Thermo IT Definitions and Concepts in Thermo dynamics + Continuum: The concep? of l0oking at the volume Of a substance as a whole, insteae of each Molecuie Indhvidlveally “Thermodynamics i$ & eentinuum mechanics ~Temperatere is a continvum property - €On7101 volume: mass flows in and ov! an enchanged volume + exchanges mass and energy with ifs Strrovngings (open 27stem) - System: mass doesnt exchange with its surroundings Cclosed System) * STill exchanges energy with ITs surroundings ~ AKA. Control mass ~ State of a substance: EPensr level +2 independent properties determine the sfale ot me susstance 7 Temperature ang pressure are dependent Propervies during % Phase change -Thermedrnamic Properties : Properties af a poialiarime, per unit mass ‘Temperature: T velates Te molecular moTion «Pressure: P normal componenr of force Per eniT aren P> shun P? Bese © farm PR «© SPecitic wlume: ~ volume Ret unit mass j inverse of density meV vB Fe Bay v merJ oe & © Enthalps, & nTernal energy + low work Av csPy mkeH ket ifs Ur PV 4 Entropy i Quantification of disorder da- (22), = Phase: oavanrity of matrer that is homOge noes Throushoet ; 2 17POS - Solid -fwig: con be liguid or gos - Could be yee! Coe Tabes) or ideal Cuse eguations of spare) + Quality | The ratio of moss of vaper Te the Tete! mass, ms Sone = Process: change of Stares -€yele: change e€ srates where the $TarTing sare and final stare are the me + Energy: the capability To Produce an effecr ~ thermal equilibrium: when the substance Temperatere epoals The surrounding TemperaFore “Absolure Temperstore, — K= °C 4273.18 Re OF 0459.674 Law of Thermodynamics ~ work i$ @ path Werk = displacement work + Shatt work + electrical wore + Power = work per 7ime PAGs wea hs Bohs wa. Poiee* 4>R> iV Wye * SPV system: mS’pdV Pic ebsoluie Pressure ~ isobaric. Constanr Pressure w2 PC%,-v,) i risoThermal: constant Temperature we SRT SE S52 RT tn TiSemetric: constant velume We, ~ Adiabatic: ne heat Transter Q:0 Pew-P™ + Palytropic Wa PV" 2 Constant Tenet (ner isotherm |) we MET Tens Cserterme)) we BY, bm xe or LY Ys} ~Work done ON the surroundings is work or AY; Sob or RY, onl = Werk done BY The surroundings is — Work ae "| Heat going in the system is + heat By + Heat going ovr the System 15 heat ae 2 Prep. + Pure Substonces : substance that hes a honegencoes and invorissle ehemica) - Simple compressible Substance: & substance whose sertoce, magnetic, and electrice! effects are insignificant , buT changes In volume ore very imPorrant + Etiticel Point: saturated liyuid and satvrated vapor srogas are identical + Triple Point: grate in which all three Phases may be present in epuilihcivm | ae ertres oF fluicts compesirion eTration Sate: -Superheated Vapor r, expen! 0 ater Gibor nN Sercooled Viguis Tesion For worer , ve @T function srale in which eveperotion Takes Place + Sve cooley Ceempresecd) ligerd : The Saturation Temperature |pressere when The vapor rempsratere (pressure is greeter Than The Safurarion Temperature Iprassvre ~Eguotion of Srate: occuratey represents rhe P-v-T behavior for a parvicviar gos ever Ie entire syperheoted varer region isobar vel Se “Quality only werks Insive serurarion wper serrated \ a 106 Te The Pegg < 500 kf, 4@r conservation of energy “Thermodynamic properties are point functions Therme IL Temperatore/Pressvre Of the lyuid is below Pe Porm= 14.7 = oy are The sarvmfed mixture Ms Wesmg v= Vp 4D Veg = Suscoskd liguid Assumption, in the tipotd region , properties dent change much with a change In Presid, They change mere wire © change in Temperavere he@thermo ID sandencation Bee critical poiar “tdeal fluid > Zdeal gas = Real fivid + Real gas = Bompies | any gas /élvid that Follows PV=Rt Cideol gas haw) Use tables Te relate Thermo dynamic propecries Fdeal : diatonic gases, | merr gases, air at afmosPeric conditions Real! worer = SFP: sta erature one Pressur 2 STP: Stanger! temp oO Pressure : 20°C & Par, ~AModtieo Zdeol Gas Relation: Pv>2RT Zig the compressi billy factor Céunction oF Pressure and Temperature) ~Compressibi Iify Factor. The measure of the Cbviation ef agas From rhe ideal-gas mode! NOTE: Zable Fig 3.22 pes Cem) A Compre S816 ilily chart Appemox Dil TR” ay + Cos Constant? R 7 Tobe ot % ETP orm oe asim yioe ‘ute t Birr 9.34 2189533 Bee Uinta eed, a SEirme) R Canny USE when me Fluid 13 Unknown * PV mRT > POE)ERT => FeeRT > Py WRT = POE) - RY > Po RT 17 Law of Thermodynamics - Conservation of energy System OQ-S de BE rurPErker., Fero cyle FTHSQ=$Sw or FSEQ-Sw J+ Joules constant, converts BTU TO werk For a Process @ wa Mont Ee EOE © Os-0, 0 mM V2) mal) As a Rafe Egvation QP age Ps 2 i€ system 15 sTarienory He] Specific Heat @f constant volume ev: CY) for an ideal gas Sdu= Jor Cy ecCr) 2% furction of T Tf Cy is constant U,-u,=¢y a-t,) Aus, OT Cv ts found in Tasses Ex air Cdeat) From srere 1-2, write fitst Jaw Csrationary) QM GU =m lye) mera t)Thermo I Entholpy H2uttV heu+Pv > internal enemy + flow work p Specific heat at constant pressure Ge (, Foran iden gas Sih =SCpJT — Cp*CpCt) =? fenetion of T Fe Sp is constam dh=CpT — ba-h, * Sp (Ip-T,) Relation between Cpand Cv for an ideal gas Cpt +CyT2RT Cee Goh Censervarion ef mass for a system mam, 4 Law of Thermodynamics for 2 contro! volume Conservation of mass ~ rate ef chaqge = tin -ov7 discreet form (SPox, * Zh; She en oa Pees iaregra! form de pd +[ PG) -0 ee ag fd oh secumation Pigs rate En Sieody stare, mass accumulation =O Conservation of energy for a Contre! volume discreet Form Qe, ~ ve = (22) tie (hat So 930) - Bor (bir + 2,9) of eS Note Mov * Fey her enetgy Clow thiowgh The inlet and eeer GA CALL integral Ferm Quy Ree Tf ped] of Harte 93)(0-di) Note @~ vs dvregeThermo IL summary = 217 Typical Steady Flow Devices Device Purpose “Atrooter Coola ow afer a compressor conan Boiler Bring substance toa vapor state P= constant Combustor Brn fue; acts like hat transfer in w=0 Compressor Bring substance to higher pressure win Condenser “Take gout to bring subsance to liquid state w=0 Deaerator Remove gases dsslved in liqids w=0 Dehumidifier Remove wate from ait Desipeshester ‘Ad gud water to superheated vapor steam o w=0 make stated vapor Dilfer Convert KE energy to higher w=0 | economizer ow-7, lw Phat exchanger w=0 | Evaporator Bring substance to vapor sate w=0 Expander Similar toa turbine, but may have ag Fanbloer Move substance, typically ar vin, KEup Feedwater heater Heat iid water with another flow w=0 Flesh evaporator Generate vapor by expansion throng) w=0 Heat engine Comer part of heat into wore ain, wout Heatexchanger Transfer heat fom one met to another w=0 Heat pump Move a Qf0m Tie 1 Tug equires win 2 work input refigertor Heater Heata substance w=o Humidifier Add wate to ar-water mitre w=0 | Inercooter Heat exchanger between compressa tages w=0 Nozzle Create KE: Pdrps w=0 Measie flowrate Mixing chamber Mix wo or more flows w=0 ° Pump Same as compressor, but hands iqld win, Pup a Reactor ‘Allow eacton between two oF more substances w=0 ° Regenerator Usually heat exchange to recover energy w=0 P. Steam generate Sameas boiler heat iqld water to supericat vapor w= 0 P= constant Supercharger ‘A compressor diven by engine shaft work win ‘odrve ir ino an automotive engine Superheter ‘Aiea exchange tht brings T up ovet Tox a0 P= constant ‘Throttle ‘Same as valve Tibine Create shaft work from high Plow wout q=0 ‘Turbocharger A compressor driven by an exhaust flow Wastin = — We turbine to charge ai info an engine vate Cont flow by restriction; Péops w=0 0 wo| thermo I Steady State and SvTeady Flow (s55F) 1 Control volume 16 stationery 2. he accumilation of mass or energy in the control volume @L- 3. Properties on the control he femain Constant with respeer ter Geecioa: Time continue eghotian t (Ser Conservation of energy: Quy Poy Single inlet g-we and single outlet 7Sm + Bin (her egae) - Si (hie Weges) (hehs) + 25% 9 (20-21) Engineering Applications ‘) Boiler e as 2) Condenser 79 3) Turbine Assumprion 3557 Akin, 74 Pha, BO Fact aw Assemprions SS5F MF Epo, = AP Ep FO Fact wo, Assumptions S55F DRE pee ® AP Eng SO 9° Continuity 9g: hy =the =” energy eyution y+ (he-A,) = 0 (te-As) Continuity egvation phy =the 20 energy egvation gs (he-4;) 9 vil be neparive Qn laf Continuity egeation mz >the =r energy equation -w=he-Aé Bey thw