VSG INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL

2019-2020
Subject:- PHYSICS

Submitted By:- Guided By:-

ARCHITA PANCHAL Mr. RAHUL DUBEY
IN ABOVE DIAGRAM,
RQ is the incident ray.

QS is the refracted ray.

ST is the emergent ray.

RQN1 = i = angle of incidence

SQN3 = r1 = angle of refraction inside prism

QSN3 = r2 = angle of incidence inside prism

TSN2 = e = angle of emergence

BAC = A = angle of prism

SFK = D = angle of deviation

In triangle QFS, KFS = FQS + FSQ
D = (i – r1) + (e – r2)
D = i + e – (r1 + r2) … (1)
In triangle QS1N3,
r1 + r2 + QN3S = 180⁰ … (2)
The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral, then
A + QN3S = 180 … (3)
From (2) and (3) ,
A = r1 + r2 … (4)
Eq. (1) become
D=i+E-A
D+A=i+e … (5)
Angle of Minimum Deviation-

>Definition: The minimum value of angle of deviation is called angle

of minimum deviation. It is represented by the symbol Dm.

>Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D) there are two values of
angle of incidence. One value equals ‘i’ and other value equals ‘e’. As
angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’ decreases from large value
and angle of deviation decreases. When angle of deviation is
minimum (Dm), then, ‘i’ and ‘e’ becomes equal.
The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC.
Since i = e, we have r1 = r2. ( ∵n= sini/ sinr1 = sine/ sinr2
) Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1
= r2 = r (say).
We have A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r
⇒r= A2
Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i = e
From relation, A + D = i + e
We have, A + Dm = i + i = 2i
⇒ i = A+ Dm/ 2
From Snell’s law,
n = sin i / sin r
We have,
n =sin A + Dm/ 2/ sin A /2
This relation is useful for determination of n for Prism
material
PROCEDURE:
1.A white sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board with
the help of drawing pins.
2.A straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the paper was
drawn nearly in the middle of the paper.
3.Points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 were marked on the straight line
XX’ at suitable distances of about 6cm.
4.Normal’s N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn on
points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4.
5.Straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 were drawn
making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰ respectively with the
normals.
6.One corner of the prism was marked as A and it was taken
as the edge of the prism for all the observations.
7.Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the line XX’ and
point Q1 was put in the middle of AB.
8.The boundary of the prism was marked.
9.Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on the line R1Q1
and the distance between the pins were about 2cm.
10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked through face
AC.
11. Left eye was closed and right eye was opened and was
brought in line with the two images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at about 2cm
apart such that the open right eye sees pins P4 and P3 as
images of P2 and P1 in one straight line.
13. Pins P1,P2,P3 and P4 were removed and their pricks on
the paper were encircled.
14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with points Q2,Q3 and
Q4 for i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰.
15. Straight lines through points P4 and P3 were drawn to
obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3 and S4T4.
16. T1S1,T2S2 ,T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward in the
boundary of the prism to meet produced incident rays R1Q1,
R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points F1,F2,F3 and F4.
17. Angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
measured. These angles give angle of deviation D1, D2,D3 and
D4.
18. Values of these angles were written on the paper.
19. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of the prism.
This gives angle A.
20. Observations were recorded.
OBSERVATIONS:
Angle of hollow prism A = 60⁰

S. NO. Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of

incidence. deviation deviation deviation
for for for
WATER. KEROSENE TURPENTINE
OIL. OIL.

1. 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰

2. 45⁰ 24⁰ 33⁰ 33⁰
3. 50⁰ 25⁰ 34⁰ 34⁰
4. 55⁰ 26⁰ 35⁰ 35⁰

RESULTS:
 The angle of minimum deviation for –
Water Dm = 23⁰C
Kerosene oil Dm = 33⁰C
Turpentine oil Dm = 32⁰C
 The refractive indices of the-
Water n = 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n = 1.44
  Speed of light in-
Water v = 2.3x108 m/s
Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s
Turpentine oil v = 2.08x108 m/s

PRECAUTIONS:
 The angle of incidence should lie between 35⁰ – 60⁰.
 The pins should be fixed vertical.
 The distance between the two pins should not be less
than 10mm.
 Arrow heads should be marked to represent the
incident and emergent rays.
 The same angle of prism should be used for all the
observations.

SOURCES OF ERRORS:
 Pin pricks may be thick
 Measurement of angles may be wrong.

THANK YOU