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 1-7‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺣـﺴﺐ ﺗـﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @lb’þa -‬‬
‫‪@ @|î܎nÛa@†í†y -‬‬
‫‪@ @@paŠàîÛìjÛa -‬‬
‫‪@ @ÒbîÛþa -‬‬
‫‪@ @NÒbîÛþbi@êaìÔ½a@òíŠàîÛìjÛa@…aì½a@ -‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-7‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧـﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ¾‪ émaŒî‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﻩ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﲡﻤﻴﻌﻪ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻰ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ‪ lìîÈÛa@œÈi‬ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﺳﻪ ﻭﲢﻠﻠﻪ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @lb’þa@pbãìØß@QMRMW‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺑﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪ ،%٦٠‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﲔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ،%٢٨‬ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ ‪.%١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛـﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺈﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﲰـﻚ ﺟـﺬﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﰱ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﲰﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @Zlb’þa@Éîä–m@ÝyaŠß@RMRMW‬‬
‫ﲤﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﻨﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳝﺮ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻭﻗﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺣﻔﻈﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﺣﺘﺠﻨﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ 
  (1‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰱ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﲝﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻐـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪:    (2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳـﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳋـﺸﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﰱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺹ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﰱ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺨﻠﻞ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨـﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ %٢٠‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﰱ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٩٠‬ﻳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

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‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰱ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺹ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲡﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺑﻪ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪ %٦‬ﰱ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٢‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺁﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪  ! "#! -3‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﲣﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻛﻤـﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻣﺄﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﻭﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺘﺎﻩ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻐﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻭﻗﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺑﻐﻤﺮ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺒﻌﻪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﲔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻃﻼﺀ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺭﺵ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲤﻸ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺵ ﺭﺫﺍﺫﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺣﱴ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @lb’þa@Êaìãc@SMRMW‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﻠـﻒ ﺩﺭﺟـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨـﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻤﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﻭ ﳚﻬﺰ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋـﺸﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻭﲡﻬﻴﺰﻩ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺗﻘـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ‬
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‪K‬د‪L‬د
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J‬م‪K‬د‪

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‫ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﱯ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ ) ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﺡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧـﺸﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Spruee‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Pines‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻜﻰ )ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻯ(‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Pitch Pines‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰﻯ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Beech‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Oak‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻫﻮﺟﻴﲎ ‪Mahogany‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Ash‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻁ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Walnut‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﻮﺯ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Ebony‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻮﺱ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Cedar‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Cypress‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﻳﺎ ‪Guarea‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Meranti‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﲑﺍﻧﱴ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Makore‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Sapale‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻴﻠﻰ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Utile‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻴﻠﻰ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺒﻮ(‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Idigdo‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻻﺩﳚﻮ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Okoume‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻻﻛﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Teak‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Candollei‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻴﺒﻮ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Tessmani‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺛﺠﺒﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﻣﻮﺭ ‪Sycamore‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬ ‫•‬

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‪K‬د‪L‬د
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J‬م‪K‬د‪

J

L‬د‪
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‫‪ -‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣـﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺑﻄـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳊﺒـﻴﱯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻘﻰ )ﺍﻷﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ( ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‬

‫ 
 )‪.(Fibre Hard Board‬‬ ‫*‬

‫ﻫﻰ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﳉﻨﻮﺳﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺹ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴـﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﴰﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ ‪.( Particle Bozrd) !"#‬‬ ‫*‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﳉﻨﻮﺳﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣـﺬﺍﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﴰﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻓﲔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻭﺇﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫)‪.(Plywood‬‬ ‫*   ('&‪(*+, ) $%‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻟﻮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺮﺍﺀ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺟﻬـﱴ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺣﺸﻮ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺩﻳﻜﻮﺭ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺮ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺼﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺫﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺫﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﳐﻠﻂ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺧﺸﻦ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﳑﺸﻂ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﻐﻠﻒ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬

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‫* ('‪:
"  .‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻂ ﳉﺬﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺈﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺘﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻫﻮﺟﲎ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻴﻠﻰ‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻣﺜﺠﺎ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﻴﺒﻮ‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻁ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻭ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺯ‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﻣﻮﺭ‬

‫‪@ @Properties of Timber @lb’þa@˜aì@TMRMW‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ :(Density‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺟـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺃﺧﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠,٩ – ٠,٣‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ‪‬ﺎ‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ )‪ :(Moisture‬ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫) ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮ(‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻟﻪ ﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑـﺄﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳚﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ )‪ :(Strength‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻫـﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻟﻸﺧـﺸﺎﺏ ﰱ ﺍﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٠٠٠ – ٧٠٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ ،٢‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋـﺸﺐ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻜـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ )‪ :(Heat Insulation‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺗﺒﻄﲔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺨـﺸﺐ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪ ٠,٩٦‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ )‪ :(Electrical Insulation‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺍﻟﻌـﻮﺍﺯﻝ ﺍﳉﻴـﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻪ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @Methods Of Testing Timber@lb’þa@‰bîna@ÖŠ@UMRMW‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻵﺗﻰ ﺑﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫• ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫• ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫• ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫• ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ) ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ(‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻖ‬
‫ﻭﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺘﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

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‫• ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﲡﻬﺰ ﻭﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺑﺴﻤﻚ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪٢٥‬ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ )ﻭ( ﻭﲡﻔﻒ ﰱ ﻓﺮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥٠ – ١٠٠‬ﻡﻩ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺜﺒـﺖ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ )ﻭ‪.(١‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭ – ﻭ‪١‬‬
‫‪١٠٠ X‬‬ ‫ﻡ=‬
‫ﻭ‪١‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ :‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ :١‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﳊﻤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺗﻌﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﺍﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻯ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫* ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ٦ × ٢ × ٢‬ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪٢٠ × ٥ × ٥‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٠,٣ +‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫* ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﻮﺣﻰ ﻓﻜﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪ ٠,٠٦٣٥‬ﺳﻢ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫* ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺮﺻﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٧٥‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ =‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻢ ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ =‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ =‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ =‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﺻـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬

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‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﺻﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪٠,٢٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺡ‬
‫ﻡ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ =‬

‫ﺡ‪١‬‬

‫ﻡ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪٠,٢٥‬ﺳﻢ =‬

‫ﺡ‪٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ =‬
‫ﻡ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ :‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ :١‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪٠,٢٥‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ :٢‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫‪1+23( 45 3-7‬‬

‫‪@ @ò߆Ôß@QMSMW‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﱃ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﻜﻤـﺎﺵ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﲝﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﲟﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٨٥٤‬ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻞ ﺑﻼﺗﻼﻧﺪ ﻭﻳﻠﻜﻨﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٨٦٥‬ﰎ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣـﺒﲎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﱪﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﰱ ﻗﺎﻉ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨـﺬ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺎﻥ ﰱ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ‪٢٤ / ٣٧‬‬
‫)ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ‪٣٧‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻪ ‪٢٤‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ .٢‬ﰒ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﰒ ﻋﻤﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﰱ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ ﻓﺄﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﺍﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ‪٤٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،٥٢‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﳏﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﰱ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟـﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﻼﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﳏﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﲝﻠﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺛـﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٥٢‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺷـﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺰ‪.‬‬

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‪K‬د‪L‬د
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J‬م‪K‬د‪

J

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‫‪@ @(Types of Steel Bars Cross-Section)@|î܎nÛa@†í†y@pbÇbĐÓ@ÞbØ‘c@RMSMW‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬

‫‪@ @(Plain Bars)@ÉĐÔ½a@ñŠí†nŽß@õbŽÜß@„bîc@Mc‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﻒ ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ‪٥‬ﻣﻢ ﺇﱃ ‪١٣‬ﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺻـﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪١٢‬ﻡ ﻃﻮﱃ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪١٣‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪٥٠‬ﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﰱ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @@ÉĐÔ½a@òÈiŠß@õbŽÜß@„bîc@Ml‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @ôëbšîi@ëc@Ší†nŽß@ÉĐÔß@ë‡@kÜ–Ûa@åß@õbŽÜß@Úýc@M;u‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ‪١٠‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪(Deformed Bars) paûnã@pa‡@„bîc@Mõ‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٥٠ ، ٨‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪١٢‬ﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰱ ﺗـﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪(Mesh) òØj‘@M;ç‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻟﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳـﻘﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪(Rolled Steel Section) òäÐÛ†½a@kÜ–Ûa@pbÇbĐÓ@Më‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ I‬ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ [ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ )‪ (Composite Section‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﻚ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‪K‬د‪L‬د
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J‬م‪K‬د‪

J

L‬د‪
L‬‬

‫‪@ @@(Types of Steel Bars)@|î܎nÛa@†í†y@Êaìãc@SMSMW‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ordinary Mild Steel ô…bÈÛa@ôŠĐÛa@kÜ–Ûa@Mc‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﻋـﻦ ‪ ،%٠,٢‬ﻭﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ ،%٠,١٣‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣٥‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣـﻢ‪ ، ٢‬ﻭﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻛﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘـﻬﺎ ﻟﻠـﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻌـﺪ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻳـﻮﻡ ﻋـﻦ ‪١٧٥‬‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪.٢‬‬

‫‪(High Tensile Steel) òßëbÔ½a@µbÈÛa@kÜ–Ûa@Ml‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٠,٣‬ﻭﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٠,٠٥‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٠,٠٥‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺻﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ )‪ : (٥٢‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﻓﻴـﻪ ‪، %٠,٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٥٢‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.٢‬‬

‫• ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﰿ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ )‪ : (Cold Worked Steel‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﺻـﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﻰ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪٥٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.٢‬‬

‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪٢٠٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ ٢‬ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳـﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫‪@ @@(Manufacturing of Steel Bars)@|î܎nÛa@†í†y@òÇbä•@TMSMW‬‬

‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@ôŠĐÛa@kÜ–Ûa@@Ma‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﲤﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻫﻰ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱃ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳏﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺴﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑـﺄﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺳـﻴﻤﱰ‬
‫)ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺑﻘﻄﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻗﻄـﺎﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ‪١٢‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﲝﻠﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ ‪١٦‬‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﻣﺎ ﳛﻴﻮﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﺿـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰒ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺻﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟـﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻤـﺪ ﰒ ﻳـﺼﲑ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻟﻔﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷـﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @@@òßëbÔ½a@µbÇ@k–Ûa@@Ml‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲰﻴﱰ "ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣـﺔ" ﺃﻭﺍﻷﻓـﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﶈـﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺠﻨﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻟﻔﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑـﺮﻗﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ )‪ (٥٢/٣٦‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ) ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.(٢‬‬
‫‪…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@bȽa@kÜ–Ûa@M;u‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻭﻫـﻰ ﺃﻓـﻀﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
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J‬م‪K‬د‪

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‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٨‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ‪.‬‬

‫‪…bèu⁄a@òÔib@òãbŠ‚ÜÛ@òîÛbÈÛa@òßëbÔ½a@pa‡@Úýþa@Mõ‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳏﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻙ ﺑﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﻤﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ )ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.(٢‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺻﻠﺐ )‪ (١٦٠-١٣٠‬ﺗﻌﲎ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ ١٣٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠـﺸﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ ١٦٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.٢‬‬

‫‪@ @@|î܎nÛa@†í†y@âb§@UMSMW‬‬
‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫@‪@ @‹bÌÛbi@âbzÜÛa@J‬‬ ‫@@‬ ‫@@‬ ‫@‪@@ @@óiŠèØÛa@âbzÜÛa@J‬‬ ‫@‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻰ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﰿ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻣﻪ ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﳊﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻞ "ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ"‪.‬‬

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‫‪@ @@|î܎nÛa@†í†y@å팥@VMSMW‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﰱ ﺭﺻﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﳎﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻥ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺹ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬
‫* ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻯ ﺷﺤﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫* ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺭﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻭﺗﱰﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @Nòz܎½a@òãbŠ¨a@ÞbàÇc@óÏ@|î܎nÛa@„bîc@kÜ•@âa†‚na@òîyý•@pba‘a@WMSMW‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲜﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺑـﺴﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ )ﲰﱰ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ( ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺫﻭ ﻧﺘﺆﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﰿ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺇﺷـﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﻭﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺯﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ ١-٧-٣-٧‬ا‪ %‬ا‪$‬ت "!  أخ ا ا  ا  ا

‬

‫أ‪ -‬ا آ وا

)اص ا'&‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪(١-٧‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺗﺐ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻟﻔﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @|î܎nÛa@kÜ–Û@òîöbîàîØÛa@˜aì¨aë@kî×ÜÛ@pbЕaì½a@…ë†yHQMWI@Þë†u‬‬

‫‪@ @pbЕaì½a@…ë†y‬‬ ‫‪@ @òî•b¨a‬‬

‫‪@ @òÐÜn‚½a@†í†§a@kmŠÛ@Hó–Óc@†yI@òíì÷½a@òjŽäÛa‬‬
‫•‪@ë‡@òßëbÔ½a@µbÇ@kÜ‬‬ ‫‪@ @Š–äÈÛa‬‬
‫•‪@ @Üßc@ô…bÇ@ôŠ@kÜ‬‬
‫‪@ @paûnã‬‬
‫‪٥٢/٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٥/٢٤‬‬ ‫‪@kÜ–ÜÛ@óöbîàîØÛa@kî×Ûa‬‬
‫‪٦٠/٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٥/٢٨‬‬ ‫‪@ @Hòj–Ûa@I@ÝöbŽÛa‬‬
‫‪٠,٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢٥‬‬ ‫×‪@ @æìiŠ‬‬
‫‪٠,٠٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥٥‬‬ ‫×‪@ @oí‬‬
‫‪٠,٠٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥٥‬‬ ‫‪@ @‰ìЍìÏ‬‬
‫‪٠,٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣٠‬‬ ‫×‪@ @æìiŠ‬‬
‫‪@wnäàÜÛ@óöbîàîØÛa@kî×Ûa‬‬
‫‪٠,٠٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٦٠‬‬ ‫×‪@ @oí‬‬
‫‪@ @H„bîþaI@óöbèäÛa‬‬
‫‪٠,٠٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٦٠‬‬ ‫‪@ @‰ìЍìÏ‬‬

‫ب‪ -‬ا
)اص ا'' ‪-:.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٢-٧‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺇﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫
ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻷﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫
ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺗﺰﻥ ‪ ١٠‬ﻃﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗـﻞ ﻭﰱ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪@ @|î܎nÛa@kÜ–Û@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@óärÛaë@óØîmbnüa@†’ÜÛ@òîØîãbØî½a@˜aì‚ÜÛ@óã…þa@†§a@HRMWI@Þë†u‬‬

‫‪@ @pbЕì½a@…ë†y‬‬ ‫‪@ @òî•b¨a‬‬

‫ﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ )‪( ١٨٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‬ ‫‪@˜aì¨a‬‬
‫)ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﱏ (‬ ‫) ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪@ @òîØîãbØî½a‬‬
‫ﻝ = ‪ ١٠‬ﻕ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪) ٢‬ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﱏ(‬
‫‪٢‬ﻕ‬ ‫> ‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٥/٢٤‬‬
‫‪٣‬ﻕ‬ ‫< ‪٢٥‬‬ ‫•‪@ôŠ@kÜ‬‬
‫‪٢‬ﻕ‬ ‫> ‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٥/٢٨ @ @Üßc@ô…bÇ‬‬
‫‪٣‬ﻕ‬ ‫< ‪٢٥‬‬
‫‪٤‬ﻕ‬ ‫> ‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٥٢/٣٦‬‬
‫‪٥‬ﻕ‬ ‫<‪٣٦>٢٠‬‬
‫‪--‬‬ ‫< ‪٣٦‬‬ ‫•‪@µbÇ@kÜ‬‬
‫‪٤‬ﻕ‬ ‫> ‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠/٤٠‬‬ ‫‪@ë‡@òßëbÔ½a‬‬
‫‪٥‬ﻕ‬ ‫<‪٢٥>٢٠‬‬ ‫‪@ @paûnã‬‬
‫‪٦‬ﻕ‬ ‫<‪٣٦>٢٥‬‬
‫‪--‬‬ ‫< ‪٣٦‬‬

‫ﻕ = ﻗﻄﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ )ﻣﻢ(‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻝ = ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﻣﻢ(‬

‫‪0‬ـ‪ -‬أ‪23‬د ا‪6‬ات  ا‪ 2‬ا‪5‬و‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٣-٧‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺆﺍﺕ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @paûnäÛa@…bÈiþ@pbЕì½a@Þë†u@HSMWI@Þë†u‬‬

‫‪@ @pbЕaì½a@Þë†u‬‬ ‫‪@ @òî•b¨a‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ @ @paûnäÛa@pba‘a‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻯ ﻧﺘﺆ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺮﺿﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %٧٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻻﲰـﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )ﻉ( ﻋﻦ ‪ %٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻻﲰﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﲰﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪١٦‬ﻣﻢ ﺃﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻻﲰﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٦‬ﻣﻢ ﻓﲑﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆ )ﻉ( ﻋـﻦ ‪ %٦‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪@ @paûnäÛa@pba‘a‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻻﲰﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %٢٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈـﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﲰـﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

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‫د‪ -‬ا;وزان و‪  4‬ا‪85‬ع‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱃ )‪ (٤-٧‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰱ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @|î܎nÛa@†í†y@ÉĐÔß@òybŽßë@æa‹ëcë@‰bĐÓc@HTMWI@Þë†u‬‬

‫‪φ‬‬ ‫‪Weight‬‬ ‫‪Area of Cross – section in cm2‬‬

‫‪kg/m‬‬
‫‪mm‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪0.154‬‬ ‫‪0.196‬‬ ‫‪0.393‬‬ ‫‪0.589‬‬ ‫‪0.785‬‬ ‫‪0.982‬‬ ‫‪1.18‬‬ ‫‪1.37‬‬ ‫‪1.57‬‬ ‫‪1.77‬‬ ‫‪1.96‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0.222‬‬ ‫‪0.283‬‬ ‫‪0.566‬‬ ‫‪0.848‬‬ ‫‪1.13‬‬ ‫‪1.41‬‬ ‫‪1.70‬‬ ‫‪1.98‬‬ ‫‪2.26‬‬ ‫‪2.54‬‬ ‫‪2.83‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪0.302‬‬ ‫‪0.385‬‬ ‫‪0.770‬‬ ‫‪1.15‬‬ ‫‪1.54‬‬ ‫‪1.93‬‬ ‫‪2.31‬‬ ‫‪2.69‬‬ ‫‪3.08‬‬ ‫‪3.46‬‬ ‫‪3.85‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪0.395‬‬ ‫‪0.503‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪1.51‬‬ ‫‪2.01‬‬ ‫‪2.51‬‬ ‫‪3.02‬‬ ‫‪3.52‬‬ ‫‪4.02‬‬ ‫‪4.52‬‬ ‫‪5.03‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪0.617‬‬ ‫‪0.785‬‬ ‫‪1.57‬‬ ‫‪2.36‬‬ ‫‪3.14‬‬ ‫‪3.93‬‬ ‫‪4.71‬‬ ‫‪5.50‬‬ ‫‪6.28‬‬ ‫‪7.07‬‬ ‫‪7.85‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.888‬‬ ‫‪1.13‬‬ ‫‪2.26‬‬ ‫‪3.39‬‬ ‫‪4.52‬‬ ‫‪5.65‬‬ ‫‪6.79‬‬ ‫‪7.92‬‬ ‫‪9.05‬‬ ‫‪1.02‬‬ ‫‪11.30‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬ ‫‪1.33‬‬ ‫‪2.66‬‬ ‫‪3.98‬‬ ‫‪5.31‬‬ ‫‪6.64‬‬ ‫‪7.96‬‬ ‫‪9.29‬‬ ‫‪10.6‬‬ ‫‪11.9‬‬ ‫‪13.30‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪1.21‬‬ ‫‪1.54‬‬ ‫‪3.08‬‬ ‫‪4.62‬‬ ‫‪6.16‬‬ ‫‪7.70‬‬ ‫‪4.24‬‬ ‫‪10.8‬‬ ‫‪12.3‬‬ ‫‪13.9‬‬ ‫‪15.4‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪1.58‬‬ ‫‪2.01‬‬ ‫‪4.02‬‬ ‫‪6.03‬‬ ‫‪8.04‬‬ ‫‪10.1‬‬ ‫‪12.1‬‬ ‫‪14.1‬‬ ‫‪16.1‬‬ ‫‪18.1‬‬ ‫‪20.1‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪2.54‬‬ ‫‪5.09‬‬ ‫‪7.63‬‬ ‫‪10.2‬‬ ‫‪12.70‬‬ ‫‪15.3‬‬ ‫‪17.8‬‬ ‫‪20.4‬‬ ‫‪22.9‬‬ ‫‪25.4‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪2.23‬‬ ‫‪2.835‬‬ ‫‪5.67‬‬ ‫‪8.50‬‬ ‫‪11.30‬‬ ‫‪14.2‬‬ ‫‪17.0‬‬ ‫‪19.9‬‬ ‫‪22.7‬‬ ‫‪25.5‬‬ ‫‪28.4‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪2.47‬‬ ‫‪3.14‬‬ ‫‪6.28‬‬ ‫‪9.42‬‬ ‫‪12.6‬‬ ‫‪15.7‬‬ ‫‪18.8‬‬ ‫‪22.0‬‬ ‫‪25.1‬‬ ‫‪28.3‬‬ ‫‪31.4‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪2.98‬‬ ‫‪3.80‬‬ ‫‪7.60‬‬ ‫‪11.4‬‬ ‫‪15.2‬‬ ‫‪19.0‬‬ ‫‪22.8‬‬ ‫‪26.6‬‬ ‫‪30.4‬‬ ‫‪34.2‬‬ ‫‪38.0‬‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪3.55‬‬ ‫‪4.52‬‬ ‫‪9.04‬‬ ‫‪13.6‬‬ ‫‪18.1‬‬ ‫‪22.6‬‬ ‫‪27.0‬‬ ‫‪31.7‬‬ ‫‪36.2‬‬ ‫‪40.7‬‬ ‫‪45.2‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪3.85‬‬ ‫‪4.91‬‬ ‫‪9.82‬‬ ‫‪14.7‬‬ ‫‪19.6‬‬ ‫‪24.5‬‬ ‫‪29.5‬‬ ‫‪34.4‬‬ ‫‪39.3‬‬ ‫‪44.2‬‬ ‫‪49.1‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪4.17‬‬ ‫‪5.31‬‬ ‫‪10.6‬‬ ‫‪15.9‬‬ ‫‪21.2‬‬ ‫‪26.5‬‬ ‫‪31.9‬‬ ‫‪37.2‬‬ ‫‪42.5‬‬ ‫‪47.0‬‬ ‫‪53.1‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪4.83‬‬ ‫‪6.16‬‬ ‫‪12.3‬‬ ‫‪18.5‬‬ ‫‪24.6‬‬ ‫‪30.8‬‬ ‫‪37.0‬‬ ‫‪43.1‬‬ ‫‪49.3‬‬ ‫‪55.4‬‬ ‫‪61.6‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪5.55‬‬ ‫‪7.07‬‬ ‫‪14.1‬‬ ‫‪21.2‬‬ ‫‪28.3‬‬ ‫‪35.3‬‬ ‫‪42.4‬‬ ‫‪49.5‬‬ ‫‪56.6‬‬ ‫‪63.6‬‬ ‫‪70.7‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪6.31‬‬ ‫‪8.04‬‬ ‫‪16.1‬‬ ‫‪24.1‬‬ ‫‪32.2‬‬ ‫‪40.2‬‬ ‫‪48.3‬‬ ‫‪56.3‬‬ ‫‪64.3‬‬ ‫‪72.4‬‬ ‫‪80.4‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪7.13‬‬ ‫‪9.08‬‬ ‫‪18.20‬‬ ‫‪27.2‬‬ ‫‪36.3‬‬ ‫‪45.4‬‬ ‫‪54.5‬‬ ‫‪53.6‬‬ ‫‪72.6‬‬ ‫‪81.7‬‬ ‫‪90.8‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪7.99‬‬ ‫‪10.02‬‬ ‫‪20.4‬‬ ‫‪30.6‬‬ ‫‪40.8‬‬ ‫‪50.7‬‬ ‫‪61.2‬‬ ‫‪71.4‬‬ ‫‪81.6‬‬ ‫‪91.8‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪8.90‬‬ ‫‪11.3‬‬ ‫‪22.6‬‬ ‫‪33.9‬‬ ‫‪45.2‬‬ ‫‪56.5‬‬ ‫‪67.8‬‬ ‫‪79.1‬‬ ‫‪90.4‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬

‫‪١٣٨‬‬
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‫هـ‪ -‬ا=وزات واوت ا)ح ‪ @ 3‬أ‪23‬د وأ‪)$‬ل ووزن > ا‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٥-٧‬ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @|î܎nÛa@†í†y@æ‹ëë@Þaìcë@…bÈic@óÏ@pa‹ëbvnÜÛ@bèi@€ìàŽ½a@…놧a@HUMWI@Þë†u‬‬

‫‪@ @pbЕì½a@…ë†y‬‬ ‫‪@ @òî•b¨a‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻮﱃ ﺃﻯ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٨‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪@óÏ@bèi@€ìàŽ½a@pa‹ëbvnÛa‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ‪٠,٥ +‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﲰﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ‪٢٥‬ﻣﻢ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪@ @ÉĐÔàÜÛ@òÐÜn‚½a@…bÈiþa‬‬
‫‪١,٠٠‬ﻣﻢ ﻟﻸﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﲰﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪٢٥‬ﻣﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺍﺕ ﰱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ) ‪( %‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﲰﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫)ﻣﻢ(‬ ‫‪@óÏ@bèi@€ìàŽ½a@pa‹ëbvnÛa‬‬
‫‪٨-‬‬ ‫‪٦+‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪@ @æa‹ëþa‬‬
‫‪٦-‬‬ ‫‪٤,٥٠ +‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ، ٨‬‬
‫‪٤-‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥ +‬‬ ‫‪ ١٢‬ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ‪ - ،٤٠ +‬ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪@óÏ@bèi@€ìàŽ½a@pa‹ëbvnÛa‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺎﺟﻮﺯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫‪@ @Þaìþa‬‬
‫‪٥‬ﻣﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٢-٧-٣-٧‬ا‪ CCCC%‬ا‪$‬ت "‪  !CCCC‬ا‪!CCCCF‬ك ذات ا‪5‬و‪ CCCC4‬ا‪ CCCC2‬ا‪CCCC@ 4
CCCC‬‬
‫ا
 ‪ 53‬ا‪H0G‬د‪-:‬‬

‫
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺫﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺫﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﺴﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﻠﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻋـﻦ ‪ %٠,٠٥‬ﻭﻧـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳـﻔﻮﺭ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫‪ %٠,٠٥‬ﻭﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﺴﺒﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ‪.%٠,٠٩‬‬

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ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻚ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱃ )‪ (٦-٧‬ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @òßëbÔ½a@µbÈÛa@Ù܎ÜÛ@æbàšÛa@…bèugë@ôì–ÔÛa@òßëbÔ½a@HVMWI@Þë†u‬‬
‫‪ ٠,٠١‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ )ﻣﻢ(‬
‫)ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪(٢‬‬ ‫)ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪(٢‬‬
‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪١٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫‪١٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪١١٥‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪١٢٥‬‬ ‫‪١٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪١٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪١٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

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‫‪Polymers 7'8(
"( 4-7‬‬

‫‪@ @@ò߆Ôß@QMTMW‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻻﺗﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﲔ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻮﱃ ) ‪ (poly‬ﻭﺗﻌﲎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣـﺮ )‪ (mer‬ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ )‪ (polymer‬ﺗﻌﲎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ ﻛﻤﻴـﺎﺋﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺔﳌﲑﻳﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ )‪ (resin‬ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰱ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﰱ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻪ ﻭﻛﺴﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﻜﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺟﻠﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰱ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻤﻎ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﺺ ﰱ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺷﱴ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻠﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻀﺮﺓ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻧـﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﲤﻴﺰ ﺑﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫـﺎ ﻭﺑـﺸﻜﻞ ﻛـﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﰎ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄـﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﳓﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺛـﻮﺭﺓ ﺻـﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﲤﻜـﻦ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﺍﺕ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗـﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺮﻳـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺉ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻮﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﻋﺎﱃ ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫‪@ àîÛì;jÛa@ÒŠÈí‬‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎﳉﺰﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻼﻕ‬
‫)‪ .(Macromolecule‬ﻭﺟﺰﺉ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻮﳕﺮ )‪ (Monomer‬ﺫﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﺿﻐﲑ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺧـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﺉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﺉ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﳘﻴﺔ )‪ (Covalent Bond‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻮﳕﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @@paŠàîÛìjÛa@‰…b–ß@RMTMW‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﲔ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪@ @Natural Polymers@@@òîÈîjĐÛa@paŠàîÛìjÛa@MQ‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻤﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﳉﻠﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﳊﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Synthetic Polymers@HòîÇbäĐ•üaI@ñŠša@paŠàîÛìjÛa@MR‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﶈﻀﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﳉﻠﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻰ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣـﺪﻯ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺼﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﰱ ﻋﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﱴ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻭﺯ‪‬ـﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺃﻗـﻞ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

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‪K‬د‪L‬د
م
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J‬م‪K‬د‪

J

L‬د‪
L‬‬

‫‪@ @paŠàîÛìjÛa@˜aì@SMTMW‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻰ‬
‫• ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪@ @ó÷팦a@æ‹ìÛa@MQ‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻛـﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﺘﲑﻭﺟﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻭﺯﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﲞﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻳـﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﺰﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻬﺒﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺉ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @òîöbíŒîÐÛa@˜aì¨a@MR‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@ñ‰ìÜjnß -‬‬
‫‪@ @@ñ‰ìÜjnß@Ë -‬‬
‫‪@ @@HpaŠàÜjÛaI@ñ‰ìÜjnß@òj‘ -‬‬
‫
ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻔـﺮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺷـﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺰﺟـﺎﺝ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤـﺔ ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺑـﺎﻗﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻰ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﺟﻨﺴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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‪K‬د‪L‬د
م
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J‬م‪K‬د‪

J

L‬د‪
L‬‬

‫‪@ @paŠàîÛìjÛa@áîŽÔm@ÖŠ@TMTMW‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟـ‪:‬‬
‫* ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫* ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫‪@ @Éîä–nÛa@òÔíŠĐÛ@bÔj@paŠàîÛìjÛa@áîŽÔm‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪(Thermoplastics)@pbØînýiìߊrÛa@MQ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻠﲔ ﺑﺈﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰒ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟـﺼﻼﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﱪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺴﺨﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺍﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﳊﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺇﺛﻠﻴﻠﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪(Thermosets) pbØîmbnìߊrÛa@MR‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻠﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻠﺐ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣـﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﺨﲔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﲤﺘﻊ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﲞﻮﺍﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻴـﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﻮﺗـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻳﺒﻮﺳﻜﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺴﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺒﺴﺘﻮﺱ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻟﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﻓﲔ‪.‬‬
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‫‪(Plastics) pbã†Ü½a@MS‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﻠﺪﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﺪﻧﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪(Ellastomers) Hò㊽a@paŠàîÛìjÛa@I@paßìnŽÛ⁄a@MT‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺈﻥ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣـﻦ ‪ % ٥٠٠ : ١٠٠‬ﰒ ﺗﻌـﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺷـﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪(Fibers)@@òîÇbä–Ûa@ÒbîÛþa@MU‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘـﺸﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ )‪ ،(%٥٠ – ١٠‬ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺑـﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻣﺘـﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺃﺳﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﺒﻠﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @âa†‚nüa@òÔíŠĐÛ@bÔj@paŠàîÛìjÛa@áîŽÔm‬‬

‫‪Ellastomers@paßìnŽÛ⁄a@MQ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﻏﲑﺓ‬

‫‪Plastics‬‬ ‫‪ÙînýjÛa@MR‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺪﻧﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺜﻠﲔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Fibers òîÇbä–Ûa@ÒbîÛþa@MS‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺃﻣﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪@ @paŠàîÛìjÛa@pübàÈna@UMTMW‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻺﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻤﻴـﺰﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻖ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﰱ ﻟﺼﻖ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰱ ﻟﺼﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻔـﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﰱ ﻓﻮﺍﺻـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺼﺐ ﳌﻨـﻊ ﺗـﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪Fibers :( -5-7‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘـﱪ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﳌﺎ ﲢﻘﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪òîãìiŠØÛa@ÒbîÛþa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@´ÜiëŠi@µìjÛa@ÒbîÛc‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@†î߉þa@ÒbîÛc‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ‬

‫‪xbuŒÛa@bèbc@ónÛa@òîÇbä–Ûa@ÒbîÛþa@xbnã@óç@òîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþa@òîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþa@Q@MU@MW‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺃﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﰱ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﳊﺠﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ ﻭﻟﻴـﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﲨﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻋﺎﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﻳﻊ ﻟﻴﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﳎﺎﻻ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ¾‪@òz܎;½a@òãb;Š¨a@paŒ;î‬‬
‫‪:òîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþbi‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺇ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻃﻮﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﲨﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﲣﻔﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -٥‬ﲢﻞ ﳏﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ‪٦‬ـ‪١٢‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻟﺒﺔ ﻹﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﺲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪٠‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪٠‬‬

‫‪@ @ZòîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþbi@òz܎½a@òãbŠ¨a@pbßa†‚na‬‬
‫@@‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻟﻜﺴﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻈﻼﺕ ﴰﺲ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻮﺭﻧﻴﺸﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺑﺰﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺼﺐ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ )ﺿﺎﺋﻌﺔ( ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﻮﺍﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @@òîãìiŠØÛa@ÒbîÛþa@R@MU@MW‬‬
‫@@‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻴﻔﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻴﻴﻒ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻻﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺗﻘﻄـﲑ ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤـﻢ ﰱ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺤـﺮﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻭﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٧‬‬

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‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@‘‪@ @@@@@@@@N@òÐÜn«@jØm@pbu‰†i@æìiŠØÛa@ÒbîÛc@óÏ@ÉĐÔß@@HQMWI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪ ١-٢-٥-٧‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻶﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻛﺮﻳﻠﻮﻧﺘﺮﻳﻞ‪٠‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﲎ‪٠‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪٠‬‬

‫ﺏ – ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ‪٩٠/١٠‬ﺃﻯ ‪ % ١٠‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﻭ‪ % ٩٠‬ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭ ‪ ٥٠/٥٠‬ﺃﻯ ‪ % ٥٠‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﰱ ﺇﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭ‪ %٥٠‬ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟـ‪ -‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺤﻮﻧﺔ )‪ :(Milled Fibers‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪٣٠٠٠-٣٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ L/D‬ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪٣٠‬‬

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‫* ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ )‪ :(short chopped fibers‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪L/D‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٨٠‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ )‪ :(long chopped fibers‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﰱ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺪﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬

‫* ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻭ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﻭ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٦٠٠٠‬ﺷﻌﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺇﱃ ‪١,٥‬ﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻴﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﰒ ﺭﺷﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻫﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻼ ﺻـﻘﺔ‬
‫)ﺇﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻰ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٢-٢-٥-٧‬ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳍﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻃﻮﺭﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﹶﺮﻛﹶﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﰱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻕ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ – ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﻳﱪ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﺿﻔﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ‬

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‫@@@@@@@@@@@@‪@ @@@@@@@@@@@@íbÏ@æìiŠØÛa@pýib×@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@aìß‬‬

‫@@@@@@@@@‪@ @Šöb–y@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Ýöa†u@O@ŠöbЙ@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@òãŠß@€aìÛc‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻼﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻨـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺑﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌـﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳـﻞ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻯ )ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ(‪،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﻛﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺴﺘﻮﺱ ﳌﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﻜﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺣﱴ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٤‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﲰﲔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪( Carbon fiber cement concrete)(CFCC‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﲰﻨﺖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ‪(Carbon fiber reinforced concrete) :‬‬
‫)‪(CFRC‬‬

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‫* ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬

‫* ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰱ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻔﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ )ﲬﺲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ( ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ )ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ( ﻭ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻰ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳـﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﻄـﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻔﻪ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﳑﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﻗـﻊ ﻭ ﺳـﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻞ ﻭ ﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﲝﻮﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @´ÜiëŠi@µìjÛa@ÒbîÛc@S@MU@MW‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﳑﻴﺰﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟـﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻤـﻞ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺻـﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻜﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻭﺍﻟـﱴ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٠,٩‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻠـﻂ‪Polyproblin .‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻨـﺘﺞ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻜﻤـﺎﺵ ﻭﺑـﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻭﺥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻟﺘﺴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻘـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳛﻘﻖ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻧﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫¾‪@ @´ÜiëŠi@µìjÛa@ÒbîÛc@òØj‘@paŒî‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ (٢‬ﺯﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻺﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %١٠٥‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﺎﺵ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ ﺑـﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪%١٠‬ﻣﻦ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﺥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ" ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ" ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺛـﺎﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٤‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺟﺮﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﲡﺎﺭ‪‬ـﺎ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑـﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘـﻬﺎ ﻻﻣﺘـﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٥‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﳛـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺸﲑ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻞ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍ" ﲜﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ ﺑـﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻗـﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٦‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺎﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ" ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻐﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ (٧‬ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻘﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺿـﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ﺣﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫©‪@ @ZÕîjĐnÛa@püb‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﲪﺎﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺣﺘﻜـﺎﻙ ﻧﻈـﺮﺍ" ﳊﺮﻛـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻧﺎﺵ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻧـﻪ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺇﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @†î߉þa@ÒbîÛc@TMUMW‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﻓﺈ‪‬ـﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﹰﺎ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻴـﺪ ﰲ ﺗـﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻀﺮﺭﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ﻓﺈ‪‬ـﺎ ﺗﺘﺤـﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Composite Material‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻄﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ ( Matrix‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﺎﺋﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (Fiber Form‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴـﻮﻡ ﺃﺷـﻬﺮ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Polymer matrix composites (PMC's‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Fiber Reinforced‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪ (FRP‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﺧﺘـﺼﺎﺭ )‬
‫‪ (Polymers‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﰿ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴـﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ )‪(Matrix‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻴﺪ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Metal matrix composites (MMC's‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﹶﺮﻛﹶﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﻮﻡ ﻛﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Matrix‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟ )‪. (Silicon Carbide‬‬

‫)‪Ceramic matrix composites (CMC's‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺍﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ )‪.(Silicon Carbide‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ )‪ (Composite‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ )ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ – ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ – ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻧـﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﻣـﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ )‪ (Debonding‬ﻭﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻟﻼ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

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