CO N T E N T S

1 – PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY
 AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN
• What is Ideology? How Ideology Emerges? ............................................... 1
• Importance of an Ideology, Basis of Pakistan Ideology; ............................ 2
 PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY ..................................................................................... 2
• Definition and Explanation, Two-Nation Concept. ...................................... 2
• Aims and Objects of the Establishment of Pakistan; Enforcement of the
Sovereignty of the God Almighty ................................................................ 2
• Establishment of Islamic Democracy, Revival of Muslims’ Image and
Identity; Protection of Muslim Culture and Civilization ............................... 3
• Two-Nation Theory, Emancipation from the Prejudicial Hindu Majority,
Establishment of a Balanced Economic System ........................................ 4
 PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND ALLAMA IQBAL .................................................. 5
 PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND THE QUAID-I-AZAM ....................................... 7

2 – HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

 RELIGIOUS AND REFORMATIVE MOVEMENTS, THE EVOLUTION OF
MUSLIM NATIONALISM IN INDIA ................................................................... 10
• The Advent of Islam in the Sub-Continent .................................................. 10
 SINDH – THE ‘BAB-UL-ISLAM’ ....................................................................... 10
• Muhammad Bin Qasim Attacks India ......................................................... 10
• Spread of Islam in other Parts of India ....................................................... 12
 THE IMPACT OF ISLAM ..................................................................................... 13
• Islam and Hinduism, Cultural Influence ...................................................... 13
• Religious Influence ..................................................................................... 14
 HINDU REACTION ............................................................................................ 14
• Hindu Nationalist Movements .................................................................... 14
• Bhagti Movement, Din-i-Alahi ..................................................................... 15
 IMAM RABBANI HAZRAT MAJADID ALF SANI ............................................. 16
• Social Conditions of India, Sheikh Ahmad’s Efforts to Purge Muslim
Society of Atheist Values ............................................................................ 17
• Sheikh Ahmad’s Letters, Sheikh Ahmad Imprisoned Sheikh Ahmad and
Two-Nation Concept ................................................................................... 18
• Wahdat-ul-Wajud and Wahdat-ul-Shahud, The Influence of Sheikh
Ahmad’s Efforts, Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah Muhadis Dehlvi ......................... 19
• Social Conditions of India in Shah Wali Ullah’s Time ................................. 20
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 SHAH WALI ULLAH’S MOVEMENT ................................................................ 21
• Religious Reformation, Political Services ................................................... 21
• Works of Shah Wali Ullah, Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brailvi .......................... 22
• Preparation for Jehad Against Sikhs, Declaration of War .......................... 23
• Enforcement of Shariat ............................................................................... 24
 FRAIZI MOVEMENT .......................................................................................... 25
• Dudu Miyan, Titumir .................................................................................... 26
 EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENTS......................................................................... 27
 ALI GARH MOVEMENT SIR SYED AHMED KHAN ........................................ 27
• The Beginning of Aligarh Movement .......................................................... 28
• The Educational Aspect of the Aligarh Movement...................................... 29
• Establishment of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Muhammadan
Educational Conference, Political Aspect of Ali Garh Movement ............... 30
• Steps for Creating Better Understanding Between the Muslims and the
British .......................................................................................................... 31
• Religious Services of the Aligarh Movement, Social Services of the
Aligarh Movement ....................................................................................... 32
 PIONEER OF TWO-NATION THEORY ............................................................ 33
• The Impact of Aligarh Movement, Aligarh Movement after the Death of
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan ................................................................................ 33
 TEHRIK-I-DEOBAND ........................................................................................ 35
• Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Deoband, Founders of Deoband........................................ 35
• Activities of Dar-ul-Uloom, Teachers/Students of Dar-ul-Uloom ................ 36
• Political Trends of Deoband, Educational Aspect of the Deoband,
Dar-ul-Uloom-Deoband and Aligarh ........................................................... 37
• Nadva-tul-Ulema of Luckhnow.................................................................... 38
• Establishment of Nadva-Tul-Ulema, Objectives of Nadva, Nadva-tul-
Ulema and Maulana Shibli .......................................................................... 39
 ANJUMAN-I-HIMAYAAT-I-ISLAM, LAHORE ................................................... 41
• Objectives of Anjuman, Educational Services, ........................................... 41
• Political Services of the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam ................................... 42
• Sindh Madrasah, Karachi ........................................................................... 42
• Islamia College, Peshawar, Dar-ul-Uloom-e-Islamia ..................................... 43

3 – MUSLIMS’ POLITICAL STRUGGLE

 LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS ACT, 1861 .............................................................. 45
• Indian Councils Act, 1892
• Hindi-Urdu Controversy .............................................................................. 46
 PARTITION OF BENGAL .................................................................................. 48
• Muslim Reaction to the Partition
• Hindu Re-action toward Partition ................................................................ 48

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 SIMLA DEPUTATION ........................................................................................ 50
 FORMATION OF ALL-INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE .............................................. 51
• Objectives of the Muslim League................................................................ 51
 MINTO-MORLEY REFORMS ............................................................................ 52
• Change in Muslim Politics (Muslim League Changes its Political
Strategy) ..................................................................................................... 54
 LUCKNOW PACT, 1916 .................................................................................... 55
• Montague-Chelmsford Reforms 1919 ........................................................ 57
 KHILAFAT MOVEMENT .................................................................................... 59
• The Institution of Khilafat, Movement for the Protection of the Institution
of Khilafat .................................................................................................... 59
• Khilafat Committee, The Indian Deputation Calls on Viceroy..................... 60
• Treaty of Severs, Khilafat Delegation ......................................................... 61
• Non-Cooperation Movement....................................................................... 62
 HIJERAT MOVEMENT ...................................................................................... 63
• Moplah Uprising, Chauri Chaura Tragedy .................................................. 63
• End of the Khilafat Movement, Result of the Khilafat Movement ............... 64
• Reasons for the Failure of the Khilafat Movement......................................... 65

4 – PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
 MUSLIM NATIONALISM – MEANINGS OF TWO-NATION THEORY............. 67
• The Evolution of the Two-Nation Theory, Religious Differences ................ 67
• Hindu Nationalism ....................................................................................... 68
• Cultural and Social Differences, Economic and Educational Difference .... 69
• Political Differences .................................................................................... 70
 THE PROBLEMS OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE AND THE MUSLIMS .......... 71
• Muslim Reaction ......................................................................................... 71
• Demand for Separate Electorate, Change in Muslim Politics, Hindus
Prejudice Towards Muslims ........................................................................ 72
 DELHI PROPOSALS ......................................................................................... 73
 SIMON COMMISSION ....................................................................................... 73
 NEHRU REPORT .............................................................................................. 74
 FOURTEEN POINTS OF THE QUAID-I-AZAM ................................................ 75
 ALLAMA IQBAL’S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS AT ALLAHBAD, 1930 ......... 76
• First Round Table Conference.................................................................... 77
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact ....................................................................................... 78
• Second Round Table Conference .............................................................. 78
• Third Round Table Conference, Communal Award, Government of India
Act, 1935 ..................................................................................................... 79
• Salient Recommendations of the Act of 1935, An appraisal of the Act of
1935 ............................................................................................................ 80

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 • 1937 Elections, Formation of Congress Ministries ..................................... 81
 CONGRESS ATROCITIES ON THE MUSLIMS ............................................... 82
• Muslim League’s Role during Congress Rule ............................................ 83
• End of Congress Rule, Day of Deliverance, Chaudri Rahmat Ali and
Pakistan Movement .................................................................................... 84
• Pakistan Resolution, Partition Proposals .................................................... 85
 CHAUDRI REHMAT ALI’S SCHEME ............................................................... 86
• Presidential Address of the Quaid-i-Azam, The Resolution ....................... 87
 IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN RESOLUTION................................................. 88
• Congress Reaction to the Pakistan Resolution .......................................... 88
• Congress Attitude During the Second World War, August Offer ................ 89
 CRIPPS MISSION ............................................................................................ 90
 QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT .................................................................................. 91
• Gandhi-Jinnah Talks, Wavell Plan .............................................................. 91
• Simla Conference ....................................................................................... 92
 ELECTIONS....................................................................................................... 92
• Cabinet Mission Plan .................................................................................. 93
• Formation of Interim Government, Steps for Transfer of Power ................ 95
• June 3 Plan, Redcliffe Award...................................................................... 96
• Division of Bengal and Calcutta Problem, Division of Punjab .................... 97
 INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 1947 ....................................................................... 98
• Transfer of Power ....................................................................................... 98

5 – ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN
 INITIAL DIFFICULTIES AND IMPORTANT EVENTS ...................................... 99
• Initial Problems, Congress Reaction on the Establishment of Pakistan ..... 99
• Formation of Government Machinery, Division of Armed Forces and
Military Assets ............................................................................................. 100
• The Massacre of Muslim Refugees and their Influx in Pakistan................. 101
• Division of Financial Assets, Canal Water Dispute..................................... 103
• The Accession of Princely States, Junagarh .............................................. 104
• Kashmir ....................................................................................................... 105
• Hyderabad .................................................................................................. 107
• Economic Problems .................................................................................... 108
• Linguistic Riots and Political Problems ....................................................... 109
• Political Problems, Tehrik-i-Khatam-e-Nabuvat .......................................... 110

6 – THE ROLE OF STUDENTS, LADIES AND MUSHAIKH IN THE

FREEDOM MOVEMENT

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 FREEDOM MOVEMENT ................................................................................... 112
• Ulema and Mushaikh .................................................................................. 112
 ROLE OF ULEMA AND MUSHAIKH IN THE PROVINCES DURING THE
FREEDOM MOVEMENT ................................................................................... 114
• Sindh ........................................................................................................... 114
• Punjab ......................................................................................................... 115
 THE STUDENTS ROLE IN THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT .............................. 115
 WOMEN'S ROLE IN THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT ......................................... 118

7 – EVOLUTION OF DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

• Political Scenario 1947-48, A Struggle for Survival .................................... 120
• DEMOCRATIC PHASE .............................................................................. 121
• Downfall of Democracy (1953-58) .............................................................. 123
• 1955 Doctrine of Necessity ......................................................................... 127
 POLITICS DURING 1951-58 ............................................................................. 130
• Punjab ......................................................................................................... 130
• Sindh ........................................................................................................... 130
 FORMATION OF ONE UNIT ............................................................................. 131
• North – West Frontier Province .................................................................. 134
• East Bengal................................................................................................. 135
• The Dilemma of Democracy .......................................................................... 136

8 – CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN

PAKISTAN
 CONSTITUTIONAL DILEMMAS ....................................................................... 137
• Basic Principles Committee ........................................................................ 139
• The Constitution of 1956, The President, Prime Minister, National
Assembly .................................................................................................... 143
• Governor, Provincial Assembly, Judicial Structure ..................................... 144
• Islamic Provisions of 1956 Constitution, Constitution of 1962, President .. 144
• National Assembly, The Governor .............................................................. 145
 THE CONSTITUTION OF 1973 ......................................................................... 146
• President, Prime Minister ............................................................................ 146
• Parliament, The National Assembly, The Senate ....................................... 147
• Provincial Assemblies, The Judicature ....................................................... 148

9 – MILITARY INTERVENTION IN PAKISTAN’S POLITICS

BEGINNING OF AYUB KHAN’S ERA

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 POLITICAL SCENARIO .................................................................................... 149
• Military Intervention (ML Imposed), Ayub’s ML in Operation ...................... 150
• EBDO, Economic Development, Land/Agrarian Reforms .......................... 151
• Industrial Reforms ....................................................................................... 152
• Constitutional/Political Reforms .................................................................. 153
 BASIC DEMOCRACY ....................................................................................... 154
• Philosophy of Basic Democracy ................................................................. 155
• Functions of Basic Democracy, Administration Function, Developmental
Function, Local Self Government Functions, Constitutional Functions ...... 156
• Basic Democracies Organization, Union Council ....................................... 157
 THE ORGANIZATION OF BASIC DEMOCRACIES......................................... 157
• Functions, Finances .................................................................................... 157
• Tehsil Council, Function, Finance, Municipal Committees, Function,
Finance, District Council, Composition ....................................................... 158
• Functions, Finance ..................................................................................... 159
• Divisional Council, Constitution, Function, Finance, Municipal
Corporations ............................................................................................... 160
• Constitutional Changes, Social Reforms .................................................... 161
• Law Reforms, Population Control ............................................................... 162
• Rehabilitation of the Refugees, Change of Capital..................................... 163
• Educational Reforms, Indo-Pakistan War 1965.......................................... 164
• Tashkent Declaration, Downfall of Ayub Khan ........................................... 165

10 – GENERAL YAHYA KHAN

 STEPS FOR TRANSFER OF POWER ............................................................. 167
• General Election of 1970 ............................................................................ 170
 YAHYA, MAJIB AND BHUTTO SQUABBLE OVER POWER SHARING ....... 171
 POLITICAL EVOLUTION SINCE 1971 ............................................................. 177

11 – POLITICAL AND SOCIAL REFORMS UNDER PAKISTAN

PEOPLE’S PARTY Z.A. BHUTTO AS A POPULIST LEADER
 NATIONALIZATION PROGRAMME ................................................................. 183
• Agrarian Reforms ........................................................................................ 186
• Social Reforms, Labour Reforms................................................................ 187
• Health Policy, Foreign Policy ...................................................................... 187
• Islamic Symbolism Bhutto’s Politics............................................................ 184
• Qadianis Declared Non-Muslims, Islamic Measures Adopted by Bhutto ... 185

12 – CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT DURING

ZIA’S YEARS
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 ELECTIONS 1983 ............................................................................................. 195
• National Referendum 1984 ......................................................................... 195
• Elections ..................................................................................................... 198
• National Assembly, Senate, Provincial Assemblies ................................... 198
 MUHAMMAD KHAN JUNEJO AS PRIME MINISTER ..................................... 201
• Martial Law Lifted ........................................................................................ 201
• Ethnic Crisis ................................................................................................ 202
 THE DEBACLE OF OJRI CAMP ...................................................................... 205
• Junejo Government Dissolved .................................................................... 205

13 – THE GOVERNMENT OF PPP BENAZIR AS P.M

(1st Term 1988-90)
 GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN AS ACTING PRESIDENT ......................................... 209
• Benazir Bhutto as PM (First Term 1988-90) ............................................... 209
• Presidential Elections, Dissolution of Balochistan Assembly ..................... 210
• The Downfall of Benazir Bhutto .................................................................. 211

14 – THE GOVT. OF IJI NAWAZ SHARIF AS P.M (1st Term 1990-93)

 GENERAL ELECTIONS 1990 ........................................................................... 213
• Formation of National Government, Economic Policies of the IJI
Government ................................................................................................ 213
 THE FALL OF THE IJI GOVERNMENT DISMISSAL OF NAWAZ SHARIF
AS PRIME MINISTER ....................................................................................... 214

15 – PPP RETURNS TO POWER BENAZIR AS P.M (2nd Term 1993-96)

 THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PPP GOVERNMENT ..................................... 217
• Corruption ................................................................................................... 218
• Law & Order Situation
• Judges Case ............................................................................................... 218
 BENAZIR GOVERNMENT DISMISSED BY PRESIDENT FAROOQ AHMED
KHAN LEGHARI ............................................................................................... 219

16 – THE GOVT. OF NAWAZ SHARIF AS PRIME MINISTER

(2nd Term) PML (N)
• N.A. Election Results 1997, P.A. Election Results 1997 ............................ 221
• Party Position .............................................................................................. 221
 NATIONAL DEBT RETIREMENT PROGRAMME ............................................ 222
• Accountability/Ehtesab ............................................................................... 223
 13TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ......................................................... 225

(vii)
 • End of Discretionary Powers ...................................................................... 225
• Political Scenario after deletion of 58 (2b) .................................................. 226
• 14th Constitutional Amendment.................................................................. 226
 MOTORWAY (M-2)............................................................................................ 228
 MISSILE RACE IN SOUTH ASIA...................................................................... 230
 LAHORE DECLARATION................................................................................. 230
• Joint Statement ........................................................................................... 231
• Agni-II/Ghauri-II Shaheen SSM .................................................................. 232

17 – GENERAL PERVAIZ MUSHARRAF

 A MISSION FOR NATIONAL RE-CONSTRUCTION........................................ 234
 DEVOLUTION PLAN 2000................................................................................ 234
• Background ................................................................................................. 234
• Major Characteristics of the Plan ................................................................ 236
 MUSHARRAF AS PRESIDENT ........................................................................ 237
 THE AGRA SUMMIT ......................................................................................... 238
• War on Terrorism ....................................................................................... 240
• Pakistan’s Role in the War Against Terrorism ............................................ 242
• National Referendum April 30, 2002 .......................................................... 243
 SEVENTEENTH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ....................................... 245
• Critical Evaluation of the Constitutional Amendment Package .................. 246
• Presidential Elections October 2007 .......................................................... 249
• Aftermath of Presidential Election ............................................................. 250
• National Re-Conciliation Ordinance ........................................................... 252
• Corruption ................................................................................................... 253
• Musharraf – BB Deal .................................................................................. 253
• Benazir Returns to Pakistan ....................................................................... 254
• Emergency Declared .................................................................................. 255
• Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) 3rd November 2007 ..................... 255
• Reasons for the Imposition of Emergency: ................................................. 257
• Impact of Emergency on Economy: ............................................................ 261
• State of the Economy ................................................................................. 262
 ELECTIONS – 2008 .......................................................................................... 263
• The Chaotic History of Pakistan’s Electoral Politics ................................... 263
 POLITICAL SCENARIO AFTER 2008 GENERAL ELECTIONS ..................... 265
• Formation of Federal Government.............................................................. 266
• Provincial Governments Formed ................................................................ 266

 IMPEACHMENT OF MUSHARRAF: JUDGE'S RESTORATION..................... 267

• Pervaiz Musharraf Resigns......................................................................... 270
• Downfall of Musharraf ................................................................................. 270

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18 – ASIF ALI ZARDARI AS PRESIDENT OF PAKISTAN
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2008 .................................................................... 271
 SECOND LONG MARCH .................................................................................. 273
• Political Scenario After the Long March ..................................................... 274
• Presidential Address to the Parliament ..................................................... 275
• Military Operation in the Malakand Division ............................................... 276
 OPERATION "RAH-E-RAST" LAUNCHED ..................................................... 278
• Operation Rah-e-Nijat ................................................................................. 279
•
th
18 Constitutional Amendment................................................................... 280
•
th
Main Characteristics of the 18 Amendment Draft Bill ............................... 281
• Dealing with Treason .................................................................................. 283
 19TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ......................................................... 283
 20TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT 2012 ................................................ 284
 MEMO GATE CONTROVERSY ........................................................................ 295
• Contents of the memo ................................................................................ 286
• Role of Opposition Parties .......................................................................... 286
• Civil Military Squabble ................................................................................ 286
 MEMOGATE ...................................................................................................... 289
 GENERAL ELECTIONS .................................................................................... 290
• Politics of Provinces .................................................................................... 291
• Composition of Saraiki/Junoobi Punjab Province ....................................... 291
• Ethnic Politics and Bahawalpur Junoobi Punjab ........................................ 295
 MORE PROVINCES? ........................................................................................ 298
 ELECTIONS 2013 / Pre-Poll Scenario ............................................................ 300
• Opposition’s Nominees ............................................................................... 302
• Election Campaigns, Terrorism, Pervaiz Musharraf Arrives ....................... 302
• Naya Pakistan ............................................................................................. 303
• Polling Day Elections 2013 ......................................................................... 303
• Oath-Taking of NA ...................................................................................... 306

19 – THE RETURN OF THE PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE (N)

NAWAZ SHARIF AS THE P.M. (3rd Term 5 June, 2013)
• Political Career of Nawaz Sharif, a Brief History ........................................ 307
• Federal Cabinet .......................................................................................... 308
 GOVERNMENT –– TTP DIALOGUE ................................................................ 309
• Government TTP Negotiations ................................................................... 309
• TTP’s Demands .......................................................................................... 309
• TTP’s New Demands .................................................................................. 310
• Cease-Fire .................................................................................................. 311
 OPERATION ZARB-E-AZAB ............................................................................ 312
• Imran Khan’s Azadi March Allama Dr. Tahir-ul-Qadris’ Inqilab March ....... 314
• PTI’s Azadi March and PAT,s Inqilab March .............................................. 315
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 ELECTORAL REFORMS .................................................................................. 329

20 – ETHNIC ISSUES AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION

• Factors Contributing to Ethnicity ................................................................. 322
• Economic Disparities .................................................................................. 322
• Problems of Modernization and Competition for Scarce Resources .......... 323
• Historical & Cultural Factors ....................................................................... 323
• Demographic Factor ................................................................................... 324
• Political Factors........................................................................................... 324
• External Factors .......................................................................................... 324
• The Issue of Ethnicity in Pakistan (Historical Background) ........................ 324
• Ethnic Movement in East Pakistan (Bengal) .............................................. 326
• Inadequate Representation of Bengalise in the Civil Service and Army .... 333
• Sharp Economic Disparities........................................................................ 334
• The Issue of Ethnicity in Baluchistan .......................................................... 335
• The Issue of Ethnicity in NWFP (Khyber Pukhtunkhwa) ............................ 338
 NATIONAL INTEGRATION............................................................................... 340
• Background / Current Status of Ethnic Divide ............................................ 340
• Problems / Factors Effecting the Cohesion of Pakistan ............................. 342
• Measures to Resolve the Problems Strengthening the Integrity of
Pakistan ...................................................................................................... 344
• Provincial Autonomy ................................................................................... 346
• Ethnic / Provincial, Sectarianism ................................................................ 347
 THE LANGUAGE CONTROVERSY: Urdu vs. English Brawl ....................... 348
• So what should be done? ........................................................................... 349
• Conclusion .................................................................................................. 352

21 – PAKISTAN AND US WAR ON TERROR

• Pak-Afghanistan Border Dispute .................................................... 353
• Pak-Afghanistan Border Dispute ................................................ 354
• The Historical view of Pak-US Relations ........................................ 354
• 9/11 Disaster and its Impact on Pak-US Relations ......................... 355
• 9/11 and War of Interests ............................................................... 355
• Pak-US Relations after the 9/11 Cataclysm ................................... 356
• Cost of Joining War on Terror ........................................................ 357
 CONSEQUENCES OF U.S WAR ON TERROR ............................................... 358

22 – FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

• Guiding Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy ......................................... 360
 DETERMINANTS OF PAKISTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY ................................ 361
 IDEOLOGICAL OBLIGATION .......................................................................... 361
• Historical Legacy ........................................................................................ 362
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 • Geographical Location ................................................................................ 362
• INDIAN THREAT ........................................................................................ 364
• Economic Compulsions, Different Phases of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy .... 365
 FOREIGN POLICY 2011-12 .............................................................................. 366
• New Foreign Policy Dimensions ................................................................. 368
 FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES .................................................................. 369
• China and Pakistan ..................................................................................... 371
• Pak-China Partnership ................................................................................ 372
 CURRENT SCENARIO OF SINO-PAK RELATIONS ....................................... 375
• Sino-Pak Friendship ................................................................................... 375
• Chinese Assistance, Bilateral in Trade, Backing Economy ........................ 376
• Educational Exchange, Readdressing Security Concerns ......................... 377
• Countering Drug Trafficking ........................................................................ 377
 CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC) ..................................... 378
 A FATE-CHANGER? ........................................................................................ 379
• Pakistani Dream, Improving Security ..................................................... 379
• Rampant Problems ................................................................................... 380
 CPEC: INVIGORATING NATIONAL MARITIME SECTOR .............................. 380
 CPEC-TRIGGERED INVESTMENT .................................................................. 381
 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR THE CPEC ................................................... 382
 PAK-CHINA STRATEGIC AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION:
CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE REGION ................................ 383
• Challenges posed by the Pak-China corridor ........................................ 384
• Pak-Russia Relations ................................................................................. 386
 RUSSIA OFFERS ASSISTANCE FOR ELECTRICITY IMPORT PROJECT ... 392
 BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA: ESPECIALLY MILITARY COOPERATION ......... 393
 PAKISTAN, RUSSIA VOW TO PROMOTE ENDURING PARTNERSHIP ....... 393
 PAKISTAN, RUSSIA SIGN $2.5BN ACCORD FOR LNG PIPELINE .............. 394
 PAK-US RELATIONS ....................................................................................... 395
• U.S. 1990 Aid Cut-Off, Terrorism ............................................................... 399
 POST 9/11 FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN ................................................ 401
• Foreign Policy Options for Pakistan after 9/11 ........................................... 402
• Pakistan’s Image after the 9/11 Carnage, Pakistan and Western Europe,
U.S. Assistance Programs .......................................................................... 404
 KERRY – LUGAR PAKISTAN AID BILL .......................................................... 407
• Presidency of Barak Obama ....................................................................... 410
• Second Tenure of President Barack Obama .............................................. 411
• Indo – Pakistan Relations ........................................................................... 413
• Kashmir ....................................................................................................... 414
• The Process of Normalization of Relations between India and Pakistan ... 414
• Tashkent Declaration .................................................................................. 415

(xi)
 • Simla Accord ............................................................................................... 415
 INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS DURING 1990 ............................................... 415
• Kargil Issue ................................................................................................. 416
• The Process of Normalization During Musharrafs’ Regime ....................... 417
• The Agra Summit ........................................................................................ 417
• Peace Roadmap for India and Pakistan ..................................................... 419
• South Asia Peace Process: Need to Head Down a New Path ................... 419
• The MFN for India ....................................................................................... 422
• MFN Status –– First Step Towards Trade Integration ................................ 424
• Indo-Pak Trade ........................................................................................... 425

23 – PAKISTAN AND THE MUSLIM WORLD

• Pakistan and Afghanistan ........................................................................... 428
• Pakistan Afghanistan Relations in the Post-9/11 Era ................................. 431
• Evolution of the Situation in Afghanistan .................................................... 432
• Pakistan’s Role in the Afghan Insurgency .................................................. 432
• The Waziristan Factor ................................................................................. 434
• Afghanistan through Pakistan ’s Eyes ........................................................ 435
• The Pashtun Question ................................................................................ 435
• Bilateral Relations and Afghan Domestic Politics ....................................... 438
• The Indian Factor ........................................................................................ 438
• Securing U.S. and International Support .................................................... 440
• Preparing for a Post-U.S. Afghanistan ....................................................... 441
• Conclusion and Policy Implications ............................................................ 442
 THE PAK-AFGHAN SHIFT ............................................................................... 444
• Pakistan and Bangladesh ........................................................................... 445
• Pakistan and Indonesia .............................................................................. 447
• Pakistan and Libya ..................................................................................... 449
• Pakistan and Iran ........................................................................................ 451
 IRAN PAKISTAN GAS PIPELINE ACCORD .................................................... 453
• Strains in Pak-Iran Ties .............................................................................. 455
• Iranian Border Guards Freed ...................................................................... 456
• Iran Pakistan Gas Pipeline Abandoned ...................................................... 457
• The Iran Issue ............................................................................................. 457
• Pakistan and Saudi Arabia ......................................................................... 459
• Islamabad, Riyadh Sign Five Accords ........................................................ 459
• Diplomatic Relations ................................................................................... 461
• Economic Ties ............................................................................................ 462
• Defence Ties ............................................................................................... 462
• Co-Operation at International Level ............................................................ 462
• Pakistan and Turkey ................................................................................... 463

(xii)
 • Pakistan and Egypt ..................................................................................... 464
 ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION .............................................. 466
• Establishment of The RCD ......................................................................... 466
• A Brief Evaluation of The RCD ................................................................... 467
• ECO Comes Into Being .............................................................................. 467
• Organizational Structure of The ECO ......................................................... 468
• Central Asian Republics Inducted In The ECO Fold .................................. 468
• Potential and Performance of The ECO (Economic Aspect) ...................... 469
• Political Role of The ECO ........................................................................... 470
• Pakistan and The ECO ............................................................................... 471
• Difficulties and Impediments ....................................................................... 472
 SAARC: SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL CO-
OPERATION ..................................................................................................... 472
• Objectives of the SAARC, Specialized Ministerial Meetings ...................... 473
• SAARC Summits......................................................................................... 475
• Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) ............................................ 479
• Pakistan’s Role in the OIC .......................................................................... 479
 SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (SCO) .................................... 480
 THE IMPACT OF PAK-INDIA INCLUSION WITHIN THE SHANGHAI
COOPERATION ORGANISATION ................................................................... 485

24 – PAKISTAN AND CHANGING REGIONAL APPARATUS

• The Metamorphosis of Regional Association in South-Asia, The Dangers
of Asian Nationalism ................................................................................... 488
• South Asian Setting, New alliances in South Asia...................................... 489
• Indo-Chinese Relations, Pak-China Relation, Formation of the SARRC ... 490
• The Change of Strategic Pattern in South Asia .......................................... 491
• Pakistan’s Role, Impact of changing Regional Apparatus on Pakistan ...... 492
• India-Pakistan Relations ............................................................................. 493
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization .......................................................... 495
 UNITED KINGDOM WITHDRAWAL FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION
(BREXIT)............................................................................................................ 485
• Petitions for New Referendum .................................................................... 497
 BREXIT IMPACT AND OUTLOOK ................................................................... 500

25 – PAKISTAN’S ROLE IN THE REGION

 PAKISTAN’S UNIQUE GEO-STRATEGIC LOCATION ................................... 502
• Importance as a Transit Economy .............................................................. 502
• Promoting Regional Stability and Coherence, Fight against Terrorism,
The Quest for Peace in the Region, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC) ....................................................................................................... 503
• Internal Trends and Dynamics, Key Influencers ......................................... 504
 REGIONAL RELATIONS .................................................................................. 505

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 • Pakistan’s Relations with Afghanistan ........................................................ 505
• Pakistan’s Relations with India ................................................................... 506
 OTHER RELATIONS ......................................................................................... 507
• Pakistan–China, Pakistan–Iran, Pakistan–Gulf States ............................... 507
• Pakistan–Central Asia, Pakistan-Turkey, Conclusions .............................. 508

26 – NUCLEAR PROGRAMME OF PAKISTAN

• Historical Background ................................................................................. 509
• Indian Nuclear Advancement...................................................................... 510
 INDIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAMME ................................................................... 510
• India’s First Nuclear Explosion ................................................................... 511
 INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO THE INDIAN NUCLEAR EXPLOSION .... 512
• Nuclear Programme of Pakistan ................................................................. 512
 PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAMME ......................................................... 513
 IMPACT OF THE NUCLEAR DETONATIONS ................................................. 516
• CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) ................................................... 516
• CTBT and NNWS ....................................................................................... 517
• Case of India and Pakistan ......................................................................... 518
 THE SAFETY AND SECURITY OF NUCLEAR ASSETS ................................ 519
 INTERNATIONAL CONCERN ON NUCLEARISATION OF SOUTH ASIA ..... 522
 NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS GROUP ...................................................................... 524
 MEMBER STATES ............................................................................................ 525
 CANDIDATE MEMBERS .................................................................................. 525
• India, Pakistan ............................................................................................ 525
 THE NSG DEBATE ........................................................................................... 525

27 – POLITICAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN

• Political Parties ........................................................................................... 528
• Crisis of Confidence .................................................................................... 529
• Bureaucracy ................................................................................................ 529
• The Military ................................................................................................. 530
 CIVIL – MILITARY RELATIONS ....................................................................... 531
• System of basic Democracy of Ayub Khan ................................................ 534
• General Zia ul Haq ...................................................................................... 535
• Pervaiz Musharraf’s Devolution of Power ................................................... 535
• Treason Trial of Pervaiz Musharraf ............................................................ 536
• The Imbalance of Civil Military Relations .................................................... 536
 FACTORS OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN PAKISTAN ................................ 539
 STRICT FEDERAL CONTROL ......................................................................... 542
• Need for a New Political Order ................................................................... 542
 POLITICAL CULTURE OF PAKISTAN ............................................................ 543
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 FAILURE OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN .................... 547
 FEDERALISM IN PAKISTAN THE FEDERAL STRUCTURE AND
PROVINCIAL CONTROVERSY ........................................................................ 551
 PROVINCIAL / REGIONAL CONTROVERSY THE PROBLEM OF THE
QUANTUM OF REPRESENTATION ................................................................ 552
 FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN PAKISTAN ..................... 554

28 – ISLAMIZATION
• Zia’s Campaign for Nifaz-i-Islam................................................................. 559
 ISLAMIC PUNISHMENTS ................................................................................. 560
• Qanun-i-Shahadat, Ansari Commission ..................................................... 561
• Male domination – Steps against women ................................................... 562
• Postponement of Elections ......................................................................... 562
• Leanings Towards Jamaat-i-Islami ............................................................ 562
 HUDOOD LAWS (Islamic Penal Code), Federal Sharia Court ..................... 563
• Re-Orientation of the Educational System ................................................. 564
• Sanctity of the Holy Month of Ramazan ..................................................... 564
• Nizam-e-Salaat, Islamization of the Economic Sphere (Zakat & Ushr
Ordinance) .................................................................................................. 565
• Riba, Interest Free Banking ........................................................................ 566
• Interest Free Banking ................................................................................. 567

29 – NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY THREATS IN

PAKISTAN: ROLE OF NONE-STATE ACTORS
 NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY THREATS .................................................... 568
• Definition, The Non-Traditional Security Challenges Posing Threats to
Pakistan, Climate Change .......................................................................... 568
• Global Warming, Earthquake...................................................................... 569
 THE AFTERSHOCKS OF GLOBAL WARMING .............................................. 569
• Poor Governance, Influx of Refugees, Seminaries/Madaris ...................... 561
 NON-STATE ACTORS ...................................................................................... 572
• Types of Non-State Actors .......................................................................... 573
• Inter-Governmental Organization (I GOs) .................................................. 573
• Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) .................................................. 573
• Violent Non-State Actors ............................................................................ 573
• Current Scenario of Non-state Actors in Pakistan ...................................... 574
• The objectives of the violent non-state Actors ............................................ 574
• Non-State Actors and Pakistan................................................................... 574
• Non-State Actors and Internal Security of Pakistan ................................... 574
• India-Pakistan Relations and the Non-state Actors .................................... 576
• Positive Role of the Non-State Actors, Non-State Actors Promoting
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 Peace .......................................................................................................... 578
• Importance of Non-state Actors .................................................................. 578
• External Interference .................................................................................. 579

30 – TERRORISM / SECTARIANISM IN PAKISTAN

 A FEARSOME THREAT TO STATE SOVEREIGNTY ..................................... 580
• The Rise of Extremism In Pakistan............................................................. 580
• Terrorism in Pakistan .................................................................................. 581
• Sectarian Hatred/Violence: ......................................................................... 592
 FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF SECTARIANISM IN PAKISTAN ..................... 594
• Political Factors........................................................................................... 586
 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL THREATS TO PAKISTAN ................................ 587
• Impact of Sectarian Violence ...................................................................... 591
 CHALLENGES TO NATIONAL SECURITY OF PAKISTAN ............................ 594
• RECOMMENDATIONS: Education, Sectarianism, Governance ............... 600
• Conclusion .................................................................................................. 602

31– EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

• Problems of Educational System and their Remedies, Historical
Background ................................................................................................. 603
• Educational Reforms and Planning ............................................................ 604
• Primary Education ...................................................................................... 605
• Secondary Education, Secondary Schools, Lack of Diversification in the
Secondary Education.................................................................................. 606
• Problems of Primary/Secondary Education in Pakistan ............................. 607
• Higher Education, University Education, Examination System .................. 609
• Female Illiteracy in Pakistan ....................................................................... 610
 EDUCATION AND POLITICS IN PAKISTAN, STUDENTS ............................. 613
• Teachers, Curriculum, Examinations .......................................................... 614
 REFORMING OUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ................................................. 614
• Analysis of the Existing Education System ................................................. 615
• A Few Suggestions ..................................................................................... 617
• National Priorities ........................................................................................ 617

32 – KASHMIR ISSUE
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.......................................................................... 619
• Kashmir Dispute: Key Aspects ................................................................... 623
• Proposed Options for Resolution of the Dispute ....................................... 631
• UN Resolutions: The Plebiscite Option ...................................................... 631
• The UN Trusteeship Option ........................................................................ 633
• The Partition Option .................................................................................... 634
• The Independence Option .......................................................................... 636
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 • The Irish Model ........................................................................................... 636
 THIRD PARTY MEDIATION.............................................................................. 638
 KASHMIR: FOUR POSSIBILITIES ................................................................... 639
 THE KASHMIR IMBROGLIO 2015-2016 .......................................................... 643
• Attack on Indian Army .................................................................................... 643
• Indias’ Diversive Plan ..................................................................................... 644
• Nawaz Sharif’s Speech at UNO ..................................................................... 645
• Indias’ Renewed Threats ............................................................................... 645

33 – ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN
 PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .......................... 647
 CURRENT SHAPE OF ECONOMY, 2016 ........................................................ 650
• The Good, The Bad .................................................................................... 651
• The Ugly...................................................................................................... 652
 PAKISTAN’S ECONOMIC CHALLENGES ...................................................... 652
 POVERTY AND FOOD CRISES ....................................................................... 661
 UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN, A SERIOUS ECONOMIC CHALLENGE .. 662
 SOCIAL PROBLEMS ........................................................................................ 667
 ECONOMIC CHALLENGES FOR NEW GOVERNMENT ................................ 667
 VISION 2025 ...................................................................................................... 670
 THE GSP PLUS STATUS FOR PAKISTAN ..................................................... 672

34 – PAKISTAN’S ENERGY CRISIS: Short and Long-Term Solutions

 State of Energy Resources ............................................................................. 675
• The Reason Behind the Crisis, Energy Conservation Measures ............... 676
• Measures by the Government, Conclusion ................................................ 677
 NANDIPUR POWER PROJECT ....................................................................... 677
 PAKISTAN’S ENERGY JUMBLE: POWER AND POLITICS........................... 680
• HYDRO ....................................................................................................... 680
• OIL .............................................................................................................. 681
• NUCLEAR ................................................................................................... 683
• COAL .......................................................................................................... 684
• NATURAL GAS........................................................................................... 685
• WIND AND SOLAR .................................................................................... 687

35 – HYDRO POLITICS WATER ISSUES IN DOMESTIC

AND REGIONAL CONTEXT
 PAKISTAN’S WATER PROBLEMS ................................................................. 692
• Global Water Shortage, Warnings For Pakistan ............................................ 692
 DISMAL WATER SCENARIO ........................................................................... 692
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 • Current Situation ......................................................................................... 693
 LOOMING WATER CRISIS............................................................................... 697
 CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER PATTERN ................................................. 698
• Remedial Steps for the Solution of Water Crisis ........................................ 701
• Consequences and after Effects of Water Shortage/Drought .................... 704
• Efficient Water Management: A Necessary ................................................ 704
 KALABAGH DAM ............................................................................................. 706
 FEARS ABOUT KBD ........................................................................................ 710
 ABANDONING THE DAM ................................................................................. 713

36 – CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN
 THE IGNOBLE STATE OF PLUNDER ............................................................. 719
 IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON ECONOMY AND MASSES ........................... 721
 CORRUPTION IMPAIRS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ...................................... 724
 HOW TO CONTROL CORRUPTION ................................................................ 726

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