Infrared Thermography

Seminar Report 2019-2020
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

EZHUKONE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Seminar Report on
INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY
Submitted by
VISHAL VS
Register Number: 17021816
FINAL YEAR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2019-2020
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering Gptc Ezhukone

EZHUKONE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Seminar Report on
INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY
Submitted by
VISHAL VS
Register Number: 17021816
FINAL YEAR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2019-2020
2

EZHUKONE – 691505
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2019-2020
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report titled “INFRARED

THERMOGRAPHY” presented by VISHAL V S Register
number 17021816 during the academic year 2019-2020 in
partial fulfilment for the award of Diploma in Mechanical
engineering by State Board of Technical Education Kerala.
JACOB ABRAHAM G.AJAYAN

HOD Coordinator
Internal Examiner External Examiner
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks to our HOD sri Jacob Abraham for giving
this opportunity to present my seminar.
I also express my sincere thanks to our seminar coordinator sri.

G.Ajayan and all the faculties of the Mechanical Engineering
Department for the whole hearted cooperation.
I am deeply indebted to my friends and parents for their continuous

encouragement.
I am bound to the almighty for the blessings showered on me

throughout this endeavour.
4
ABSTRACT
Temperature is one of the important parameter to tell the condition of
internal process, material and even quantity of the desired output.
Thermography is nothing but the temperature profiling of a surface or
point. As name suggests, infrared thermography is based on infrared
technique. The principle underlying this technique is that every object
emits certain amount of infrared energy and the intensity of this
radiation is a function of temperature. The IR energy which can
directly represent the surface temperature can be detected and
quantified by the help of IR scanning system. It is a non contact type
technique and a large surface area can be scanned with no time and
uses in a wide range of areas. In this seminar includes its need,
principle, working, advantages and disadvantages etc.
5
INDEX
 INTRODUCTION
 DISCOVERY AND RESEARCH OF INFRARED
THERMOGRAPHY
 FIRST THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA
 THERMAL ENERGY
 INFRARED RADIATION
 PRINCIPLE OF THERMOGRAPHY
 TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHY
 WORKING PROCESS IN INFRARED CAMERA
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF INFRARED CAMERA
 TYPES OF THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA
 ADVANTAGES
 LIMITATIONS
 APPLICATION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
6
INTRODUCTION
Infrared thermography uses thermal imaging cameras to detect
radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum
(roughly 9000-14000 nanometers) and produce images of that
radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiations are emitted
by all objects near room temperature, according to the black body
radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one’s
environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of
radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore,
thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When
viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out
well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm blooded
animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night.
In order to perform the role of noncontact temperature recorder, the
camera will change the temperature of the object being viewed with
its emissivity setting. Other algorithms can be used to affect the
measurement, including the transmission ability of the transmitting
medium (usually air) and the temperature of that transmitting
medium. All these settings will affect the ultimate output for the
temperature of the object being viewed. This functionality makes the
thermal imaging camera an excellent tool for the maintenance of
industries, in medical fields etc.
7
DISCOVERY AND RESEARCH OF INFRARED

RADIATION
Infrared was discovered in 1800 by Sir William Herschel as a form of
radiation beyond red light. These "infrared rays" (infra is the Latin
prefix for "below") were used mainly for thermal measurement. There
are four basic laws of IR radiation: Kirchhoff's law of thermal
radiation, Stefan-Boltzmann law, Planck's law, and Wien's
displacement law. The development of detectors was mainly focused
on the use of thermometers and bolometers until World War I. A
significant step in the development of detectors occurred in 1829,
when Leopoldo Nobili, using the Seebeck effect, created the first
known thermocouple, fabricating an improved thermometer, a
crude thermopile. He described this instrument to Macedonio
Melloni. Initially, they jointly developed a greatly improved
instrument. Subsequently, Melloni worked alone, developing an
instrument in 1833 (a multi-element thermopile) that could detect a
person 10 metres away. The next significant step in improving
detectors was the bolometer, invented in 1880 by Samuel Pierpont
Langley. Langley and his assistant Charles Greeley Abbot continued
to make improvements in this instrument. By 1901, it had the
capability to detect radiation from a cow from 400 metres away, and
was sensitive to differences in temperature of one hundred
thousandths of a degree Celsius. The first commercial thermal
imaging camera was sold in 1965 for high voltage power line
inspections.
The first advanced application of IR technology in the civil section
may have been a device to detect the presence of icebergs and
steamships using a mirror and thermopile, patented in 1913.This was
soon outdone by the first true IR iceberg detector, which did not use
thermopiles, patented in 1914 by R.D. Parker. This was followed up
by G.A. Barker's proposal to use the IR system to detect forest fires in
1934.The technique was not truly industrialized until it was used in
the analysis of heating uniformity in hot steel strips in 1935.
8
FIRST THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA

In 1929, Hungarian physicist Kálmán Tihanyi invented the infrared-
sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti-aircraft
defense in Britain. The first American thermographic cameras
developed were infrared line scanners. This was created by the US
military and Texas Instruments in 1947 and took one hour to produce
a single image. While several approaches were investigated to
improve the speed and accuracy of the technology, one of the most
crucial factors dealt with scanning an image, which the AGA
Company was able to commercialize using a cooled photoconductor.
The first infrared linescan system was the British Yellow Duckling of
the mid-1950s. This used a continuously rotating mirror and detector,
with Y axis scanning by the motion of the carrier aircraft. Although
unsuccessful in its intended application of submarine tracking
by wake detection, it was applied to land-based surveillance and
became the foundation of military IR linescan.
This work was further developed at the Royal Signals and Radar
Establishment in the UK when they discovered that mercury cadmium
telluride was a photoconductor that required much less
cooling. Honeywell in the United States also developed arrays of
detectors which could cool at a lower temperature, but they scanned
mechanically. This method had several disadvantages which could be
overcome using an electronic scanning system. In 1969 Michael
Francis Tompsett at English Electric Valve Company in the UK
patented a camera which scanned pyro-electronically and which
reached a high level of performance after several other breakthroughs
throughout the 1970s. Tompsett also proposed an idea for solid-state
thermal-imaging arrays, which eventually led to modern hybridized
single-crystal-slice imaging devices.
9
THERMAL ENERGY
Thermal images, or thermograms, are actually visual displays of the
amount of infrared energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an
object. Because there are multiple sources of the infrared energy, it is
difficult to get an accurate temperature of an object using this method.
A thermal imaging camera is capable of performing algorithms to
interpret that data and build an image. Although the image shows the
viewer an approximation of the temperature at which the object is
operating, the camera is actually using multiple sources of data based
on the areas surrounding the object to determine that value rather than
detecting the actual temperature.
This phenomenon may become clearer upon consideration of the
formula:
Incident Radiant Power = Emitted Radiant Power + Transmitted
Radiant Power + Reflected Radiant Power;
where incident radiant power is the radiant power profile when
viewed through a thermal imaging camera. Emitted radiant power is
generally what is intended to be measured; transmitted radiant power
is the radiant power that passes through the subject from a remote
thermal source, and; reflected radiant power is the amount of radiant
power that reflects off the surface of the object from a remote thermal
source.
This phenomenon occurs everywhere, all the time. It is a process
known as radiant heat exchange, since radiant power × time equals
radiant energy. However, in the case of infrared thermography, the
above equation is used to describe the radiant power within the
spectral wavelength passband of the thermal imaging camera in use.
The radiant heat exchange requirements described in the equation
apply equally at every wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum.
If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than its surroundings,
then power transfer will be taking place and power will be radiating
from warm to cold following the principle stated in the second law of
thermodynamics. So if there is a cool area in the thermogram, that
object will be absorbing the radiation emitted by the warm object.
10
The ability of objects to emit is called emissivity, to absorb

radiation is called absorptivity. Under outdoor environments,
convective cooling from wind may also need to be considered
when trying to get an accurate temperature reading.
The thermal imaging camera would next employ a series of
mathematical algorithms. Since the camera is only able to see the
electromagnetic radiation that is impossible to detect with
the human eye, it will build a picture in the viewer and record a
visible picture, usually in a JPG format.
In order to perform the role of non-contact temperature recorder,
the camera will change the temperature of the object being viewed
with its emissivity setting.
Other algorithms can be used to affect the measurement, including
the transmission ability of the transmitting medium (usually air)
and the temperature of that transmitting medium. All these settings
will affect the ultimate output for the temperature of the object
being viewed.
This functionality makes the thermal imaging camera an excellent
tool for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical systems in
industry and commerce. By using the proper camera settings and
by being careful when capturing the image, electrical systems can
be scanned and problems can be found. Faults with steam traps in
steam heating systems are easy to locate.
In the energy savings area, the thermal imaging camera can do
more. Because it can see the effective radiation temperature of an
object as well as what that object is radiating towards, it can help
locate sources of thermal leaks and overheated regions as well.
11
INFRARED RADIATIONS
Infrarad radiations sometimes called infrared light is electromagnetic

radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than those of visible light.
It is therefore generally invisible to the human eye, although IR at
wavelengths up to 1050 nanometres (nm) from specially pulsed lasers
can be seen by humans under certain conditions. IR wavelengths
extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at
700 nanometres (frequency 430 THz), to
1 millimetre (300 GHz). Most of the thermal radiation emitted by
objects near room temperature is infrared. As with all EMR, IR
carries radiant energy and behaves both like a wave and like
its quantum particle, the photon.
Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by astronomer Sir William
Herschel, who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum
lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a
thermometer. Slightly more than half of the total energy from the Sun
was eventually found to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The
balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical
effect on Earth's climate.
Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they
change their rotational-vibrational movements. It exites vibrational
modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making
it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for
molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy examines
absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range.
12
PRINCIPLE OF INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY
Every object with a temperature over the absolute zero point (0

Kelvin) emits infrared radiation. The human eye cannot see this, as it
is more or less blind at this wavelength. Not the thermal imager.
Based on the intensity of the infrared radiation, it determines the
temperature of the object’s surface and makes it visible for the
thermal image for the human eye with thermal image. This process is
referred to as thermography.
Black body radiation law is the actual principle which works on
thermography. A black body is an idealized physical body that
absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation. Because of its perfect
absorptivity at all wavelengths, a black body is also the best possible
emitter of thermal radiation, which it radiates incandescently in a
characteristic, continuous spectrum that depends on the body’s
temperature. At Earth-ambient temperatures this emission is in the
infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and is not visible. The
object appears black, since it does not reflect or emit any visible light.
Thermal radiation from a black body is energy converted electro
dynamically from the body’s pool of internal thermal energy at any
temperature greater than absolute zero. It is called black body
radiation and has a frequency distribution with a characteristic
frequency of maximum radiative power that shifts to higher
frequencies with increasing temperature. As the temperature increases
past a few hundred degrees Celsius, black bodies start to emit visible
wavelengths, appearing red, orange, yellow, white, and blue with
increasing temperature. When an object is visually white, it is
emitting a substantial fraction as ultraviolet radiation.
13
TYPES OF INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY
1. ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY:-
Active thermography uses an
external source for measured object excitation that means
introducing energy into the object. Various excitation sources
can be used for the active thermography and non-destructive
testing, for example laser heating, flash lamps, halogen lamps,
electrical heating, ultrasonic excitation, eddy currents,
microwaves, and others. The measured object can be heated by
an external source directly, e.g. by halogen lamps or hot air. The
material inhomogeneities or defects cause then a distortion of
temperature field. This distortion is detected as temperature
differences on the material surface. Another possibility is to use
thermo-physical processes in the material, when mechanical or
electrical energy is transformed into thermal energy due to
defects and inhomogeneities. It creates local temperature
sources, which cause temperature differences detected on the
object surface by infrared techniques. It is the case of ultrasound
excitation for example.
14
2. PASSIVE THERMOGRAPHY:-
Passive thermography directly measures the
surface temperature for evaluation, since the interest region will
have abnormal hot-spot as compared with the surroundings.
Abnormal temperature profile indicates a potential problem,
where the key word is the temperature difference with respect to
the surrounding, as referred as DT or extra hot spot (Remark:
DT of 1 to 2 Kelvin is generally found suspicious while 4K
value is a strong evidence of abnormal behaviour.) The features
of interest are naturally at a high or low temperature than the
background. It is method in which there is no need of external
source is required.
15
WORKING PROCESS IN INFRARED CAMERA
All objects emit infrared energy, known as a heat signature. An

infrared camera (also known as a thermal imager) detects and
measures the infrared energy of objects. The camera converts that
infrared data into an electronic image that shows the apparent surface
temperature of the object being measured.
An infrared camera contains an optical system that focuses infrared
energy onto a special detector chip (sensor array) that contains
thousands of detector pixels arranged in a grid.
Each pixel in the sensor array reacts to the infrared energy focused on
it and produces an electronic signal. The camera processor takes the
signal from each pixel and applies a mathematical calculation to it to
create a color map of the apparent temperature of the object. Each
temperature value is assigned a different color. The resulting matrix
of colors is sent to memory and to the camera’s display as a
temperature picture (thermal image) of that object.
Many infrared cameras also include a visible light camera that
automatically captures a standard digital image with each pull of the
trigger. By blending these images it is easier to correlate problem
areas in your infrared image with the actual equipment or area you are
inspecting.
IR-Fusion® technology (exclusive to Fluke) combines a visible light
image with an infrared thermal image with pixel-for-pixel alignment.
16
You can vary the intensity of the visible light image and the infrared
image to more clearly see the problem in the infrared image or locate
it within the visible light image.
Beyond basic thermal imaging capabilities, you can find infrared
cameras with a wide range of additional features that automate
functions, allow voice annotations, enhance resolution, record and
stream video of the images, and support analysis and reporting.
17
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF INFRARED CAMERA
Optical System:-
The design of optical system for visible
wavelength is same in thermal imager only difference is that different
materials are used. This is fact that 3-5m band or 8-14m band optical
materials are different. The optics of a thermal imager focus infrared
energy onto the detector to produce a response. The materials used for
these optics determine how efficiently infrared energy is transmitted
to the detector, and therefore the quality of the resulting image.
Germanium lenses covered with special coatings are used in the better
infrared camera lenses. Germanium is the most efficient available
material for transmitting energy to the detector to produce high
quality infrared images.
Thermal Detectors:-
In camera, thermal detector is most important
part. It is required to determine potential level of heat or thermal and
spatial resolution. Infrared thermal detectors are of two types.
1. Rising in the temperature due to IR radiant ion heating the detector
element and after that triggering some other physical mechanism that
is taken as a measure of the radiant ion falling on the element. This
detector called as thermal detector.
2. To produce charge carriers which are generated across the detector
element, it is necessary for photons, which are the incident radiation,
to interact at atomic or molecular level with the material of the
18
detector. In this mechanism, electron always absorbing a photon and

therefore quantum energy is moving from one level to another. This
detector called as a photon or quantum detector.
Scanning Mechanism:-
The image formed on detector element by the
lens system which is move in well -controlled fashion. There are three
classes of scanner system as represented by one-dimensional (1D)
oscillating mirror scanner arrangements. In the first arrangement,
space between optical system and the detector take place by scanner.
In the next arrangement, space between the external object and the
image forming optical system take place by scanner and in the third
arrangement scanner is place between focal front end and image
forming back end of optical System. For scanning IR image, one type
of scanning mechanism is shown in figure below. In figure, there are
two mirrors with its respective motors and at the bottom of image
there is IR lands with detector. There is one way to scan FOV (field of
view) by IR camera with single IR detector that is left mirror scans
the vertical axis and right mirror scans the horizontal axis. Therefore,
for scan all FOV (field of view) motor with mirror is used.
Displays:-
External display like computer screen or a small display that
forms part of the camera is required to view the image generated by a
thermal imager.LCD having flat screen, small and direct view display
and it is a part of camera. It is also used in eyepiece displays. Display
may be monochromatic or colour. To show temperature difference as
colour difference, image can be colour coded in latter case
19
TYPES OF INFARED CAMERAS
1. COOLED THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS:-

Cooled detectors are typically contained in a vacuum-sealed case
or Dewar and cryogenically cooled. The cooling is necessary for the
operation of the semiconductor materials used. Typical operating
temperatures range from 4 K to just below room temperature,
depending on the detector technology. Most modern cooled detectors
operate in the 60 K to 100 K range (-213 to -173 °C), depending on
type and performance level.
Without cooling, these sensors (which detect and convert light in
much the same way as common digital cameras, but are made of
different materials) would be 'blinded' or flooded by their own
radiation. The drawbacks of cooled infrared cameras are that they are
expensive both to produce and to run. Cooling is both energy-
intensive and time-consuming.
The camera may need several minutes to cool down before it can
begin working. The most commonly used cooling systems are
rotary Stirling engine cryocoolers. Although the cooling apparatus is
comparatively bulky and expensive, cooled infrared cameras provide
superior image quality compared to uncooled ones.
Additionally, the greater sensitivity of cooled cameras also allow the
use of higher F-number lenses, making high performance long focal
length lenses both smaller and cheaper for cooled detectors. An
alternative to Stirling engine coolers is to use gases bottled at high
pressure, nitrogen being a common choice. The pressurised gas is
expanded via a micro-sized orifice and passed over a miniature heat
exchanger resulting in regenerative cooling via the Joule–Thomson
effect. For such systems the supply of pressurized gas is a logistical
concern for field use.
Materials used for cooled infrared detection include photo detectors
based on a wide range of narrow gap semiconductors incuding indium
antimonide, indium arsenide, mercury cadmium telluride (MCT), lead
sulphide and lead selenide.
20
Infrared photodetectors can be created with structures of high

bandgap semiconductors such as in Quantum well infrared
photodetectors.
A number of superconducting and non-superconducting cooled
bolometer technologies exist.
In principle, superconducting tunneling junction devices could be
used as infrared sensors because of their very narrow gap. Small
arrays have been demonstrated. They have not been broadly adopted
for use because their high sensitivity requires careful shielding from
the background radiation.
Superconducting detectors offer extreme sensitivity, with some able
to register individual photons. For example, ESA's Superconducting
camera (SCAM). However, they are not in regular use outside of
scientific research.
21
2. UNCOOLED THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA:-

Uncooled thermal cameras use a sensor
operating at ambient temperature, or a sensor stabilized at a
temperature close to ambient using small temperature control
elements. Modern uncooled detectors use sensors that work by the
change of resistance, voltage or current when heated by infrared
radiations. These changes are then measured and compared to the
values at the operating temperature of the sensor.
Uncooled infrared sensors can be stabilized to an operating
temperature to reduce image noise, but they are not cooled to low
temperatures and do not require bulky, expensive, energy consuming
cryogenic coolers. This makes infrared cameras smaller and less
costly. However, their resolution and image quality tend to be lower
than cooled detectors. This is due to differences in their fabrication
processes, limited by currently available technology. An uncooled
thermal camera also needs to deal with its own heat signature.
Uncooled detectors are mostly based on pyroelectric and ferroelectric
materials or microbolometer technology. The materials are used to
form pixels with highly temperature-dependent properties, which are
thermally insulated from the environment and read electronically.
Ferroelectric detectors operate close to phase transition temperature of
the sensor material; the pixel temperature is read as the highly
temperature-dependent polarization charge. The achieved NETD of
ferroelectric detectors with f/1 optics and 320x240 sensors is 70-80
mK. A possible sensor assembly consists of barium strontium
titanate bump-bonded by polyimide thermally insulated connection.
Silicon microbolometers can reach NETD down to 20 mK. They
consist of a layer of amorphous silicon, or a thin film vanadium(V)
oxide sensing element suspended on silicon nitride bridge above the
silicon-based scanning electronics. The electric resistance of the
sensing element is measured once per frame.
Current improvements of uncooled focal plane arrays (UFPA) are
focused primarily on higher sensitivity and pixel density. In
2013 DARPA announced a five-micron LWIR camera that uses a
1280 x 720 focal plane array (FPA). Some of the materials used for
22
the sensor arrays are amorphous silicon (a-Si), vanadium(V) oxide

(VOx), lanthanum barium manganite (LBMO), lead zirconate
titanate (PZT), lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT), lead
scandium tantalite (PST), lead lanthanum titanate (PLT), lead titanate
(PT), lead zinc niobate (PZN), lead strontium titanate (PSrT), barium
strontium titanate (PSrT), barium strontium titanate (BST), barium
titanate (BT), antimony suloiodide (SbSI) and polyvinylidene
difluoride (PVDF).
23
ADVANTAGES
 It shows a visual picture so temperatures over a large area can
be compared.
 It is capable of catching moving targets in real time.
 It is able to find deterioration, i.e., higher temperature
components prior to their failure.
 It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or
hazardous for other methods.
 It is a non-destructive test method.
 It can be used to find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or
plastic parts.
 It has some medical application, essentially in physiotherapy.
 It is a non contact type technique.
 Fast, reliable & accurate output.
 A large surface area can be scanned in no time.
 It is capable of catching moving targets in real time.
 Requires very little skill for monitoring.
 It can be used to detect objects in dark areas.
 The feature of interest can be presented in visual form.
24
LIMITATIONS
There are various cameras cheaper and more expensive. Quality
cameras often have a high price range (often US$3,000 or more) due
to the expense of the larger pixel array (state of the art 1280 x 1024),
while less expensive models (with pixel arrays of 40x40 up to
160x120 pixels) are also available. Fewer pixels reduce the image
quality making it more difficult to distinguish proximate targets
within the same field of view.
There is also a difference in refresh rate. Some cameras may only
have a refreshing value of 5–15 Hz, other (e.g. FLIR X8500sc[)
180 Hz or even more in no full window mode.
Also the lens can be integrated or not.
Many models do not provide the irradiance measurements used to
construct the output image; the loss of this information without a
correct calibration for emissivity, distance, and ambient temperature
and relative humidity entails that the resultant images are inherently
incorrect measurements of temperature.
Images can be difficult to interpret accurately when based upon
certain objects, specifically objects with erratic temperatures,
although this problem is reduced in active thermal imaging.
Thermographic cameras create thermal images based on the radiant
heat energy it receives. As radiation levels are influenced by the
emissivity and reflection of radiation such as sunlight from the
surface being measured this causes errors in the measurements.
 Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of

temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods.
 Methods and instruments are limited to directly detecting surface
temperatures.
25
APPLICATIONS
 Condition monitoring
 Low slope and flat roofing inspections
 Building diagnostics including building envelope inspection,
moisture inspections and energy loss in buildings.
 Thermal mapping
 Digital infrared thermal imaging in health care
 Medical imaging
 Non-contact thermography, contact thermography and dynamic
angiothermography
 Peripheral vascular disease screening.
 Neuromusculoskeletal disorders.
 Extracranial cerebral and facial vascular disease.
 Thyroid gland abnormalities.
 Various other neoplastic, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions.
 Archaeological kite aerial thermography
 Thermology
 Veterinary Thermal Imaging
 Night vision and Targeting
 UAV Surveillance
 Stereo vision
 Research
 Process control
 Nondestructive testing
 Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence
 Chemical imaging
 Volcanology
 Building
26
27
CONCLUSION
Thermography enables us to see and measure heat. This method used
thermal image for display, detect and record thermal patterns and
temperatures across the surface of an object. In this paper, we studied
the principle of thermography and how thermal image is processed in
camera via optical system, thermal detectors, scanning mechanism
and display. The future focus on infrared thermography would be on
more sensitive and fast IR cameras together with powerful computers
that make us possible to manage even more complex and efficient
algorithms and larger data matrices. We conclude the topic by
discussing wide area of application in thermography along with their
advantages and disadvantages.
28
REFERENCES
The references that helped me in collecting the information for

completing this seminar report are as follows:-
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.slideshare.net
3. www.slideserve.net
4. www.iranalyser.com
5. www.fluke.com
29

Infrared Thermography

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Seminar Report 2019-2020

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Register Number: 17021816

FINAL YEAR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Register Number: 17021816

FINAL YEAR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that the seminar report titled “INFRARED

JACOB ABRAHAM G.AJAYAN

Internal Examiner External Examiner

I also express my sincere thanks to our seminar coordinator sri.

I am deeply indebted to my friends and parents for their continuous

I am bound to the almighty for the blessings showered on me

DISCOVERY AND RESEARCH OF INFRARED

FIRST THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA

The ability of objects to emit is called emissivity, to absorb

Infrarad radiations sometimes called infrared light is electromagnetic

PRINCIPLE OF INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY

Every object with a temperature over the absolute zero point (0

TYPES OF INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY

WORKING PROCESS IN INFRARED CAMERA

All objects emit infrared energy, known as a heat signature. An

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF INFRARED CAMERA

detector. In this mechanism, electron always absorbing a photon and

TYPES OF INFARED CAMERAS

1. COOLED THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERAS:-

Infrared photodetectors can be created with structures of high

2. UNCOOLED THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA:-

the sensor arrays are amorphous silicon (a-Si), vanadium(V) oxide

 Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in measurement of

The references that helped me in collecting the information for

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