)= ct level | level (B) L (A) | Freq. 2.90 GHz Freq. 2.92 GHz, Freq. 2.94 GHz. Freq. 2.96 GHz Freq. 2.98 GHz. Freq. 3.00 GHz Freq. 3.02 GHz Freq. 3.04 GHz (Freq. 3.10 GHz | RESULT: _ Ring resonator and Half wave resonator resonates at a frequency governed by its geometrical dimension, The first resonant frequency is around 3GHz when the length of half wave resonator is equal to half wavelength or circumference of ring resonator is equal to full wave length. Ifthe length can be accurately determined then dielectric constant of board could be found out. The given ring resonator mean diameter is 19.2 mm (Inside dia is 19mm and outside dia is 20mm) resulting in circumference of 60.3 mm. The measured resonant frequency is 3000 MHz, ‘The free space wavelength is 100mm at 3000 MHz. ‘The ring resonator resonates when its circumference is equal to guide wavelength, hence guide wavelength is 60.3 mm. The resonant frequency is (n)(3.0GHz) where n is harmonic number and 3.0GHz is fundamental resonant frequency. ‘www tescainDe eae Sw Vy s 10417 — S Band Microstrip Training Lab 23/86 Where dy is mean diameter. Lambda, is guide wavelength and Lambday is free space wavelength. The effective dielectric constant=(100/60.3)*2=2.75 at 3000 MHz neglecting dispersion effects in substrate, The Q = 3000 MHz/30MHz=100 where 30 MHz is 34B bandwidth of the pass band response and 3000 MHz is resonant frequency. Attenuation = (27.3)(n)/(Q)(Guide wavelength) dB/em where n is the number of half’ wavelengths, 27.3 is a physical constant and guide wavelength is in ms. Attenuation = (27.3X2)/(100X6.0) dB/em= 0,091 dB/em. Observe that the software simulation results in value of 2.72. shectwah= (S—] » oes tea = [5] fee 10Werdergh= [EERE] mm a | oa: EE ete EA wn. $11<3 dB (Port 1Return Loss / VSWR) $22<3 dB (Port 2 Return Loss / VSWR) $12>3 dB (Insertion Loss) $21>3 dB (Insertion Loss) Test results at 3GHz DUT Ring | Forward Reverse Power | Differenee= VSWR resonator Power return loss Port 1 OdBr 3.0 dB Port2 OdBr 3.04B Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. ‘www .tesca.in10417~S Band Microstrip Training Lab. 24186 Test results at 3GHz [DUT Ring | Direct Power | Resonator in ] Difference= resonator Series Insertion loss $12 Port 1 & 2in series _| OdBr -3.0dBr 3.0 Test results at 3GHz DUT Half wave | Forward Reverse Power | Diffference= VSWR resonator Power return loss Port 1 OdBr 3.0 3.04B Port2 OdBr =3.0 3.0 dB Test results at 3GHz DUT Half” wave | Direct Power ] Resonator in | Difference= resonator Series Insertion loss $12 Port | & 2 in series | OdBr -13.0dBr 13.0 Tesea Technologies Pvt Lid wow lescaln 2 wD Eel Bar Benes Mee ee 2 0. Cc 900 fos? Dsl 7 "7 7 @ I C i t {10417 — $ Band Microstrip Training Lab 25186 POWER DIVIDERS EXPERIMENT NO. 3 OBJECTIVE: To measure power division and isolation characteristics of Microstrip ‘Wilkinson Power divider and measure VSWR of all the ports. EQUIPMENT: RF source, Receiver, Wilkinson Power divider, connecting cables, directional coupler WILKINSON UNEQUAL } POWER DIVIDER { ‘THEORY: Wilkinson power splitter It splits an input signal into two equal phase output signals, or combines two equal-phase signal into one in the opposite direction. Wilkinson relied on quarter-wave transformers to match the split ports to the common port. The resistor does a Jot more than allow all three ports to be matched, it fully isolates port 2 from port 3 at the center frequency. The resistor ‘dds no resistive loss to the power split, so an ideal Wilkinson splitter is 100% efficient. In its simplest form, an equal-amplitude, two-way split, single-stage Wilkinson is shown the figure below. The arms are quarter-wave transformers of impedance 1.414xZo (thanks for the correction, Rod!) Here we show a three-port circuit (the most common in practice by far, but Wilkinson described an N-way divider). ‘Tesca Technologies Pvt. Ltd. wenn tescain410417 - S Band Microstrip Training Lab PRM me | | beat two-port Wilkinson splitter Port 3 S-parameters of ideal 2-way Wilkinson power splitter Gila a) altel 26/86 eT ay AF ise, Tesca Technologies Pvt. Lid —— GO Fa OrS OPO Ge fern eee ee ee ee ee ee ee GD ba Ge os10417 -S Band Microstrip Training Lab Here is how the Wilkinson splitter works as a power divider: when a signal enters port 1, it splits into equal-amplitude, equal-phase output signals at ports 2 and 3. Since each end of the isolation resistor between ports 2 and 3 is at the same potential, no current flows through it and therefore the resistor is decoupled from the input. The two output port terminations will add in parallel at the input, so they must be transformed to 2xZo each at the input port to combine to Zo, The quarter-wave transformers in cach leg accomplish this; without the quarter-wave transformers, the combined impedance of the two outputs at port 1 would be Zo/2. The characteristic impedance of the quarter-wave lines must be equal to 1.414xZ9 so that the input is matched when ports 2 and 3 are terminated in Zo. hy Consider a signal input at port 2. In this case, it splits equally between port I and the resistor R with none appearing at port 3. The resistor thus serves the important function of decoupling ports 2 and 3. Note that for a signal input at either port 2 or 3, half the power is dissipated in the resistor and half is delivered to port 1. Why is port 2 isolated from port 3 ‘and vice-versa? Consider that the signal splits when it enters port 2. Part of it goes clockwise through the resistor and part goes counterclockwise through the upper arm, then splits at the input port, then continues counterclockwise through the lower arm toward port 3. The recombining signals at port 3 end up equal in amplitude (half power or the CW signal is lost in resistor R1, while half of the CCW signal is output port 1, And they are 180 degrees out of phase due to the half-wavelength that the CCW signal travels that the CW signal doesn’t. The {wo signal voltages subtract (0 zero at port 3 and the signal disappears, at least under ideal circumstances, In real couplers, there is a finite phase through the resistor that will limit the isolation of the output ports. “Tesca Technologies Put Lid ~ www.tescain 27186